Simultaneous gas accretion onto a pair of giant planets: Impact on their final mass and on the protoplanetary disk structure

Abstract

Several planetary systems are known to host multiple giant planets. However, when two giant planets are accreting from the same disk, it is unclear what effect the presence of the second planet has on the gas accretion process of both planets. In this paper we perform long-term 2D isothermal hydrodynamical simulations (over more than 0.5 Myrs) with the FARGO-2D1D code, considering two non-migrating planets accreting from the same gaseous disk. We find that the evolution of the planets' mass ratio depends on gap formation. However, in all cases, when the planets start accreting at the same time, they end up with very similar masses (0.9 $<m_{p,out}/m_{p,in}<$ 1.1 after 0.5 Myrs). Delaying the onset of accretion of one planet allows the planets' mass ratio to reach larger values initially, but they quickly converge to similar masses afterward (0.8 $<m_{p,out}/m_{p,in}<$ 2 in $10^5$ yrs). In order to reproduce the more diverse observed mass ratios of exoplanets, the planets must start accreting gas at different times, and their accretion must be stopped quickly after the beginning of runaway gas accretion (less than 0.5 Myrs), for example via disk dispersal. The evolution of the planets' mass ratio can have an important impact on the dynamics of the system and may constrain the formation history of Jupiter and Saturn.

arXiv commentAccepted to A&A

References in corpus (71)

• A low mass for Mars from Jupiter's early gas-driven migration
• First Results from High Angular Resolution ALMA Observations Toward the HL Tau Region
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): I. Motivation, Sample, Calibration, and Overview
• Architecture of Kepler's Multi-transiting Systems: II. New investigations with twice as many candidates
• Rossby Wave Instability of Keplerian Accretion Disks
• On the width and shape of gaps in protoplanetary disks
• Dynamical Origin of Extrasolar Planet Eccentricity Distribution
• Separating gas-giant and ice-giant planets by halting pebble accretion
• Turbulence in Accretion Disks. Vorticity Generation and Angular Momentum Transport via the Global Baroclinic Instability
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• Mass Flow and Accretion through gaps in Accretion Discs
• Reversing type II migration: resonance trapping of a lighter giant protoplanet
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation I: Models of combined planet formation and evolution
• Pebble isolation mass --- scaling law and implications for the formation of super-Earths and gas giants
• Almost All of Kepler's Multiple Planet Candidates are Planets
• The structure of protoplanetary discs around evolving young stars
• Orbital Migration and Mass Accretion of Protoplanets in 3D Global Computations with Nested Grids
• Gas Flow Across Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks
• Rossby Wave Instability of Thin Accretion Disks - III. Nonlinear Simulations
• The timeline of the Lunar bombardment - revisited
• A Circumplanetary Disk Around PDS70c
• Disk eccentricity and embedded planets
• Dynamics of pebbles in the vicinity of a growing planetary embryo: hydro-dynamical simulations
• How Empty are Disk Gaps Opened by Giant Planets?
• On the Minimum Core Mass for Giant Planet Formation at Wide Separations
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: Growth of gas giants
• Migration of massive planets in accreting disks
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): III. Spiral Structures in the Millimeter Continuum of the Elias 27, IM Lup, and WaOph 6 Disks
• Orbital evolution of eccentric planets in radiative discs
• Formation of a disc gap induced by a planet: Effect of the deviation from Keplerian disc rotation
• Turbulence and Steady Flows in 3D Global Stratified MHD Simulations of Accretion Disks
• Gas accretion onto planetary cores: three-dimensional self-gravitating radiation hydrodynamical calculations
• Final Masses of Giant Planets II: Jupiter Formation in a Gas-Depleted Disk
• How much does turbulence change the pebble isolation mass for planet formation?
• Long range outward migration of giant planets, with application to Fomalhaut b
• Highly inclined and eccentric massive planets I: Planet-disc interactions
• Planet-planet scattering leads to tightly packed planetary systems
• Disk-planets interactions and the diversity of period ratios in Kepler's multi-planetary systems
• Planet population synthesis driven by pebble accretion in cluster environments
• Three-Dimensional Radiation-Hydrodynamics Calculations of the Envelopes of Young Planets Embedded in Protoplanetary Disks
• A Systematic Study of the Final Masses of Gas Giant Planets
• Outward migration of Jupiter and Saturn in 3:2 or 2:1 resonance in radiative disks: implications for the Grand Tack and Nice models
• Toward a new paradigm for Type II migration
• Dust-driven viscous ring-instability in protoplanetary disks
• Perturbers: SPHERE detection limits to planetary-mass companions in protoplanetary disks
• Long Term Evolution of Planet-Induced Vortices in Protoplanetary Disks
• Slowly-growing gap-opening planets trigger weaker vortices
• Quasi-static contraction during runaway gas accretion onto giant planets
• Thermodynamics of Giant Planet Formation: Shocking Hot Surfaces on Circumplanetary Disks
• Constraining disk evolution prescriptions of planet population synthesis models with observed disk masses and accretion rates
• Early Dynamical Instabilities in the Giant Planet Systems
• The eccentricity distribution of giant planets and their relation to super-Earths in the pebble accretion scenario
• Steady-state accretion in magnetized protoplanetary disks
• The accretion of migrating giant planets
• Simulating planet migration in globally evolving disks
• Global 3D radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of gas accretion: The opacity dependent growth of Saturn-mass planets
• Runaway gas accretion and gap opening versus type~I migration
• Influence of planetary gas accretion on the shape and depth of gaps in protoplanetary discs
• The intrinsic multiplicity distribution of exoplanets revealed from the radial velocity method
• How Consumption and Repulsion Set Planetary Gap Depths and the Final Masses of Gas Giants
• Highly inclined and eccentric massive planets. II. Planet-planet interactions during the disc phase
• Probing the impact of varied migration and gas accretion rates for the formation of giant planets in the pebble accretion scenario
• Which planets trigger longer-lived vortices: low-mass or high-mass?
• Properties of Density and Velocity Gaps Induced by a Planet in a Protoplanetary Disk
• The formation of an eccentric gap in a gas disk by a planet in an eccentric orbit
• Radial migration of gap-opening planets in protoplanetary disks. II. The case of a planet pair
• Influence of grain sizes and composition on the contraction rates of planetary envelopes and on planetary migration
• Migration of accreting planets in radiative discs from dynamical torques
• Using HCO${}^{+}$ isotopologues as tracers of gas depletion in protoplanetary disk gaps
• Building protoplanetary disks from the molecular cloud: redefining the disk timeline
• Estimating the depth of gaps opened by planets in eccentric orbit

Cited by in corpus (5)

• Enriching inner discs and giant planets with heavy elements
• On the origin of planetary-mass objects in NGC1333
• How to form compact & other longer-lived planet-induced vortices: VSI, planet migration, or re-triggers, but not feedback
• The late formation of chondrites as a consequence of Jupiter-induced gaps and rings
• The Longest-period Young Transiting Exoplanets. A Duo of Puffy Giants inside a Debris Disk