Effective Passivation of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus Transistors against Ambient Degradation

Abstract

Unencapsulated, exfoliated black phosphorus (BP) flakes are found to chemically degrade upon exposure to ambient conditions. Atomic force microscopy, electrostatic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy are employed to characterize the structure and chemistry of the degradation process, suggesting that O2 saturated H2O irreversibly reacts with BP to form oxidized phosphorus species. This interpretation is further supported by the observation that BP degradation occurs more rapidly on hydrophobic octadecyltrichlorosilane self-assembled monolayers and on H-Si(111), versus hydrophilic SiO2. For unencapsulated BP field-effect transistors, the ambient degradation causes large increases in threshold voltage after 6 hours in ambient, followed by a ~10^3 decrease in FET current on/off ratio and mobility after 48 hours. Atomic layer deposited AlOx overlayers effectively suppress ambient degradation, allowing encapsulated BP FETs to maintain high on/off ratios of ~10^3 and mobilities of ~100 cm2/(V*s) for over two weeks in ambient. This work shows that the ambient degradation of BP can be managed effectively when the flakes are sufficiently passivated. In turn, our strategy for enhancing BP environmental stability will accelerate efforts to implement BP in electronic and optoelectronic applications.

arXiv commentAccepted at Nano Letters; 18 pages, 5 figures, and 23 figure supporting information

References in corpus (16)

• Black phosphorus field-effect transistors
• Phosphorene: A New 2D Material with High Carrier Mobility
• Control of graphene's properties by reversible hydrogenation
• Rediscovering Black Phosphorus: A Unique Anisotropic 2D Material for Optoelectronics and Electronics
• Making graphene visible
• Fast and broadband photoresponse of few-layer black phosphorus field-effect transistors
• Isolation and characterization of few-layer black phosphorus
• Strain-induced gap modification in black phosphorus
• Fluorographene: Two Dimensional Counterpart of Teflon
• Strain-Engineering Anisotropic Electrical Conductance of Phosphorene and Few-Layer Black Phosphorus
• Electric field effect in ultrathin black phosphorus
• Realization of a High Mobility Dual-gated Graphene Field Effect Transistor with Al2O3 Dielectric
• Plasma-assisted fabrication of monolayer phosphorene and its Raman characterization
• A black phosphorus photo-detector for multispectral, high-resolution imaging
• Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study and Nanomanipulation of Graphene-Coated Water on Mica
• Wafer-scale solution-derived molecular gate dielectrics for low-voltage graphene electronics

Cited by in corpus (126)

• The Renaissance of Black Phosphorus
• Liquid exfoliation of solvent-stabilised black phosphorus: applications beyond electronics
• Covalent Functionalization and Passivation of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus via Aryl Diazonium Chemistry
• Black phosphorus: narrow gap, wide applications
• Solvent Exfoliation of Electronic-Grade, Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus
• Recent progress in the assembly of nanodevices and van der Waals heterostructures by deterministic placement of 2D materials
• Electronic and optical properties of strained graphene and other strained 2D materials: a review
• Degradation of Black Phosphorus (BP): The Role of Oxygen and Water
• High quality sandwiched black phosphorus heterostructure and its quantum oscillations
• Microfiber-based few-layer black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultra-fast fiber laser
• Quality heterostructures from two dimensional crystals unstable in air by their assembly in inert atmosphere
• Anisotropic intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity of phosphorene from first principles
• Toward Air-Stable Multilayer Phosphorene Thin-Films and Transistors
• Esaki diodes in van der Waals heterojunctions with broken-gap energy band alignment
• The Electronic Properties of Phosphorene/Graphene and Phosphorene/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Heterostructures
• Electronic Transport in Two-Dimensional Materials
• Black-Phosphorus Terahertz Photodetectors
• Atomically thin p-n junctions based on two-dimensional materials
• The role of traps in the photocurrent generation mechanism in thin In-Se photodetectors
• Chemically Tailoring Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Black Phosphorus
• Few-layer Tellurium: one-dimensional-like layered elementary semiconductor with striking physical properties
• Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus
• In Situ Thermal Decomposition of Exfoliated Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus
• Stable Aqueous Dispersions of Optically and Electronically Active Phosphorene
• Post Graphene 2D Chemistry: The Emerging Field of Molybdenum Disulfide and Black Phosphorus Functionalization
• Noncovalent Functionalization of Black Phosphorus
• Femtosecond photo-switching of interface polaritons in black phosphorus heterostructures
• Electronics and optoelectronics of quasi-one dimensional layered transition metal trichalcogenides
• Anomalous polarization dependence of Raman scattering and crystallographic orientation of black phosphorus
• Raman Spectroscopy, Photocatalytic Degradation and Stabilization of Atomically Thin Chromium Triiodide
• Rotationally Commensurate Growth of MoS2 on Epitaxial Graphene
• Two-Dimensional Magnetotransport in a Black Phosphorus Naked Quantum Well
• Tuning Magnetotransport in a Compensated Semimetal at the Atomic Scale
• Multilayer black phosphorus as a versatile mid-infrared electro-optic material
• Two-dimensional phosphorus carbide: Competition between sp2 and sp3 bonding
• Highly Itinerant Atomic Vacancies in Phosphorene
• Low-Symmetry Two-Dimensional Materials for Electronic and Photonic Applications
• Environmental Instability and Degradation of Single- and Few-Layer WTe2 Nanosheets in Ambient Conditions
• Probing Out-of-Plane Charge Transport in Black Phosphorus with Graphene-Contacted Vertical Field-Effect Transistors
• Probing Single Vacancies in Black Phosphorus at the Atomic Level
• Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Metal Monochalcogenides
• High Current Density and Low Thermal Conductivity of Atomically Thin Semimetallic WTe2
• The Role of H2O and O2 Molecules and Phosphorus Vacancies in the Structure Instability of Phosphorene
• Transport and Optical Properties of Single- and Bilayer Black Phosphorus with Defects
• High-Pressure Synthesis and Characterization of $\beta$-GeSe - A Semiconductor with Six-Rings in an Uncommon Boat Conformation
• High intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity in monolayer MoSi${}_2$N${}_4$
• Mid-infrared Electro-Optic Modulation in Few-layer Black Phosphorus
• High Yield Growth and Doping of Black Phosphorus with Tunable Electronic Properties
• Computational insights and the observation of SiC nanograin assembly: towards 2D silicon carbide
• Revealing the Anisotropic Thermal Conductivity of Black Phosphorus using the Time-Resolved Magneto-Optical Kerr Effect
• Charge Trap Memory Based on Few-Layered Black Phosphorus
• Heterostructured hBN-BP-hBN Nanodetectors at THz Frequencies
• Field Effect Optoelectronic Modulation of Quantum-Confined Carriers in Black Phosphorus
• Strong many-body interactions in ultrathin anisotropic tin (II) monosulfide
• Promising Properties of Sub-5 nm Monolayer MoSi2N4 Transistor
• The role of water in the preparation and stabilization of high quality phosphorene flakes
• Self-Aligned van der Waals Heterojunction Diodes and Transistors
• Electronic Structure and the Properties of Phosphorene Systems
• KTlO: A metal shrouded 2D semiconductor with high carrier mobility and tunable magnetism
• Roadmap for Photonics with 2D Materials
• Towards Air Stability of Ultra-Thin GaSe Devices: Avoiding Environmental and Laser-Induced Degradation by Encapsulation
• Decoration of exfoliated black phosphorus with nickel nanoparticles and application in catalysis
• Polymer-based black phosphorus (bP) hybrid materials by in situ radical polymerization: an effective tool to exfoliate bP and stabilize bP nanoflakes
• Mid-infrared time-resolved photoconduction in black phosphorus
• Performance Enhancement of Black Phosphorus Field-Effect Transistors by Chemical Doping
• A Perspective on Recent Advances in Phosphorene Functionalization and its Application in Devices
• Water splits to degrade two-dimensional group-IV monochalcogenides in nanoseconds
• Environmental Effects in Mechanical Properties of Few-layer Black Phosphorus
• Strain-controlled fundamental gap and structure of bulk black phosphorus
• NaSn2As2: An Exfoliatable Layered van der Waals Zintl Phase
• New ground states of fluorinated and oxidized phosphorene: structural and electronic properties
• Screening and plasmons in pure and disordered single- and bilayer black phosphorus
• Anisotropic buckling of few-layer black phosphorus
• Nanoscopy Reveals Metallic Black Phosphorus
• Crossover between Photochemical and Photothermal Oxidations of Atomically Thin Magnetic Semiconductor CrPS4
• Single-step exfoliation and functionalization of few-layers black phosphorus and its application for polymer composites
• Atomic and electronic structure of nitrogen- and boron-doped phosphorene
• Imaging atomic vacancies in commercially available black phosphorus
• $\mathrm{Tl}{\mathrm{P}}_5$: An unexplored direct band gap 2D semiconductor with ultra-high carrier mobility
• Spatial conductivity mapping of unprotected and capped black phosphorus using microwave microscopy
• Second-Order Raman Scattering in Exfoliated Black Phosphorus
• The role of surface chemical reactivity in the stability of electronic nanodevices based on two-dimensional materials "beyond graphene" and topological insulators
• Modelling Strategies for the Covalent Functionalization of 2D Phosphorene
• Deriving phosphorus atomic chain from few-layer black phosphorus
• Optical contrast and refractive index of natural van der Waals heterostructure nanosheets of franckeite
• Monolayer black phosphorus by sequential wet-chemical surface oxidation
• Fabrication and Imaging of Monolayer Phosphorene with Preferred Edge Configurations via Graphene-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Thinning
• Aharonov-Bohm effect in monolayer black phosphorus (phosphorene) nanorings
• Hybrid 2D Black Phosphorus/Polymer Materials: New Platforms for Device Fabrication
• Disorder effect on the anisotropic resistivity of phosphorene determined by a tight-binding model
• Novel polystyrene-based nanocomposites by phosphorene dispersion
• Simulated scanning tunneling microscopy images of few-layer-phosphorus capped by graphene and hexagonal boron nitride monolayers
• Exciton in phosphorene: Strain, impurity, thickness and heterostructure
• Thermal Sublimation: a Scalable and Controllable Thinning Method for the Fabrication of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus
• The impact of hexagonal boron nitride encapsulation on the structural and vibrational properties of few layer black phosphorus
• Probing the Electronic States in Black Phosphorus Vertical Heterostructures
• Type-controlled Nanodevices Based on Encapsulated Few-layer Black Phosphorus for Quantum Transport
• Low Lattice Thermal Conductivity of a Two-Dimensional Phosphorene Oxide
• Multiorbital edge and corner states in black phosphorene
• Air tightness of hBN encapsulation and its impact on Raman spectroscopy of van der Waals materials
• Electronic and magnetic properties of black phosphorus
• Electrically Tunable Energy Bandgap in Dual-Gated Ultra-Thin Black Phosphorus Field Effect Transistors
• Weak Localization in Few-Layer Black Phosphorus
• Dual gate black phosphorus velocity modulated transistor
• Pseudospin Electronics in Phosphorene Nanoribbons
• Dephasing in strongly anisotropic black phosphorus
• Layer-dependence of dielectric response and water-enhanced ambient degradation of highly-anisotropic black As
• Unusually strong lateral interaction in the CO overlayer in phosphorene-based systems
• Optical coupling between atomically-thin black phosphorus and a two dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity
• Effects of Dielectric Stoichiometry on the Photoluminescence Properties of Encapsulated WSe2 Monolayers
• Power dissipation and electrical breakdown in black phosphorus
• Long-Term Environmental Stability of Nitrogen-Healed Black Phosphorus
• Idiosyncratic Approach to Visualize Degradation of Black Phosphorus
• Anisotropic complex refractive indices of atomically thin materials: determination of the optical constants of few-layer black phosphorus
• Lattice Opening Upon Bulk Reductive Covalent Functionalization of Black Phosphorus
• Observation of A${}_g^1$ Raman mode splitting in few layers black phosphorus encapsulated with hexagonal boron nitride
• Single-Crystalline Metallic Films Induced by van der Waals Epitaxy on Black Phosphorus
• Tunable electronic properties and electric-field-induced phase transition in phosphorene/graphene heterostructures
• Photocatalytic Activity of Phosphorene Derivatives: Coverage, Electronic, Optical and Excitonic properties
• Predicting aqueous and electrochemical stability of 2D materials from extended Pourbaix analyses
• Quantum well confinement and competitive radiative pathways in the luminescence of black phosphorus layers
• Phosphorene FETs: Promising transistors based on a few layers of phosphorus atoms
• An Array of Layers in Silicon Sulfides: Chain-like and Ground State Structures
• Anisotropy of the Optical Properties of Pentacene:Black Phosphorus Interfaces
• Low-symmetry two-dimensional BNP${}_2$ and C${}_2$SiS structures with high and anisotropic carrier mobilities
• H2 O incorporation in the phosphorene/a-SiO2 interface: A first-principles study