Two-Dimensional Study of the Propagation of Planetary Wake and the Indication to Gap Opening in an Inviscid Protoplanetary Disk

Abstract

We analyze the physical processes of gap formation in an inviscid protoplanetary disk with an embedded protoplanet using two-dimensional local shearing-sheet model. Spiral density wave launched by the planet shocks and the angular momentum carried by the wave is transferred to the background flow. The exchange of the angular momentum can affect the mass flux in the vicinity of the planet to form an underdense region, or gap, around the planetary orbit. We first perform weakly non-linear analyses to show that the specific vorticity formed by shock dissipation of density wave can be a source of mass flux in the vicinity of the planet, and that the gap can be opened even for low-mass planets unless the migration of the planet is substantial. We then perform high resolution numerical simulations to check analytic consideration. By comparing the gap opening timescale and type I migration timescale, we propose a criterion for the formation of underdense region around the planetary orbit that is qualitatively different from previous studies. The minimum mass required for the planet to form a dip is twice as small as previous studies if we incorporate the standard values of type I migration timescale, but it can be much smaller if there is a location in the disk where type I migration is halted.

32 pages, 15 figures, 1 table, Accepted for publication in ApJ

References in corpus (8)

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Cited by in corpus (27)

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• Particle Concentration At Planet Induced Gap Edges and Vortices: I. Inviscid 3-D Hydro Disks
• Discovery of a Disk Gap Candidate at 20 AU in TW Hydrae
• On the formation of multiple concentric rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Global hydromagnetic simulations of a planet embedded in a dead zone: gap opening, gas accretion and formation of a protoplanetary jet
• What is the Mass of a Gap-Opening Planet?
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth: II. Spacings, Depths, and Number of Gaps, with Application to Real Systems
• On the corotation torque for low-mass eccentric planets
• Density Waves Excited by Low-Mass Planets in Protoplanetary Disks II: High-Resolution Simulations of the Nonlinear Regime
• On the gap-opening criterion of migrating planets in protoplanetary disks
• Low mass planets in protoplanetary disks with net vertical magnetic fields: the Planetary Wake and Gap Opening
• Formation, Orbital and Internal Evolutions of Young Planetary Systems
• Density Waves Excited by Low-Mass Planets in Protoplanetary Disks I: Linear Regime
• Modeling of deep gaps created by giant planets in protoplanetary discs
• Rossby wave instability in locally isothermal and polytropic disks: three-dimensional linear calculations
• On the Viability of the Magnetorotational Instability in Circumplanetary Disks
• Global Calculations of Density Waves and Gap Formation in Protoplanetary Disks using a Moving Mesh
• Stability and Occurrence Rate Constraints on the Planetary Sculpting Hypothesis for "Transitional" Disks
• Pileups and Migration Rates for Planets in Low Mass Disks
• Constraining Protoplanetary Disk Accretion and Young Planets Using ALMA Kinematic Observations
• Ultraharmonics and Secondary Spiral Wakes Induced by a Planet
• Emergence of vortices at the edges of planet-driven gaps in protoplanetary discs
• Magnetohydrodynamics in a Cylindrical Shearing Box
• The effects of viscosity on the circumplanetary disks