The Demographics of Exoplanets

Abstract

In the broadest sense, the primary goal of exoplanet demographic surveys is to determine the frequency and distribution of planets as a function of as many of the physical parameters that may influence planet formation and evolution as possible, over as broad of a range of these parameters as possible. Empirically-determined exoplanet demographics provide the ground truth that all planet formation and evolution theories must reproduce. By comparing these planet distributions to the predictions of planet formation theories, we can begin to both test and refine these theories. In this chapter, we review the major results on exoplanet demographics to date. In this context, we identify a set of important open questions that remain to be answered. We outline the challenges of measuring the demographics of exoplanets using the variety of detection methods at our disposal. Finally, we summarize some of the future opportunities for refining and expanding our understanding of exoplanet demographics.

arXiv comment25 pages, 3 figures. To appear as a book chapter in "ExoFrontiers: Big questions in exoplanetary science", Ed. N Madhusudhan (Bristol: IOP Publishing Ltd) AAS-IOP ebooks, https://iopscience.iop.org/bookListInfo/aas-iop-astronomy

References in corpus (60)

• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• Habitable Zones Around Main-Sequence Stars: New Estimates
• A Non-Gray Theory of Extrasolar Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• Planet Occurrence within 0.25 AU of Solar-type Stars from Kepler
• Wide-Field InfrarRed Survey Telescope-Astrophysics Focused Telescope Assets WFIRST-AFTA 2015 Report
• The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets
• Prevalence of Earth-size planets orbiting Sun-like stars
• Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems
• Habitable Zones Around Main-Sequence Stars: Dependence on Planetary Mass
• A Giant Planet Candidate near a Young Brown Dwarf
• The Occurrence and Mass Distribution of Close-in Super-Earths, Neptunes, and Jupiters
• One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU
• Can giant planets form by direct gravitational instability?
• OGLE 2003-BLG-235/MOA 2003-BLG-53: A planetary microlensing event
• The Lick Planet Search: Detectability and Mass Thresholds
• State of the Field: Extreme Precision Radial Velocities
• Terrestrial Planet Occurrence Rates for the Kepler GK Dwarf Sample
• Dearth of short-period Neptunian exoplanets - a desert in period-mass and period-radius planes
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets XXXIV. Occurrence, mass distribution and orbital properties of super-Earths and Neptune-mass planets
• Atmospheres of protoplanetary cores: critical mass for nucleated instability
• The Runts of the Litter: Why planets formed through gravitational instability can only be failed binary stars
• Selection, Prioritization, and Characteristics of Kepler Target Stars
• The Exoplanet Mass-Ratio Function from the MOA-II Survey: Discovery of a Break and Likely Peak at a Neptune Mass
• Hints for a Turnover at the Snow Line in the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate
• The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. I - The Inner Edges of Planetary Systems
• To Cool is to Accrete: Analytic Scalings for Nebular Accretion of Planetary Atmospheres
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). III. The demographics of young giant exoplanets below 300 au with SPHERE
• Constraints on Long-Period Planets from an L' and M band Survey of Nearby Sun-Like Stars: Modeling Results
• The Palomar/Keck Adaptive Optics Survey of Young Solar Analogs: Evidence for a Universal Companion Mass Function
• Fossilized condensation lines in the Solar System protoplanetary disk
• The Great Escape: How Exoplanets and Smaller Bodies Desert Dying Stars
• Simulation of a Space-Based Microlensing Survey for Terrestrial Extra-Solar Planets
• Population-Level Eccentricity Distributions of Imaged Exoplanets and Brown Dwarf Companions: Dynamical Evidence for Distinct Formation Channels
• A search for hot massive extrasolar planets around nearby young stars with the adaptive optics system NACO
• Evidence of an Upper Bound on the Masses of Planets and its Implications for Giant Planet Formation
• A water budget dichotomy of rocky protoplanets from ${}^{26}$Al-heating
• They might be giants: luminosity class, planet frequency, and planet-metallicity relation of the coolest Kepler target stars
• Microlensing Constraints on the Frequency of Jupiter-Mass Companions: Analysis of Five Years of PLANET Photometry
• Architectures of Exoplanetary Systems. I: A Clustered Forward Model for Exoplanetary Systems around Kepler's FGK Stars
• Characterization of Gravitational Microlensing Planetary Host Stars
• A Keck HIRES Doppler Search for Planets Orbiting Metal-Poor Dwarfs. II. On the Frequency of Giant Planets in the Metal-Poor Regime
• Synthesizing Exoplanet Demographics: A Single Population of Long-Period Planetary Companions to M Dwarfs Consistent with Microlensing, Radial Velocity, and Direct Imaging Surveys
• Planets in Stellar Clusters Extensive Search. III. A search for transiting planets in the metal-rich open cluster NGC 6791
• The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) Mission Concept Study Interim Report
• The Frequency of Large Radius Hot and Very Hot Jupiters in omega Centauri
• The VLT/NaCo large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs at wide orbits. III. The frequency of brown dwarfs and giant planets as companions to solar-type stars
• Deep MMT Transit Survey of the Open Cluster M37 IV: Limit on the Fraction of Stars With Planets as Small as 0.3 R_J
• Revisiting MOA 2013 BLG-220L: A Solar-type star with a Cold super-Jupiter Companion
• The Kepler Peas in a Pod Pattern is Astrophysical
• Radial Velocity Prospects Current and Future: A White Paper Report prepared by the Study Analysis Group 8 for the Exoplanet Program Analysis Group (ExoPAG)
• Accounting for Multiplicity in Calculating Eta Earth
• The impact of stripped cores on the frequency of Earth-size planets in the habitable zone
• How Consumption and Repulsion Set Planetary Gap Depths and the Final Masses of Gas Giants
• Frequency of Hot Jupiters and Very Hot Jupiters from the OGLE-III Transit Surveys Toward the Galactic Bulge and Carina
• Peas in a Pod? Radius correlations in Kepler multi-planet systems
• OGLE-2017-BLG-1434Lb: Eighth q < 1 * 10^-4 Mass-Ratio Microlens Planet Confirms Turnover in Planet Mass-Ratio Function
• The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. Search for Planetary and Low-Luminosity Object Transits in the Galactic Disk. Results of 2001 Campaign - Supplement
• Planet occurrence rate density models including stellar effective temperature
• Planet formation: key mechanisms and global models

Cited by in corpus (5)

• No Sub-Saturn Mass Planet Desert in the CORALIE/HARPS Radial Velocity Sample
• MOA-2020-BLG-208Lb: Cool Sub-Saturn Planet Within Predicted Desert
• Simulations of Triple Microlensing Events I: Detectability of a scaled Sun-Jupiter-Saturn System
• The effect of late giant collisions on the atmospheres of protoplanets and the formation of cold sub-Saturns
• High-CO2 Climates and Observables in the Outer Habitable Zone