Circumplanetary Disk Dynamics in the Isothermal and Adiabatic Limits

Abstract

Circumplanetary disks (CPDs) may be essential to the formation of planets, regulating their spin and accretion evolution. We perform a series of 3D hydrodynamics simulations in both the isothermal and adiabatic limits to systematically measure the rotation rates, sizes, and masses of CPDs as functions of $q_{\mathrm{thermal}}$, the ratio of the planet mass to the disk thermal mass. Our $q_{\mathrm{thermal}}$ ranges from 0.1 to 4; for our various disk temperatures, this corresponds to planet masses between 1 Earth mass and 4 Jupiter masses. Within this parameter space, we find that isothermal CPDs are disky and bound within $\sim$10\% of the planet's Bondi radius $r_{\mathrm{B}}$, with the innermost $\sim 0.05r_{\mathrm{B}}$ in full rotational support. Adiabatic CPDs are spherical (therefore not actually "disks"), bound within $\sim 0.2r_{\mathrm{B}}$, and mainly pressure-supported with rotation rates scaling linearly with $q_{\mathrm{thermal}}$; extrapolation suggests full rotational support of adiabatic envelopes at $\sim 10q_{\mathrm{thermal}}$. Fast rotation and 3D supersonic flow render isothermal CPDs significantly different in structure from --- and orders of magnitude less massive than --- their 1D isothermal hydrostatic counterparts. Inside a minimum-mass solar nebula, even a maximally cooled, isothermal CPD around a 10 Earth-mass core may have less than 1 Earth mass, suggesting that gas giant formation may hinge on angular momentum transport processes in CPDs. Our CPD sizes and masses appear consistent with the regular satellites orbiting solar system giants.

arXiv commentAccepted to ApJ

References in corpus (39)

• Athena: A New Code for Astrophysical MHD
• Discovery of a planetary-mass companion within the gap of the transition disk around PDS 70
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU
• Two accreting protoplanets around the young star PDS 70
• The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP): VII. The Planet-Disk Interactions Interpretation
• Super-Earth Atmospheres: Self-Consistent Gas Accretion and Retention
• Three-dimensional Calculations of High and Low-mass Planets Embedded in Protoplanetary Discs
• Orbital Migration and Mass Accretion of Protoplanets in 3D Global Computations with Nested Grids
• Make Super-Earths, Not Jupiters: Accreting Nebular Gas onto Solid Cores at 0.1 AU and Beyond
• To Cool is to Accrete: Analytic Scalings for Nebular Accretion of Planetary Atmospheres
• Distribution of Accreting Gas and Angular Momentum onto Circumplanetary Disks
• Hydrodynamics of Embedded Planets' First Atmospheres. II. A Rapid Recycling of Atmospheric Gas
• On the migration of protogiant solid cores
• Magellan Adaptive Optics Imaging of PDS 70: Measuring the Mass Accretion Rate of a Young Giant Planet within a Gapped Disk
• Global Evolution of an Accretion Disk with Net Vertical Field: Coronal Accretion, Flux Transport, and Disk Winds
• Reduced gas accretion on super-Earths and ice giants
• Circumplanetary disk or circumplanetary envelope?
• Tidal Truncation of Circumplanetary Discs
• Mass and Mass Scalings of Super-Earths
• Hydrodynamics of embedded planets' first atmospheres - III. The role of radiation transport for super-Earth planets
• The 3D Flow Field Around an Embedded Planet
• Do Proto-Jovian Planets Drive Outflows?
• Improved torque formula for low and intermediate mass planetary migration
• Three-Dimensional Radiation-Hydrodynamics Calculations of the Envelopes of Young Planets Embedded in Protoplanetary Disks
• Growing and moving low-mass planets in non-isothermal disks
• Angular Momentum Accretion onto a Gas Giant Planet
• Evidence for a circumplanetary disk around protoplanet PDS 70 b
• Suppression of atmospheric recycling of planets embedded in a protoplanetary disc by buoyancy barrier
• On the horseshoe drag of a low-mass planet. II Migration in adiabatic disks
• Effects of the Planetary Temperature on the Circumplanetary Disk and on the Gap
• Quasi-static contraction during runaway gas accretion onto giant planets
• Shock-driven Accretion in Circumplanetary Disks: Observables and Satellite Formation
• In situ accretion of gaseous envelopes on to planetary cores embedded in evolving protoplanetary discs
• Horseshoe drag in three-dimensional globally isothermal disks
• Envelopes of embedded super-Earths II. Three-dimensional isothermal simulations
• Gas flow around a planet embedded in a protoplanetary disc: the dependence on the planetary mass
• Optically Thin Core Accretion: How Planets Get Their Gas in Nearly Gas-Free Disks
• Planetary Torque in 3D Isentropic Disks
• Formation of Isothermal Disks around Protoplanets. I. Introductory Three-Dimensional Global Simulations for Sub-Neptune-Mass Protoplanets

Cited by in corpus (43)

• A Circumplanetary Disk Around PDS70c
• Constraining the Nature of the PDS 70 Protoplanets with VLTI/GRAVITY
• Primordial Radius Gap and Potentially Broad Core Mass Distributions of Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes
• Obliquity Constraints on an Extrasolar Planetary-Mass Companion
• Creating the Radius Gap without Mass Loss
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS). A Circumplanetary Disk Candidate in Molecular Line Emission in the AS 209 Disk
• As the Worlds Turn: Constraining Spin Evolution in the Planetary-Mass Regime
• The Imprint of the Protoplanetary Disk in the Accretion of Super-Earth Envelopes
• The Preservation of Super Earths and the Emergence of Gas Giants after Their Progenitor Cores have Entered the Pebble Isolation Phase
• How Consumption and Repulsion Set Planetary Gap Depths and the Final Masses of Gas Giants
• Outward Migration of Super-Jupiters
• The maximum accretion rate of a protoplanet: how fast can runaway be?
• Global 3D Radiation Hydrodynamic Simulations of Proto-Jupiter's Convective Envelope
• Recycling of the first atmospheres of embedded planets: Dependence on core mass and optical depth
• Radial Gradients in Dust-to-Gas Ratio Lead to Preferred Region for Giant Planet Formation
• Atmospheric Recyling of Volatiles by Pebble-Accreting Planets
• Three-temperature radiation hydrodynamics with PLUTO: Tests and applications to protoplanetary disks
• Direct Formation of Planetary Embryos in Self-Gravitating Disks
• The Planetary Accretion Shock. III. Smoothing-free 2.5D simulations and calculation of H alpha emission
• The 3D dust and opacity distribution of protoplanets in multi-fluid global simulations
• Chemical footprints of giant planet formation. Role of planet accretion in shaping the C/O ratio of protoplanetary disks
• Tilting Uranus via the migration of an ancient satellite
• A Theoretical Framework for the Mass Distribution of Gas Giant Planets forming through the Core Accretion Paradigm
• The Growth of Protoplanets via the Accretion of Small Bodies in Disks Perturbed by the Planetary Gravity
• Can Large-Scale Migration Explain the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate?
• Analytic Approach to the Late Stages of Giant Planet Formation
• Spin of protoplanets generated by pebble accretion: Influences of protoplanet-induced gas flow
• Three-temperature radiation hydrodynamics with PLUTO: Thermal and kinematic signatures of accreting protoplanets
• Influences of protoplanet-induced three-dimensional gas flow on pebble accretion $\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}$. Headwind regime
• Gas accretion onto Jupiter mass planets in discs with laminar accretion flows
• The steady-state hydrodynamics of a long-lived disc: planetary system architecture and prospects of observing a circumplanetary disc shadow in V4046Sgr
• Delivery of gas onto the circumplanetary disk of giant planets: Planetary-mass dependence of the source region of accreting gas and mass accretion rate
• Dust ring and gap formation by gas flow induced by low-mass planets embedded in protoplanetary disks $\mathrm{I}$. Steady-state model
• Formation and Structure of Circumplanetary Disks and Envelopes during the Late Stages of Giant Planet Formation
• Gas dynamics around a Jupiter mass planet: II. Chemical evolution of circumplanetary material
• Testing planet formation from the ultraviolet to the millimeter
• Planetary Accretion Shocks with a Realistic Equation of State
• Circumplanetary Disk Candidate in the Disk of HD 163296 Traced by Localized Emission from Simple Organics
• Effects of Thermodynamics on the Concurrent Accretion and Migration of Gas Giants in Protoplanetary Disks
• Observational Signatures of Planets in Protoplanetary Disks: Temperature structures in spiral arms
• Semianalytical Accretion-Tracer Emission: Forming Planets Are Intrinsically Faint
• Interior dynamics of envelopes around disk-embedded planets
• Modelling shadows in scattered light observations as signals from companions in protoplanetary discs