Semiconducting Black Phosphorus: Synthesis, Transport Properties and Electronic Applications

Abstract

Phosphorus is one of the most abundant elements preserved in earth, constructing with a fraction of ~0.1% of the earth crust. In general, phosphorus has several allotropes. The two most commonly seen allotropes, white and red phosphorus, are widely used in explosives and safety matches. In addition, black phosphorus, though rarely mentioned, is a layered semiconductor and have great potentials in optical and electronic applications. Remarkably, this layered material can be reduced to one single atomic layer in the vertical direction owing to the van der Waals structure, known as phosphorene, where the physical properties can be tremendously different from its bulk counterpart. In this review article, we trace back to the 100 years research history on black phosphorus from the synthesis to material properties, and extend the topic from black phosphorus to phosphorene. The physical and transport properties are highlighted, aiming at further applications in electronic and optoelectronics devices.

arXiv commentInvited review article published by Chemical Society Review (2014)

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Cited by in corpus (101)

• The Renaissance of Black Phosphorus
• Universal mechanical exfoliation of large-area 2D crystals
• Anisotropic in-plane thermal conductivity observed in few-layer black phosphorus
• Microfiber-based few-layer black phosphorus saturable absorber for ultra-fast fiber laser
• Toward Air-Stable Multilayer Phosphorene Thin-Films and Transistors
• Ultrafast pulse generation with black phosphorus
• The Electronic Properties of Phosphorene/Graphene and Phosphorene/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Heterostructures
• Tuning of the electronic and optical properties of single layer black phosphorus by strain
• Electronic Transport in Two-Dimensional Materials
• High-Throughput Computational Screening of Two-Dimensional Semiconductors
• Chemically Tailoring Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and Black Phosphorus
• Black phosphorus as saturable absorber for the Q-switched Er:ZBLAN fiber laser at 2.8 μm
• Controlled Growth of a Large-Size 2D Selenium Nanosheet and Its Electronic and Optoelectronic Applications
• Strong modulation of optical properties in black phosphorus through strain-engineered rippling
• Auxetic Black Phosphorus: A 2D Material with Negative Poisson's Ratio
• In Situ Thermal Decomposition of Exfoliated Two-Dimensional Black Phosphorus
• Toward a realistic description of multilayer black phosphorus: from $GW$ approximation to large-scale tight-binding simulations
• Post Graphene 2D Chemistry: The Emerging Field of Molybdenum Disulfide and Black Phosphorus Functionalization
• Valley-dependent properties of monolayer MoSi${}_2$N${}_4$, WSi${}_2$N${}_4$ and MoSi${}_2$As${}_4$
• Observation of Low-frequency Interlayer Breathing Modes in Few-layer Black Phosphorus
• Two-Dimensional Magnetotransport in a Black Phosphorus Naked Quantum Well
• Remarkable effect of stacking on the electronic and optical properties of few layer black phosphorus
• Lattice Defects and the Mechanical Anisotropy of Borophene
• Thermoelectric power of bulk black-phosphorus
• Synthesis of thin-film black phosphorus on a flexible substrate
• Polytypism and Unexpected Strong Interlayer Coupling of two-Dimensional Layered ReS2
• Probing Single Vacancies in Black Phosphorus at the Atomic Level
• High-Pressure Synthesis and Characterization of $\beta$-GeSe - A Semiconductor with Six-Rings in an Uncommon Boat Conformation
• Mid-infrared polarized emission from black phosphorus light-emitting diodes
• Mobility anisotropy in monolayer black phosphorus due to charged impurities
• Anisotropic exciton Stark shift in black phosphorus
• Field Effect Optoelectronic Modulation of Quantum-Confined Carriers in Black Phosphorus
• Edge phonons in black phosphorus
• The role of water in the preparation and stabilization of high quality phosphorene flakes
• Thermoelectric transport in monolayer phosphorene
• Anisotropic Acoustic Plasmons in Black Phosphorus
• The vital role of hole-carriers for superconductivity in pressurized black phosphorus
• Performance Enhancement of Black Phosphorus Field-Effect Transistors by Chemical Doping
• Tunable spin polarization and electronic structure of bottom-up synthesized MoSi${}_2$N${}_4$ materials
• Probing the anisotropic behaviors of black phosphorus by transmission electron microscope, angular-dependent Raman spectra and electronic transports measurements
• New ground states of fluorinated and oxidized phosphorene: structural and electronic properties
• Role of Interlayer Coupling on the Evolution of Band Edges in Few-Layer Phosphorene
• Anisotropic buckling of few-layer black phosphorus
• Raman anomalies as signatures of pressure induced electronic topological and structural transitions in black phosphorus: Experiments and Theory
• Interlayer Coupling in Two-Dimensional Semiconductor Materials
• Highly anisotropic electronic transport properties of monolayer and bilayer phosphorene from first principles
• Phonon-limited carrier mobility in monolayer Black Phosphorous
• Atomic and electronic structure of nitrogen- and boron-doped phosphorene
• Spatial conductivity mapping of unprotected and capped black phosphorus using microwave microscopy
• Imaging atomic vacancies in commercially available black phosphorus
• Dynamical polarization and plasmons in a two-dimensional system with merging Dirac points
• The role of surface chemical reactivity in the stability of electronic nanodevices based on two-dimensional materials "beyond graphene" and topological insulators
• Temperature dependent anisotropic charge carrier mobility limited by ionized impurity scattering in thin-layer black phosphorus
• Deriving phosphorus atomic chain from few-layer black phosphorus
• Coulomb interactions and screening effects in few-layer black phosphorus: a tight-binding consideration beyond the long-wavelength limit
• Strongly anisotropic RKKY interaction in monolayer black phosphorus
• Quantum Transport in Ambipolar Few-layer Black Phosphorus
• Interlayer Quasi-Bonding Interactions in 2D Layered Materials: A Classification According to the Occupancy of Involved Energy Bands
• Aharonov-Bohm effect in monolayer black phosphorus (phosphorene) nanorings
• Novel polystyrene-based nanocomposites by phosphorene dispersion
• Giant magnetoresistance and anomalous transport in phosphorene-based multilayers with noncollinear magnetization
• Control of spintronic and electronic properties of bimetallic and vacancy-ordered vanadium carbide MXenes via surface functionalization
• Kinetics-Limited Two-Step Growth of van der Waals Puckered Honeycomb Sb Monolayer
• Strong-field nonlinear optical properties of monolayer black phosphorus
• Strain-induced Weyl and Dirac states and direct-indirect gap transitions in group-V materials
• Aspects of Anisotropic Fractional Quantum Hall Effect in Phosphorene
• Understanding the Missing Fractional Quantum Hall States in ZnO
• Environmental, Thermal, and Electrical Susceptibility of Black Phosphorus Field Effect Transistors
• Gate induced monolayer behavior in twisted bilayer black phosphorus
• Interference of the Bloch phase in layered materials with stacking shifts
• Exchange interaction of magnetic impurities in biased bilayer phosphorene nanoribbon
• Covalent Functionalized Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots
• Phase field crystal model for heterostructures
• Power dissipation and electrical breakdown in black phosphorus
• Straintronics in Phosphorene: Tensile vs Shear Strains and Their Combinations for Manipulating the Band Gap
• Direct Investigation of the Birefringent Optical Properties of Black Phosphorus with Picosecond Interferometry
• Berry Curvature Dipole and its Strain Engineering in Layered Phosphorene
• Observation of A${}_g^1$ Raman mode splitting in few layers black phosphorus encapsulated with hexagonal boron nitride
• Black Phosphorus based One-dimensional Photonic Crystals and Microcavities
• Effect of TCNQ layer cover on oxidation dynamics of black phosphorus
• An analytic virtual-source-based current-voltage model for ultra-thin black phosphorus field-effect transistors
• Spin-orbit coupling effects in single-layer phosphorene
• BP_5 Monolayer with Multiferroicity and Negative Poisson's Ratio: A Prediction by Global Optimization Method
• Hydrostatic pressure control of the spin-orbit proximity effect, spin relaxation, and thermoelectricity in a phosphorene-WSe${}_2$ heterostructure
• Proximity-enabled control of spin-orbit coupling in phosphorene symmetrically and asymmetrically encapsulated by WSe${}_2$ monolayers
• Faraday rotation and transmittance as markers of topological phase transitions in 2D materials
• Bloch dynamics in inversion symmetry broken monolayer phosphorene
• Electronic properties of air-sensitive nanomaterials probed with microwave impedance measurements
• Strongly Modulated Ambipolar Characteristics of Few-layer Black Phosphorus in Oxygen
• Spectral responsivity and photoconductive gain in thin film black phosphorus photodetectors
• Electrostatic properties and current transport of two-dimensional Schottky barrier diode
• The electrothermal conductance and heat capacity of black phosphorus
• Interface Dark Excitons at Sharp Lateral Two-Dimensional Heterostructures
• Moiré spintronics: Emergent phenomena, material realization and machine learning accelerating discovery
• Photothermal responsivity of van der Waals material-based nanomechanical resonators
• Transition Metal Chalcogenide Tin Sulfide Nanodimensional Films Align Liquid Crystals
• Imidazolium Ionic Liquid Mediates Black Phosphorus Exfoliation while Preventing Phosphorene Decomposition
• Optoelectronic characteristics and application of black phosphorus and its analogs
• Quantization Phenomena of critical Hamiltonians in 2D systems
• Unravelling Single Atom Electrocatalytic Activity of Transition Metal Doped Phosphorene
• Wetting and Diffusion of Water on Pristine and Strained Phosphorene