Protoplanetary disks including radiative feedback from accreting planets

Abstract

While recent observational progress is converging on the detection of compact regions of thermal emission due to embedded protoplanets, further theoretical predictions are needed to understand the response of a protoplanetary disk to the planet formation radiative feedback. This is particularly important to make predictions for the observability of circumplanetary regions. In this work we use 2D hydrodynamical simulations to examine the evolution of a viscous protoplanetary disk in which a luminous Jupiter-mass planet is embedded. We use an energy equation which includes the radiative heating of the planet as an additional mechanism for planet formation feedback. Several models are computed for planet luminosities ranging from $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-3}$ Solar luminosities. We find that the planet radiative feedback enhances the disk's accretion rate at the planet's orbital radius, producing a hotter and more luminous environement around the planet, independently of the prescription used to model the disk's turbulent viscosity. We also estimate the thermal signature of the planet feedback for our range of planet luminosities, finding that the emitted spectrum of a purely active disk, without passive heating, is appreciably modified in the infrared. We simulate the protoplanetary disk around HD 100546 where a planet companion is located at about 68 au from the star. Assuming the planet mass is 5 Jupiter masses and its luminosity is $\sim 2.5\times 10^{-4}{L}_{\odot }$, we find that the radiative feedback of the planet increases the luminosity of its $\sim 5$ au circumplanetary disk from $10^{-5}{\mathrm{L}}_{\odot }$ (without feedback) to $10^{-3}{\mathrm{L}}_{\odot }$, corresponding to an emission of $\sim 1\mathrm{mJy}$ in $L^{\prime }$ band after radiative transfer calculations, a value that is in good agreement with HD 100546b observations.

12 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal

References in corpus (9)

• On the Luminosity of Young Jupiters
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• Accreting Circumplanetary Disks: Observational Signatures
• Discovery of a Companion Candidate in the HD169142 Transition Disk and the Possibility of Multiple Planet Formation
• Type I planetary migration in a self-gravitating disk
• An Enigmatic Pointlike Feature within the HD 169142 Transitional Disk
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• Accreting planets as dust dams in `transition' discs

Cited by in corpus (23)

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• Spiral waves triggered by shadows in transition disks
• Formation, Orbital and Internal Evolutions of Young Planetary Systems
• Evidence for a circumplanetary disk around protoplanet PDS 70 b
• Effects of the Planetary Temperature on the Circumplanetary Disk and on the Gap
• The widest H$\alpha$ survey of accreting protoplanets around nearby transition disks
• HD 169142 in the eyes of ZIMPOL/SPHERE
• The migration of gas giant planets in gravitationally unstable discs
• Observability of Forming Planets and their Circumplanetary Disks I. -- Parameter Study for ALMA
• Multicolor Variability of Young Stars in the Lagoon Nebula: Driving Causes and Intrinsic Timescales
• Resolved observations of transition disks
• The diverse lives of massive protoplanets in self-gravitating discs
• A search for companions via direct imaging in the DSHARP planet-forming disks
• Three-temperature radiation hydrodynamics with PLUTO: Thermal and kinematic signatures of accreting protoplanets
• Radiative scale-height and shadows in protoplanetary disks
• An unusually large gaseous transit in a debris disc
• Feedback-limited Accretion: Variable Luminosity from Growing Planets
• Resurgence of CO in a warm bubble around accreting protoplanets and its observability
• Adapting a solid accretion scenario for migrating planets in FARGO3D
• Constraining the properties of the potential embedded planets in the disk around HD 100546