The intrinsic multiplicity distribution of exoplanets revealed from the radial velocity method

Abstract

Planet multiplicities are useful in constraining the formation and evolution of planetary systems but usually difficult to constrain observationally. Here, we develop a general method that can properly take into account the survey incompleteness and recover the intrinsic planet multiplicity distribution. We then apply it to the radial velocity (RV) planet sample from the California Legacy Survey (CLS). Within the $1$au ($10$au) region, we find $21\pm 4\%$ ($19.2\pm 2.8\%$) of Sun-like stars host planets with masses above $10M_{\oplus }$ ($0.3M_{\mathrm{J}}$), about 30\% (40\%) of which are multi-planet systems; in terms of the RV semi-amplitude $K$, $33\pm 7\%$ ($25\pm 3\%$) of Sun-like stars contain planets of $K>1$m/s ($3$m/s), and each system hosts on average $1.8\pm 0.4$ ($1.63\pm 0.16$) planets. We note that the hot Jupiter rate in the CLS Sun-like sample is higher than the consensus value of $\sim$1\% by a factor of about three. We also confirm previous studies on the correlation between inner ($<1$au) and outer ($>1$au) planets.

arXiv comment16 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables. Table 2 is the key result. Accepted to AJ

References in corpus (38)

• Dynamical Outcomes of Planet-Planet Scattering
• The Keck Planet Search: Detectability and the Minimum Mass and Orbital Period Distribution of Extrasolar Planets
• Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems
• Architecture of Kepler's Multi-transiting Systems: II. New investigations with twice as many candidates
• Origins of Hot Jupiters
• Dynamical Origin of Extrasolar Planet Eccentricity Distribution
• Planetary Candidates Observed by Kepler. VIII. A Fully Automated Catalog With Measured Completeness and Reliability Based on Data Release 25
• Ten New and Updated Multi-planet Systems, and a Survey of Exoplanetary Systems
• Friends of Hot Jupiters I: A Radial Velocity Search for Massive, Long-Period Companions to Close-In Gas Giant Planets
• Frequency of Solar-Like Systems and of Ice and Gas Giants Beyond the Snow Line from High-Magnification Microlensing Events in 2005-2008
• The California-Kepler Survey V. Peas in a Pod: Planets in a Kepler Multi-planet System are Similar in Size and Regularly Spaced
• Revised Radii of Kepler Stars and Planets Using Gaia Data Release 2
• Hints for a Turnover at the Snow Line in the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate
• About 30% of Sun-like Stars Have Kepler-like Planetary Systems: A Study of their Intrinsic Architecture
• Kepler constraints on planets near hot Jupiters
• The Exoplanet Population Observation Simulator. I - The Inner Edges of Planetary Systems
• Architecture of Planetary Systems Based on Kepler Data: Number of Planets and Coplanarity
• Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications
• Warm Jupiters are less lonely than hot Jupiters: close neighbours
• An Excess of Jupiter Analogs in Super-Earth Systems
• The Super Earth-Cold Jupiter Relations
• The statistics of multi-planet systems
• Statistics of Long Period Gas Giant Planets in Known Planetary Systems
• Kepler Multi-Planet Systems Exhibit Unexpected Intra-system Uniformity in Mass and Radius
• How eccentric orbital solutions can hide planetary systems in 2:1 resonant orbits
• Cool Jupiters greatly outnumber their toasty siblings: Occurrence rates from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search
• Architectures of Exoplanetary Systems. I: A Clustered Forward Model for Exoplanetary Systems around Kepler's FGK Stars
• On The Relative Sizes of Planets Within Kepler Multiple Candidate Systems
• Architectures of Exoplanetary Systems. III: Eccentricity and Mutual Inclination Distributions of AMD-stable Planetary Systems
• The California Planet Survey III. A Possible 2:1 Resonance in the Exoplanetary Triple System HD 37124
• Accounting for Incompleteness due to Transit Multiplicity in Kepler Planet Occurrence Rates
• Occurrence and Architecture of Kepler Planetary Systems as Functions of Stellar Mass and Effective Temperature
• On the patterns observed in Kepler multi-planet systems
• Systematic mischaracterization of exoplanetary system dynamical histories from a model degeneracy near mean-motion resonance
• Peas in a Pod? Radius correlations in Kepler multi-planet systems
• Truly eccentric. II. When can two circular planets mimic a single eccentric orbit?
• The California Legacy Survey II. Occurrence of Giant Planets Beyond the Ice line
• The California Legacy Survey I. A Catalog of 178 Planets from Precision Radial Velocity Monitoring of 719 Nearby Stars over Three Decades

Cited by in corpus (13)

• Occurrence rate of hot Jupiters around early-type M dwarfs based on TESS data
• Small Planets Around Cool Dwarfs: Enhanced Formation Efficiency of Super-Earths around M dwarfs
• Planets Across Space and Time (PAST). V. The evolution of hot Jupiters revealed by the age distribution of their host stars
• TOI-3984 A b and TOI-5293 A b: two temperate gas giants transiting mid-M dwarfs in wide binary systems
• Prospects from TESS and Gaia to constrain the flatness of planetary systems
• Fishing for Planets: A Comparative Analysis of EPRV Survey Performance in the Presence of Correlated Noise
• Simultaneous gas accretion onto a pair of giant planets: Impact on their final mass and on the protoplanetary disk structure
• Ariel stellar characterisation III. Fast rotators and new FGK stars in the Ariel Mission Candidate Sample
• A study of the frequency and characteristics of stellar companions and Jupiter-like planets in nearby open clusters
• Breaking long-period resonance chains with stellar flybys
• Planetesimal Dynamics in the Presence of a Giant Planet II: Dependence on Planet Mass and Eccentricity
• Simulations of Triple Microlensing Events I: Detectability of a scaled Sun-Jupiter-Saturn System
• Sub-Neptunes Show a Stronger Correlation with Cold Jupiters than Super-Earths Especially in Metal-rich Systems