Quality heterostructures from two dimensional crystals unstable in air by their assembly in inert atmosphere

Abstract

Many layered materials can be cleaved down to individual atomic planes, similar to graphene, but only a small minority of them are stable under ambient conditions. The rest reacts and decomposes in air, which has severely hindered their investigation and possible uses. Here we introduce a remedial approach based on cleavage, transfer, alignment and encapsulation of air-sensitive crystals, all inside a controlled inert atmosphere. To illustrate the technology, we choose two archetypal two-dimensional crystals unstable in air: black phosphorus and niobium diselenide. Our field-effect devices made from their monolayers are conductive and fully stable under ambient conditions, in contrast to the counterparts processed in air. NbSe2 remains superconducting down to the monolayer thickness. Starting with a trilayer, phosphorene devices reach sufficiently high mobilities to exhibit Landau quantization. The approach offers a venue to significantly expand the range of experimentally accessible two-dimensional crystals and their heterostructures.

4 figures

References in corpus (15)

• Two Dimensional Atomic Crystals
• Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics
• Effective Passivation of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus Transistors against Ambient Degradation
• Hunting for Monolayer Boron Nitride: Optical and Raman Signatures
• Superconductivity in single-layer films of FeSe with a transition temperature above 100 K
• Cross-sectional imaging of individual layers and buried interfaces of graphene-based heterostructures and superlattices
• Environmental instability of few-layer black phosphorus
• Atomically thin boron nitride: a tunnelling barrier for graphene devices
• Proton transport through one atom thick crystals
• Plasmons and screening in monolayer and multilayer black phosphorus
• Electrical characterization of fully encapsulated ultra thin black phosphorus-based heterostructures with graphene contacts
• Toward Air-Stable Multilayer Phosphorene Thin-Films and Transistors
• Gate Tunable Quantum Oscillations in Air-Stable and High Mobility Few-Layer Phosphorene Heterostructures
• Exfoliating pristine black phosphorus down to the monolayer: photo-oxidation and electronic confinement effects
• Quantum Oscillations in Black Phosphorus Two-dimensional Electron Gas

Cited by in corpus (153)

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• Evidence of Ising pairing in superconducting NbSe${}_2$ atomic layers
• Observation of the Quantum Spin Hall Effect up to 100 Kelvin in a Monolayer Crystal
• Black phosphorus: narrow gap, wide applications
• Interfacial Ferroelectricity by van-der-Waals Sliding
• Characterization of collective ground states in single-layer NbSe2
• The hot pick-up technique for batch assembly of van der Waals heterostructures
• Recent progress in the assembly of nanodevices and van der Waals heterostructures by deterministic placement of 2D materials
• Highly crystalline 2D superconductors
• Quantum Hall Effect in Black Phosphorus Two-dimensional Electron Gas
• Tuning Ising superconductivity with layer and spin-orbit coupling in two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides
• Enhanced superconductivity in atomically thin TaS2
• Esaki diodes in van der Waals heterojunctions with broken-gap energy band alignment
• On the suitability of hBN as an insulator for 2D material-based ultrascaled CMOS devices
• First-principles calculations of charge carrier mobility and conductivity in bulk semiconductors and two-dimensional materials
• Interlayer Exciton Optoelectronics in a 2D Heterostructure p-n Junction
• Nature of the Quantum Metal in a Two-Dimensional Crystalline Superconductor
• Atomically thin p-n junctions based on two-dimensional materials
• One million percent tunnel magnetoresistance in a magnetic van der Waals heterostructure
• Quantum Hall Effect in Ultrahigh Mobility Two-dimensional Hole Gas of Black Phosphorus
• Chemically Tailoring Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Black Phosphorus
• Stable Aqueous Dispersions of Optically and Electronically Active Phosphorene
• Ising Superconductivity and Quantum Phase Transition in Macro-Size Monolayer NbSe2
• Van der Waals heterojunction devices based on organohalide perovskites and two-dimensional materials
• Gate tuning of electronic phase transitions in two-dimensional NbSe${}_2$
• Minimizing Residues and Strain in 2D Materials Transferred from PDMS
• Interlayer exciton dynamics in a dichalcogenide monolayer heterostructure
• Tinselenidene: a Two-dimensional Auxetic Material with Ultralow Lattice Thermal Conductivity and Ultrahigh Hole Mobility
• Superconductivity in potassium-doped metallic polymorphs of MoS2
• An unusual continuous paramagnetic-limited superconducting phase transition in 2D NbSe${}_2$
• Theory of 2D crystals: graphene and beyond
• Micromagnetometry of two-dimensional ferromagnets
• Strong electron-hole symmetric Rashba spin-orbit coupling in graphene/monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures
• Enhanced Superconductivity and Suppression of Charge-density Wave Order in 2H-TaS${}_2$ in the Two-dimensional Limit
• Strong enhancement of superconductivity at high pressures within the charge-density-wave states of 2H-TaS 2 and 2H-TaSe 2
• Unusual suppression of the superconducting energy gap and critical temperature in atomically thin NbSe2
• Phase segregation facilitates exfoliation of franckeite crystals to a single unit cell thickness
• Composite super-moiré lattices in double aligned graphene heterostructures
• Evolution of multi-gap superconductivity in the atomically thin limit: Strain-enhanced three-gap superconductivity in monolayer MgB${}_2$
• Two-dimensional Superconductors with Atomic-scale Thicknesses
• Universal low-temperature Ohmic contacts for quantum transport in transition metal dichalcogenides
• Intercalant-independent transition temperature in superconducting black phosphorus
• Topological currents in black phosphorus with broken inversion symmetry
• One-dimensional edge contacts to a monolayer semiconductor
• Ultra-clean assembly of van der Waals heterostructures
• Heterostructured hBN-BP-hBN Nanodetectors at THz Frequencies
• Indirect to direct gap crossover in two-dimensional InSe revealed by ARPES
• High quality factor graphene-based 2D heterostructure mechanical resonator
• Theoretical studies of electronic transport in mono- and bi-layer phosphorene: A critical overview
• Via Method for Lithography Free Contact and Preservation of 2D Materials
• Observing imperfection in atomic interfaces for van der Waals heterostructures
• Quantum Hall effect and semiconductor to semimetal transition in biased black phosphorus
• Quantum phase transitions in highly crystalline two-dimensional superconductors
• Electron-phonon coupling and the Coexistence of Superconductivity and Charge-Density Wave in Monolayer NbSe2
• Raman spectroscopy of GaSe and InSe post-transition metal chalcogenides layers
• Electronic Structure and the Properties of Phosphorene Systems
• Electronic structure of $2H$-NbSe${}_2$ single-layers in the CDW state
• Control of electron-electron interaction in graphene by proximity screening
• Infrared-to-violet tunable optical activity in atomic films of GaSe, InSe, and their heterostructures
• Crystalline Nodal Topological Superconductivity and Bogolyubov Fermi Surfaces in Monolayer NbSe${}_2$
• Ultra-thin van der Waals crystals as semiconductor quantum wells
• Performance Enhancement of Black Phosphorus Field-Effect Transistors by Chemical Doping
• Sub-60 mV/decade switching with a cold metal as the injection source
• Emergent superconductivity in two-dimensional NiTe${}_2$ crystals
• Gate-Defined Quantum Confinement in InSe-based van der Waals Heterostructures
• Gate-Defined One-Dimensional Channel and Broken Symmetry States in MoS${}_2$ van der Waals Heterostructures
• On the origin of critical temperature enhancement in atomically-thin superconductors
• van der Waals Bonded Co/h-BN Contacts to Ultrathin Black Phosphorus Devices
• Nanoscale magnetism and magnetic phase transitions in atomically thin CrSBr
• Graphene hot-electron light bulb: incandescence from hBN-encapsulated graphene in air
• Environmental Effects in Mechanical Properties of Few-layer Black Phosphorus
• NaSn2As2: An Exfoliatable Layered van der Waals Zintl Phase
• Nonlocal Response and Anamorphosis: the Case of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus
• Observation of superconducting collective modes from competing pairing instabilities in single-layer NbSe${}_2$
• 2D superconductivity and vortex dynamics in 1T-MoS2
• Niobium diselenide superconducting photodetectors
• Pseudodoping of Metallic Two-Dimensional Materials by The Supporting Substrates
• Highly anisotropic electronic transport properties of monolayer and bilayer phosphorene from first principles
• Spatial conductivity mapping of unprotected and capped black phosphorus using microwave microscopy
• Anisotropic features in the electronic structure of the two-dimensional transition metal trichalcogenide TiS${}_3$: electron doping and plasmons
• Enhanced superconductivity in few-layer TaS${}_2$ due to healing by oxygenation
• A system for the deterministic transfer of 2D materials under inert environmental conditions
• Negative resistance state in superconducting NbSe${}_2$ induced by surface acoustic waves
• Topological superconductivity from magnetic impurities on monolayer NbSe${}_2$
• Effect of aging-induced disorder on the quantum transport properties of atomically thin WTe${}_2$
• Phase slip lines in superconducting few-layer NbSe${}_2$ crystals
• Semiconducting van der Waals Interfaces as Artificial Semiconductors
• Two-dimensional Superconductivity from Dimerization of Atomically Ordered AuTe2Se4/3 Cubes
• Strong in-plane magnetic field induced reemergent superconductivity in the van der Waals heterointerface of NbSe2 and CrCl3
• Exceptional electronic transport and quantum oscillations in thin bismuth crystals grown inside van der Waals materials
• Fabrication and Imaging of Monolayer Phosphorene with Preferred Edge Configurations via Graphene-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Thinning
• Excellent electronic transport in heterostructures of graphene and monoisotopic boron-nitride grown at atmospheric pressure
• Anomalous thickness-dependent electrical conductivity in van der Waals layered transition metal halide, Nb_3Cl_8
• Quasiparticle energy bands and Fermi surfaces of monolayer NbSe${}_2$
• Anomalous optical response of graphene on hexagonal boron nitride substrates
• Strong-field nonlinear optical properties of monolayer black phosphorus
• Quasiparticle $GW$ band structures and Fermi surfaces of bulk and monolayer NbS${}_2$
• Tailoring Superconductivity in Large-Area Single-Layer NbSe2 via Self-Assembled Molecular Adlayers
• Phosphorus oxide gate dielectric for black phosphorus field effect transistors
• The impact of hexagonal boron nitride encapsulation on the structural and vibrational properties of few layer black phosphorus
• High temperature electron-hole superfluidity with strong anisotropic gaps in double phosphorene monolayers
• Interplay of screening and superconductivity in low-dimensional materials
• Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of an Air Sensitive Dichalcogenide Through an Encapsulating Layer
• Electronic structure of few-layer black phosphorus from $\mu$-ARPES
• Type-controlled Nanodevices Based on Encapsulated Few-layer Black Phosphorus for Quantum Transport
• Nontrivial doping evolution of electronic properties in Ising-superconducting alloys
• Layer-dependent exciton polarizability and the brightening of dark excitons in few-layer black phosphorus
• Unconventional Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states in hydrogenated graphene
• Atomic Resolution Imaging of CrBr${}_3$ using Adhesion-Enhanced Grids
• Heat transfer at the van der Waals interface between graphene and NbSe2
• Air tightness of hBN encapsulation and its impact on Raman spectroscopy of van der Waals materials
• Weak Localization in Few-Layer Black Phosphorus
• Negative Compressibility in Graphene-terminated Black Phosphorus Heterostructures
• Tunable spin-orbit coupling in two-dimensional InSe
• Superconducting dome by tuning through a Van Hove singularity in a two-dimensional metal
• Switchable large-gap quantum spin Hall state in two-dimensional MSi${}_2$Z${}_4$ materials class
• Revealing the two-dimensional electronic structure and anisotropic superconductivity in a natural van der Waals superlattice (PbSe)${}_{1.14}$NbSe${}_2$
• Quantum geometry of singlet superconductors
• Photocarrier thermalization bottleneck in graphene
• Screening Induced Crossover between Phonon- and Plasmon-Mediated Pairing in Layered Superconductors
• Engineering robust strain transmission in van der Waals heterostructure devices
• Proximity-Induced Mixed Odd and Even Frequency Pairings in Monolayer NbSe${}_2$
• Effect of boron nitride defects and charge inhomogeneity on 1/f noise in encapsulated graphene
• Magnetotransport and lateral confinement in an InSe van der Waals Heterostructure
• Magnetoelectronic properties of normal and skewed phosphorene nanoribbons
• Strongly Absorbing Nanoscale Infrared Domains within Graphene Bubbles
• Tunable BCS-BEC crossover, reentrant, and hidden quantum phase transitions in two-band superconductors with tunable valence and conduction bands
• Observation of A${}_g^1$ Raman mode splitting in few layers black phosphorus encapsulated with hexagonal boron nitride
• Fundamental limits of few-layer NbSe${}_2$ microbolometers at terahertz frequencies
• Suspended dry pick-up and flip-over assembly for van der Waals heterostructures with ultra-clean surfaces
• Breathing modes in few-layer MoTe${}_2$ activated by h-BN encapsulation
• Cuprate Twistronics for Quantum Hardware
• High resistance of superconducting TiN thin films against environmental attacks
• Bilayer graphene as a template for manufacturing novel 2D materials
• Unveiling resilient superconducting fluctuations in atomically thin NbSe${}_2$ through Higgs mode spectroscopy
• Phosphorene FETs: Promising transistors based on a few layers of phosphorus atoms
• FeTe${}_{0.55}$Se${}_{0.45}$ van der Waals Tunneling Devices
• Friedel oscillations and chiral superconductivity in monolayer NbSe${}_2$
• Double carrier transport in electron doped region in black phosphorus FET
• Unconventional pairing in Ising superconductors: Application to monolayer NbSe${}_2$
• Atomically-precise synthesis and simultaneous integration of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides enabled by nano-confinement
• Vortex crossing, trapping and pinning in superconducting nanowires of a NbSe${}_2$ two-dimensional crystal
• One-Dimensional Edge Contact to Encapsulated MoS2 with a Superconductor
• Long-term Stability of Bilayer MoS2 in Ambient Air
• Electron-hole collision-limited resistance of gapped graphene
• Reducing the frequency of the Higgs mode in a helical superconductor coupled to an LC-circuit
• Observation of pseudogap in SnSe2 atomic layers grown on graphite
• Van der Waals devices for surface-sensitive experiments
• Interface-Enhanced Superconductivity in Ultrathin TiN Proximitized by Topological Insulators
• Electric Field Induced Superconductivity in Bilayer Octagraphene
• Making high-quality quantum microwave devices with van der Waals superconductors
• Encapsulation epitaxy of air-stable monolayer superconducting films for quantum circuits and qubits
• Large inverted band-gap in strained three-layer InAs/GaInSb quantum wells