Rediscovering Black Phosphorus: A Unique Anisotropic 2D Material for Optoelectronics and Electronics

Abstract

Anisotropy refers to the property of a material exhibiting directionally dependent features. In this paper, we introduce black phosphorous (BP), the most stable allotrope of phosphorus in layered orthorhombic structure with a bandgap of 0.3 eV in bulk, as a unique 2D material in which electrons, phonons and their interactions with photons behave in a highly anisotropic manner within the plane of the layers. The unique anisotropic nature of BP thin films is revealed using angle-resolved Raman and infrared spectroscopies, together with angle-resolved transport study. For 15 nm thick BP, we measure Hall mobility of 1000 and 600 cm^2/Vs for holes along the light (x) and heavy (y) effective mass directions, respectively, at 120 K. These BP thin films also exhibit large and anisotropic in-plane optical conductivity from 2 to 5 micrometer wavelength. Field effect transistors using 4 to 30 layers of BP (2 to 15 nm) as channel material exhibit an on-off current ratio exceeding 10^5, a field-effect mobility of 205 cm^2/Vs, and good saturation properties all at room temperature, suggesting its promising future in high performance thin film electronics. By introducing narrow bandgap BP into the 2D material family, we fill the space between semi-metallic graphene and large bandgap TMDCs, where great potentials for infrared optoelectronics lie. Most importantly, the unique anisotropic nature of this intriguing material creates unprecedented possibilities for the realization of conceptually new optoelectronic and electronic devices in which angle-dependent physical properties are highly desirable.

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Cited by in corpus (479)

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• Atomically thin p-n junctions based on two-dimensional materials
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• Chemically Tailoring Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Black Phosphorus
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• Observation of ballistic avalanche phenomena in nanoscale vertical InSe/BP heterostructures
• Toward a realistic description of multilayer black phosphorus: from $GW$ approximation to large-scale tight-binding simulations
• Noncovalent Functionalization of Black Phosphorus
• Post Graphene 2D Chemistry: The Emerging Field of Molybdenum Disulfide and Black Phosphorus Functionalization
• Ab initio study of electron-phonon interaction in phosphorene
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• Anomalous polarization dependence of Raman scattering and crystallographic orientation of black phosphorus
• Direct Band Gaps in Group IV-VI Monolayer Materials: Binary Counterparts of Phosphorene
• Phosphorene Oxide: Stability and electronic properties of a novel 2D material
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• Edge effects on the electronic properties of phosphorene nanoribbons
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• Scaling laws for band gaps of phosphorene nanoribbons: A tight-binding calculation
• Low-Symmetry Two-Dimensional Materials for Electronic and Photonic Applications
• Synthesis of thin-film black phosphorus on a flexible substrate
• A family of high-temperature ferromagnetic monolayers with locked spin-dichroism-mobility anisotropy: MnNX and CrCX (X=Cl, Br, I; C=S, Se, Te)
• Blue Phosphorene Oxide: Strain-tunable Quantum Phase Transitions and Novel 2D Emergent Fermions
• Titanium trisulfide (TiS3): a 2D semiconductor with quasi-1D optical and electronic properties
• Naturally occurring van der Waals materials
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• Photoinduced topological phase transitions in strained black phosphorus
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• Probing Single Vacancies in Black Phosphorus at the Atomic Level
• Probing Out-of-Plane Charge Transport in Black Phosphorus with Graphene-Contacted Vertical Field-Effect Transistors
• Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Metal Monochalcogenides
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• Experimental evidence of monolayer arsenene: An exotic two-dimensional semiconducting material
• Strain-induced topological phase transition in phosphorene and phosphorene nanoribbons
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• Electron-doped phosphorene: A potential monolayer superconductor
• Two-dimensional disorder in black phosphorus and monochalcogenide monolayers
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• Nanomaterials for Quantum Information Science and Engineering
• Charge Trap Memory Based on Few-Layered Black Phosphorus
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• Observation of Optical and Electrical In-plane Anisotropy in High-mobility Few-layer ZrTe5
• Heterostructured hBN-BP-hBN Nanodetectors at THz Frequencies
• Aluminene as Highly Hole Doped Graphene
• The Optical Properties and Plasmonics of Anisotropic 2-Dimensional Materials
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• Group theory for structural analysis and lattice vibrations in phosphorene systems
• Excitons in atomically thin black phosphorus
• Field Effect Optoelectronic Modulation of Quantum-Confined Carriers in Black Phosphorus
• Tunable Magnetic Semiconductor Behavior Driven by Half-Filled One Dimensional Band in Zigzag Phosphorene Nanoribbons
• Van der Waals heteroepitaxial growth of monolayer Sb in puckered honeycomb structure
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• A Stillinger-Weber Potential for Single-Layer Black Phosphorus, and the Importance of Cross-Pucker Interactions for Negative Poisson's Ratio and Edge Stress-Induced Bending
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• Anisotropic charged impurity-limited carrier mobility in monolayer phosphorene
• Boundary conditions for phosphorene nanoribbons in the continuum approach
• Recent Progress of Heterostructures Based on Two Dimensional Materials and Wide Bandgap Semiconductors
• Photodetecting and Light-Emitting Devices Based on Two Dimensional Materials
• Thermal transport properties of single-layer black phosphorous from extensive molecular dynamics simulations
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• Modelling Strategies for the Covalent Functionalization of 2D Phosphorene
• Highly anisotropic spin transport in ultrathin black phosphorus
• Deriving phosphorus atomic chain from few-layer black phosphorus
• Temperature dependent anisotropic charge carrier mobility limited by ionized impurity scattering in thin-layer black phosphorus
• Coulomb interactions and screening effects in few-layer black phosphorus: a tight-binding consideration beyond the long-wavelength limit
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• Fraunhofer response and supercurrent spin switching in black phosphorus with strain and disorder
• Full-scale Simulation of Electron Transport in Nanoporous Graphene: Probing the Talbot Effect
• Thermal conductivity of armchair black phosphorus nanotubes: a molecular dynamics study
• Auxetic tetrahex-carbon with ultrahigh strength and direct band gap
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• Non equilibrium anisotropic excitons in atomically thin ReS${}_2$
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• Effect of atomic-scale defects and dopants on phosphorene electronic structure and quantum transport properties
• Substrate effects on the exciton fine structure of black phosphorus quantum dots
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• Control of superconducting pairing symmetries in monolayer black phosphorus
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• Comparison of Optical Response from DFT Random Phase Approximation and Low-Energy Effective Model: Strained Phosphorene
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• Dual gate black phosphorus velocity modulated transistor
• Weak Localization in Few-Layer Black Phosphorus
• Lattice dynamics and elastic properties of black phosphorus
• Anisotropic hybrid excitation modes in monolayer and double-layer phosphorene on polar substrates
• Anisotropic Electron-Photon-Phonon Coupling in Layered MoS2
• Negative Compressibility in Graphene-terminated Black Phosphorus Heterostructures
• Surface buckling of phosphorene materials: determination, origin and influence on electronic structure
• The Effects of Vacancy and Oxidation on Black Phosphorus Nanoresonators
• Long-Term Environmental Stability of Nitrogen-Healed Black Phosphorus
• Electronic and transport properties of anisotropic semiconductor quantum wires
• Electronic Self-passivation of Single Vacancy in Black Phosphorus via a Controlled Ionization
• Quasi-epitaxial growth of BaTiS${}_3$ films
• Edge State and Intrinsic Hole Doping in Bilayer Phosphorene
• Towards High-Performance Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus Optoelectronic Devices: the Role of Metal Contacts
• Isotropic charge screening of the anisotropic black phosphorus revealed by potassium adatoms
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• Stochastic Time-Dependent DFT with Optimally Tuned Range-Separated Hybrids: Application to Excitonic Effects in Large Phosphorene Sheets
• Gate-tunable strong-weak localization transition in few-layer black phosphorus
• Probing 2D Black Phosphorus by Quantum Capacitance Measurements
• Anisotropic model with truncated linear dispersion for lattice and interfacial thermal transport in layered materials
• Electrostatic quantum dot confinement in phosphorene
• Tuning electronic properties and contact type in van der Waals heterostructures of bilayer SnS and graphene
• Surface Structure Determination of Black Phosphorus Using Photoelectron Diffraction
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• Lattice Opening Upon Bulk Reductive Covalent Functionalization of Black Phosphorus
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• Native Point Defects in Mono-- and Bi--layer Phosphorene
• Effect of electron thermal conductivity on resonant plasmonic detection in the metal/black-AsP/graphene FET terahertz hot-electron bolometers
• Coulomb drag in anisotropic systems: a theoretical study on a double-layer phosphorene
• Strain engineering the charged-impurity-limited carrier mobility in phosphorene
• Direct Investigation of the Birefringent Optical Properties of Black Phosphorus with Picosecond Interferometry
• Probing the Free-carrier Absorption in Multi-Layer Black Phosphorus
• Observation of A${}_g^1$ Raman mode splitting in few layers black phosphorus encapsulated with hexagonal boron nitride
• Semiclassical Boltzmann transport theory of few-layer black phosphorus in various phases
• Effect of long-range structural corrugations on magnetotransport properties of phosphorene in tilted magnetic field
• Single-Crystalline Metallic Films Induced by van der Waals Epitaxy on Black Phosphorus
• Charging energy spectrum of black phosphorus quantum dots
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• Pnictogens Allotropy and Phase Transformation during van der Waals Growth
• Plasmon modes in monolayer and double-layer black phosphorus under applied uniaxial strain
• Site-specific symmetry sensitivity of angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy in layered palladium diselenide
• Anisotropic Pseudospin Tunneling in Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus Junctions
• Unambiguous identification of monolayer phosphorene by phase-shifting interferometry
• Buckled honeycomb lattice and unconventional magnetic response
• Quantum well confinement and competitive radiative pathways in the luminescence of black phosphorus layers
• Effect of Vacancies on the Mechanical Properties of Phosphorene Nanotubes
• Impact of Orientation Misalignments on Black Phosphorus Ultrascaled Field-effect Transistors
• Spatially indirect excitons in black and blue phosphorene double layers
• Electronic structure and conductivity in functionalized multilayer black phosphorene
• Valence force model and nanomechanics of single-layer phosphorene
• In-situ tunable giant electrical anisotropy in a grating gated AlGaN/GaN two-dimensional electron gas
• Layer Tunable Third-Harmonic Generation in Multilayer Black Phosphorus
• Phosphorene FETs: Promising transistors based on a few layers of phosphorus atoms
• Anisotropic Black Phosphorus Synaptic Device for Neuromorphic Applications
• Substitutional tin acceptor states in black phosphorus
• Novel Porous Aluminum Nitride Monolayer Structures A First-principles Study
• Carbon Monosulfide Nanostructures: Chains Arrays, Monolayers, and Thin Films
• An Array of Layers in Silicon Sulfides: Chain-like and Ground State Structures
• Anisotropy of the Optical Properties of Pentacene:Black Phosphorus Interfaces
• Tunable anisotropic behaviors in phosphorene under periodic potentials in arbitrary directions
• Two-Dimensional Wide-Band-Gap II-V Semiconductors with a Dilated Graphene-like Structure
• Tunneling Effect in Gapped Phosphorene through Double Barriers
• Controlling magnetic frustration in 1T-TaS${}_2$ via Coulomb engineered long-range interactions
• Quantum confinement and edge effects on electronic properties of zigzag green phosphorene nanoribbons
• Effect of TCNQ layer cover on oxidation dynamics of black phosphorus
• An analytic virtual-source-based current-voltage model for ultra-thin black phosphorus field-effect transistors
• CrAs monolayer: Low buckled two-dimensional half-metal ferromagnet
• Double carrier transport in electron doped region in black phosphorus FET
• Coherence and de-coherence in the Time-Resolved ARPES of realistic materials: an ab-initio perspective
• Hot-electron resonant terahertz bolometric detection in the graphene/black-AsP field-effect transistors with a floating gate
• Current induced by a tilted magnetic field in phosphorene under terahertz laser radiation
• Magnetothermoelectric transport properties in phosphorene
• Floquet-Volkov interference in a semiconductor
• Mechanistic insights on the phosphorene degradation
• Onset of exciton-exciton annihilation in single layer black phosphorus
• Bloch dynamics in inversion symmetry broken monolayer phosphorene
• Direct identification of monolayer rhenium diselenide by an individual diffraction pattern
• High-efficiency photoelectric detector based on a p-n homojunction of monolayer black phosphorus
• Strain-induced energy band gap opening in two-dimensional bilayered silicon film
• Shear-Exfoliated Phosphorene for Rechargeable Nanoscale Battery
• Nonmonotonic band gap evolution in bent phosphorene nanosheets
• Effect of flexural phonons on the hole states in single-layer black phosphorus
• Strongly Modulated Ambipolar Characteristics of Few-layer Black Phosphorus in Oxygen
• Conditions for the occurrence of Coulomb blockade in phosphorene quantum dots at room temperature
• Electronic structure and transport in materials with flat bands: 2D materials and quasicrystals
• Simulation of Schottky-Barrier Phosphorene Transistors
• Cross-Examination of Photoinitiated Carrier and Structural Dynamics of Black Phosphorus at Elevated Fluences
• Monolayer Phosphorene-Metal Interfaces
• Towards a 2D Printer: A Deterministic Cross Contamination-free Transfer Method for Atomically Layered Materials
• Enhanced thermoelectric properties in phosphorene nanorings
• Controlling Goos-Hänchen shifts in phosphorene via barrier and well
• Role of effective mass anisotropy in realizing a hybrid nodal-line fermion state
• Enhanced Linear Dichroism of Flattened-Edge Black Phosphorus Nanoribbons
• Spectral responsivity and photoconductive gain in thin film black phosphorus photodetectors
• Anisotropy engineering edge magnetism in zigzag honeycomb nanoribbons
• Tunable quantum interference effect on magnetoconductivity in few-layer black phosphorus
• Design of Black Phosphorus 2D Nanomechanical Resonators by Exploiting the Intrinsic Mechanical Anisotropy
• Striped excitonic (super)solid in anisotropic semiconductors with screened exciton interactions
• Thermodynamic stability and vibrational anharmonicity of black phosphorene-beyond quasi-harmonic analysis
• 2D Nitride Ordered Alloys: A Novel Class of Ultra-Wide Bandgap Semiconductors
• Topological transition in monolayer blue phosphorene with transiton-metal adatom under stain
• Low-frequency interlayer phonon dynamics and photoinduced terahertz absorption in black phosphorus
• Surface Transport and Quantum Hall Effect in Ambipolar Black Phosphorus Double Quantum Wells
• Straightforward Method to Orient Black Phosphorus from Bulk to Thin Layers using a Standard Green Laser
• Prolonged photo-carriers generated in a massive-and-anisotropic Dirac material
• Light-programmable reorientation of the crystallographic c-axis of Tellurium thin films
• Photothermal responsivity of van der Waals material-based nanomechanical resonators
• Striped Spin Density Wave in a Graphene/Black Phosphorous Heterostructure
• Interband spectroscopy of Landau levels and magnetoexcitons in bulk black phosphorus
• The electrothermal conductance and heat capacity of black phosphorus
• Real-Time Out-of-Equilibrium Quantum Dynamics in Disordered Materials
• Linear Dichroism Conversion in Quasi One-Dimensional Perovskite Chalcogenide
• Valley polarization generated in 3-dimensional group-IV monochalcogenids
• Transition Metal Chalcogenide Tin Sulfide Nanodimensional Films Align Liquid Crystals
• Orbital design of topological insulators from two-dimensional semiconductors
• Engineering Phonon Polaritons in van der Waals Heterostructures to Enhance In-Plane Optical Anisotropy
• Phosphorene: Fabrication, Properties and Applications
• Multilayer C2N: Effect of Stacking Order and Number of Layers on Bandgap and Its Controlled Electronic Properties by External Electric Field
• Monolayer H-Si-P Semiconductors: Structural stability, electronic structure, optical properties, and Prospects for photocatalytic water splitting
• Black phosphorus van der Waals heterostructures light emitting diodes for mid-infrared silicon photonics
• Tight Binding Parametrization of Few-layer Black Phosphorus from First-Principles Calculations
• Liquid phase mass production of air-stable black phosphorus/phospholipids nanocomposite with ultralow tunneling barrier
• Equilibration and Filtering of Quantum Hall Edge States in Few-Layer Black Phosphorus
• Energetics, Charge Transfer and Magnetism of Small Molecules Physisorbed on Phosphorene
• Control of near-field radiative heat transfer based on anisotropic 2D materials
• Exciton localization on p-i-n junctions in two-dimensional crystals
• Transversal flexoelectric coefficients for fifty select atomic monolayers from first principles
• Stacked polarimeters with twisted black phosphorus
• 2D SnS: a phosphorene analogue with strong in-plane electronic anisotropy
• Mid-Infrared Ultrafast Carrier Dynamics in Thin Film Black Phosphorus
• The Effect of Dielectric Capping on Few-Layer Phosphorene Transistors: Tuning the Schottky Barrier Heights
• Zero Poisson' s Ratio and Suppressed Mechanical Anisotropy in BP/SnSe Van der Waals Heterostructure: A First-principles Study
• Diffusive density response of electrons in anisotropic multiband systems
• One-dimensional electronic structure of phosphorene chains
• First-principles Study of the Interactions of Electron Donor and Acceptor Molecules with Phosphorene
• The interaction between phosphorene oxide and the villin headpiece
• Theory of polarization-switchable electrical conductivity anisotropy in nonpolar semiconductors
• Nonlocal and nonlinear plasmonics in atomically thin heterostructures
• Optoelectronic characteristics and application of black phosphorus and its analogs
• Electrical Control of Linear Dichroism in Black Phosphorus from the Visible to Mid-Infrared
• Non-adiabatic suppression of 3D excitonic screening in black phosphorus by mid-infrared pulses
• Controlling quantum spin Hall state via strain in various stacking bilayer phosphorene