Surface codes: Towards practical large-scale quantum computation

Abstract

This article provides an introduction to surface code quantum computing. We first estimate the size and speed of a surface code quantum computer. We then introduce the concept of the stabilizer, using two qubits, and extend this concept to stabilizers acting on a two-dimensional array of physical qubits, on which we implement the surface code. We next describe how logical qubits are formed in the surface code array and give numerical estimates of their fault-tolerance. We outline how logical qubits are physically moved on the array, how qubit braid transformations are constructed, and how a braid between two logical qubits is equivalent to a controlled-NOT. We then describe the single-qubit Hadamard, S and T operators, completing the set of required gates for a universal quantum computer. We conclude by briefly discussing physical implementations of the surface code. We include a number of appendices in which we provide supplementary information to the main text.

54 pages, 35 figures, version incorporating referee and community feedback. Additional comments welcome

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• Synthesis of Arbitrary Quantum Circuits to Topological Assembly: Systematic, Online and Compact
• Topological Dynamical Decoupling
• A quantum processor based on coherent transport of entangled atom arrays
• ERASER: Towards Adaptive Leakage Suppression for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing
• Quantum Circuit Mapping for Universal and Scalable Computing in MZI-based Integrated Photonics
• Scalable noise characterization of syndrome-extraction circuits with averaged circuit eigenvalue sampling
• Comparative study of quantum error correction strategies for the heavy-hexagonal lattice
• Measurement-induced state transitions in dispersive qubit readout schemes
• Tangling schedules eases hardware connectivity requirements for quantum error correction
• Lifting topological codes: Three-dimensional subsystem codes from two-dimensional anyon models
• Actis: A Strictly Local Union-Find Decoder
• Measurement-free fault-tolerant logical zero-state encoding of the distance-three nine-qubit surface code in a one-dimensional qubit array
• CSS code surgery as a universal construction
• Dynamical gauge fields with bosonic codes
• Quantifying $T$-gate-count improvements for ground-state-energy estimation with near-optimal state preparation
• The battle of clean and dirty qubits in the era of partial error correction
• Applications of Universal Parity Quantum Computation
• Decoding Merged Color-Surface Codes and Finding Fault-Tolerant Clifford Circuits Using Solvers for Satisfiability Modulo Theories
• Spin-photon coupling for atomic qubit devices in silicon
• Investigating microwave loss of SiGe using superconducting transmon qubits
• Optimization of decoder priors for accurate quantum error correction
• Cross-cap defects and fault-tolerant logical gates in the surface code and the honeycomb Floquet code
• Limits to Quantum Gate Fidelity from Near-Field Thermal and Vacuum Fluctuations
• Multi-module microwave assembly for fast read-out and charge noise characterization of silicon quantum dots
• Two-qubit CZ gates robust against charge noise in silicon while compensating for crosstalk using neural network
• Nonlocal discrete time crystals in periodically driven surface codes
• Artificial Neural Network Syndrome Decoding on IBM Quantum Processors
• Destroying a topological quantum bit by condensing Ising vortices
• Non-Abelian statistics with mixed-boundary punctures on the toric code
• Circuit QED flip-flop memory with all-microwave switching
• Hardware implementation of quantum stabilizers in superconducting circuits
• Zero noise extrapolation on logical qubits by scaling the error correction code distance
• Quantum double aspects of surface code models
• Baseband control of superconducting qubits with shared microwave drives
• Parametrically controlled chiral interface for superconducting quantum devices
• Coherent manipulation of nuclear spins in the strong driving regime
• Cross-architecture Tuning of Silicon and SiGe-based Quantum Devices Using Machine Learning
• A SAT Scalpel for Lattice Surgery: Representation and Synthesis of Subroutines for Surface-Code Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing
• Designing fault-tolerant circuits using detector error models
• Abatement of Ionizing Radiation for Superconducting Quantum Devices
• Noise-resilient preparation of quantum many-body ground states
• Generalized surface codes and packing of logical qubits
• Universal resource-efficient topological measurement-based quantum computation via color-code-based cluster states
• LILLIPUT: A Lightweight Low-Latency Lookup-Table Based Decoder for Near-term Quantum Error Correction
• Tantalum airbridges for scalable superconducting quantum processors
• Accelerating Quantum Optimal Control of Multi-Qubit Systems with Symmetry-Based Hamiltonian Transformations
• Accelerated adiabatic passage of a single electron spin qubit in quantum dots
• Coherence-limited digital control of a superconducting qubit using a Josephson pulse generator at 3 K
• Distillation protocols for Fourier states in quantum computing
• Extracting Error Thresholds through the Framework of Approximate Quantum Error Correction Condition
• High-Fidelity Electron Spin Gates for Scaling Diamond Quantum Register
• Deconfinement and Error Thresholds in Holography
• Designing globally optimal entangling gates using geometric space curves
• On proving the robustness of algorithms for early fault-tolerant quantum computers
• Leveraging Qubit Loss Detection in Fault Tolerant Quantum Algorithms
• The T-Complexity Costs of Error Correction for Control Flow in Quantum Computation
• Analog quantum variational embedding classifier
• Ising model formulation for highly accurate topological color codes decoding
• Non-Local Multi-Qubit Quantum Gates via a Driven Cavity
• Emergence of noise-induced barren plateaus in arbitrary layered noise models
• Improved Pairwise Measurement-Based Surface Code
• Machine-learning based noise characterization and correction on neutral atoms NISQ devices
• Parallel syndrome extraction with shared flag qubits for Calderbank-Shor-Steane codes of distance three
• Optimizing the Electrical Interface for Large-Scale Color-Center Quantum Processors
• Evaluating the Resilience of Variational Quantum Algorithms to Leakage Noise
• Low-temperature environments for quantum computation and quantum simulation
• TISCC: A Surface Code Compiler and Resource Estimator for Trapped-Ion Processors
• Improved Parameter Targeting in 3D-Integrated Superconducting Circuits through a Polymer Spacer Process
• Dynamical Logical Qubits in the Bacon-Shor Code
• Linear and non-linear relational analyses for Quantum Program Optimization
• Non-Pauli errors can be efficiently sampled in qudit surface codes
• Improving threshold for fault-tolerant color code quantum computing by flagged weight optimization
• A two-dimensional architecture for fast large-scale trapped-ion quantum computing
• Modeling Short-Range Microwave Networks to Scale Superconducting Quantum Computation
• Weight Reduced Stabilizer Codes with Lower Overhead
• Quantum error correction under numerically exact open-quantum-system dynamics
• Low-overhead quantum computing with the color code
• Error-rate-agnostic decoding of topological stabilizer codes
• Complete physical characterization of QND measurements via tomography
• Experimental QND measurements of complementarity on two-qubit states with IonQ and IBM Q quantum computers
• Mitigating Errors on Superconducting Quantum Processors through Fuzzy Clustering
• Improved quantum error correction using soft information
• Control of dephasing in spin qubits during coherent transport in silicon
• Low-overhead magic state distillation with color codes
• Entangling gates on degenerate spin qubits dressed by a global field
• FragQC: An Efficient Quantum Error Reduction Technique using Quantum Circuit Fragmentation
• Benchmarking Quantum Computers: Towards a Standard Performance Evaluation Approach
• Constant-depth circuits for Boolean functions and quantum memory devices using multi-qubit gates
• Interacting Two-Level Systems as a Source of 1/f Charge Noise in Quantum Dot Qubits
• Union-find quantum decoding without union-find
• Near-Term Spin-Qubit Architecture Design via Multipartite Maximally-Entangled States
• Non-perturbative Floquet engineering of the toric-code Hamiltonian and its ground state
• Digital quantum simulation of the BCS model with a central-spin-like quantum processor
• Fabrication of Surface Ion Traps with Integrated Current Carrying Wires enabling High Magnetic Field Gradients
• High temperature spin selectivity in a quantum dot qubit using reservoir spin accumulation
• Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Quantum Circuits
• Formal Methods for Quantum Programs: A Survey
• Bounds on stabilizer measurement circuits and obstructions to local implementations of quantum LDPC codes
• Interleaving: Modular architectures for fault-tolerant photonic quantum computing
• Alibaba Cloud Quantum Development Platform: Surface Code Simulations with Crosstalk
• SurfBraid: A concept tool for preparing and resource estimating quantum circuits protected by the surface code
• A linear-time benchmarking tool for generalized surface codes
• Stabilizer ground states for simulating quantum many-body physics: theory, algorithms, and applications
• Realizing a class of stabilizer quantum error correction codes using a single ancilla and circular connectivity
• Acceptor-based qubit in silicon with tunable strain
• Quantum turnstiles for robust measurement of full counting statistics
• Saving superconducting quantum processors from qubit decay and correlated errors generated by gamma and cosmic rays
• Quantum Computation of Electronic Structure with Projector Augmented-Wave Method and Plane Wave Basis Set
• N-Way Frequency Beamsplitter for Quantum Photonics
• Resource Analysis of Low-Overhead Transversal Architectures for Reconfigurable Atom Arrays
• Low-depth random Clifford circuits for quantum coding against Pauli noise using a tensor-network decoder
• Remote Cross-resonance Gate between Superconducting Fixed-frequency Qubits
• Globally driven superconducting quantum computing architecture
• Floquet Analysis of Frequency Collisions
• Time-Efficient Logical Operations on Quantum Low-Density Parity Check Codes
• Noise-adapted qudit codes for amplitude-damping noise
• Surface Code Design for Asymmetric Error Channels
• Hardness of braided quantum circuit optimization in the surface code
• Realization of a fast triple-magic all-optical qutrit in strontium-88
• Flexible layout of surface code computations using AutoCCZ states
• Preparation of high fidelity entangled cat states with composite pulses
• Dynamical subset sampling of quantum error correcting protocols
• Hybrid cat-transmon architecture for scalable, hardware-efficient quantum error correction
• Completeness of the ZH-calculus
• Quantum computer error structure probed by quantum error correction syndrome measurements
• Hardware-Efficient Quantum Random Access Memory Design with a Native Gate Set on Superconducting Platforms
• Cosmic muon flux attenuation methods for superconducting qubit experiments
• Magnon-mediated quantum gates for superconducting qubits
• Simulation of the five-qubit quantum error correction code on superconducting qubits
• Controlling Frequency-Domain Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference via Electromagnetically Induced Transparency
• Concatenate codes, save qubits
• Improved Single-Shot Qubit Readout Using Twin RF-SET Charge Correlations
• Realizing Lattice Surgery on Two Distance-Three Repetition Codes with Superconducting Qubits
• Integrated multiplexed microwave readout of silicon quantum dots in a cryogenic CMOS chip
• Predicting Topological Entanglement Entropy in a Rydberg analog simulator
• Demonstrating quantum error mitigation on logical qubits
• Segmented Composite Design of Robust Single-Qubit Quantum Gates
• Lattice Hamiltonians and Stray Interactions Within Quantum Processors
• Efficient fault-tolerant code switching via one-way transversal CNOT gates
• T-count and Qubit Optimized Quantum Circuit Designs of Carry Lookahead Adder
• Spurious Antenna Modes of the Transmon Qubit
• Robust gates with spin-locked superconducting qubits
• Limitations on transversal gates for hypergraph product codes
• Neural-network-designed three-qubit gates robust against charge noise and crosstalk in silicon
• Spatially-Coupled QLDPC Codes
• Teleporting two-qubit entanglement across 19 qubits on a superconducting quantum computer
• Hexagonal matching codes with 2-body measurements
• Lift-Connected Surface Codes
• Spatially parallel decoding for multi-qubit lattice surgery
• Surface Code with Imperfect Erasure Checks
• Quantum State Transfer via a Multimode Resonator
• Scalable quantum measurement error mitigation via conditional independence and transfer learning
• Cryogenic Optical-to-Microwave Conversion Using Si Photonic Integrated Circuit Ge Photodiodes
• Excitations in the Higher Lattice Gauge Theory Model for Topological Phases I: Overview
• Exponential convergence of a dissipative quantum system towards finite-energy grid states of an oscillator
• Quantum computing for genomics: conceptual challenges and practical perspectives
• Fault-Tolerant Stabilizer Measurements in Surface Codes with Three-Qubit Gates
• Shor-Laflamme distributions of graph states and noise robustness of entanglement
• Fault-Tolerant Preparation of Quantum Polar Codes Encoding One Logical Qubit
• Quantum error correction for long chains of trapped ions
• Multiplexed Pseudo-Deterministic Photon Source with Asymmetric Switching Elements
• Effect of quantum error correction on detection-induced coherent errors
• Universal quantum processors in spin systems via robust local pulse sequences
• Quantum Circuit Discovery for Fault-Tolerant Logical State Preparation with Reinforcement Learning
• Topologically ordered time crystals
• Windowed quantum arithmetic
• Efficient Frequency Allocation for Superconducting Quantum Processors Using Improved Optimization Techniques
• Theory of charge stability diagrams in coupled quantum dot qubits
• Quantum Network Routing based on Surface Code Error Correction
• Constant Depth Code Deformations in the Parity Architecture
• Lagrangian Duality in Quantum Optimization: Overcoming QUBO Limitations for Constrained Problems
• A Universal Circuit Set Using the $S_3$ Quantum Double
• Entangled Cloning of Stabilizer Codes and Free Fermions
• Molecular machines for quantum error correction
• Low-overhead quantum error correction codes with a cyclic topology
• Automatic Test Pattern Generation for Robust Quantum Circuit Testing
• Density Matrix Renormalization Group Study of Domain Wall Qubits
• A new twist on the Majorana surface code: Bosonic and fermionic defects for fault-tolerant quantum computation
• General protocols for the efficient distillation of indistinguishable photons
• A multi-player, multi-team nonlocal game for the toric code
• Initial-state-dependent quantum speed limit for dissipative state preparation: Framework and optimization
• Snakes and Ladders: Adapting the surface code to defects
• Highly tunable 2D silicon quantum dot array with coupling beyond nearest neighbors
• Novel characterisation of dopant-based qubits
• Plane-selective manipulations of nuclear spin qubits in a three-dimensional optical tweezer array
• Robust Quantum Arithmetic Operations with Intermediate Qutrits in the NISQ-era
• Depth-Optimal Addressing of 2D Qubit Array with 1D Controls Based on Exact Binary Matrix Factorization
• Modular Architectures and Entanglement Schemes for Error-Corrected Distributed Quantum Computation
• Noise Correlations in a 1D Silicon Spin Qubit Array
• Copper waveguide cavities with reduced surface loss for coupling to superconducting qubits
• Non-adiabatic holonomic quantum operations in continuous variable systems
• Quantum codes for asymmetric channels: ZZZY surface codes
• Noise-aware variational eigensolvers: a dissipative route for lattice gauge theories
• Coprime Bivariate Bicycle Codes and Their Layouts on Cold Atoms
• Experimental realization of quantum non-Markovianity through the convex mixing of Pauli semigroups on an NMR quantum processor
• The domain wall color code
• A Substrate Scheduler for Compiling Arbitrary Fault-tolerant Graph States
• Dispersive readout of a silicon quantum device using an atomic force microscope-based rf gate sensor
• Engineering Bosonic Codes with Quantum Lattice Gates
• Statistical mechanical mapping and maximum-likelihood thresholds for the surface code under generic single-qubit coherent errors
• Optimizing resetting of superconducting qubits
• Error mitigation and circuit division for early fault-tolerant quantum phase estimation
• A 2x2 quantum dot array in silicon with fully tuneable pairwise interdot coupling
• LSQCA: Resource-Efficient Load/Store Architecture for Limited-Scale Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing
• Resource optimization for fault-tolerant quantum computing
• Compiling the surface code to crossbar spin qubit architectures
• Effect of Decoherence for Gate Operations on a Superconducting Bosonic Qubit
• Quantum error mitigation for rotation symmetric bosonic codes with symmetry expansion
• Qudit vs. Qubit: Simulated performance of error correction codes in higher dimensions
• Logical Majorana zero modes in a nanowire network
• Generation of Frequency-Tunable Shaped Single Microwave Photons Using a Fixed-Frequency Superconducting Qubit
• Quantum error detection in qubit-resonator star architecture
• Effectiveness of the syndrome extraction circuit with flag qubits on IBM quantum hardware
• Operating two exchange-only qubits in parallel
• Recovery With Incomplete Knowledge: Fundamental Bounds on Real-Time Quantum Memories
• Multireference error mitigation for quantum computation of chemistry
• On the Impact of Classical and Quantum Communication Networks Upon Modular Quantum Computing Architecture System Performance
• The Role of Quantum Computing in Advancing Scientific High-Performance Computing: A perspective from the ADAC Institute
• Electric-magnetic duality and ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ symmetry enriched Abelian lattice gauge theory
• Efficient fault-tolerant implementations of non-Clifford gates with reconfigurable atom arrays
• Quantum error correction in the NISQ regime for sequential quantum computing
• Erasure conversion for singlet-triplet spin qubits enables high-performance shuttling-based quantum error correction
• Volcano Architecture for Scalable Quantum Processor Units
• Synchronization for Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computers
• Exact results on finite size corrections for surface codes tailored to biased noise
• Geodesic Algorithm for Unitary Gate Design with Time-Independent Hamiltonians
• Strong coupling and active cooling in a finite temperature hybrid atom-cavity system
• Characterization of errors in a CNOT between surface code patches
• Quantum Information Processing with Molecular Nanomagnets: an introduction
• MUQUT: Multi-Constraint Quantum Circuit Mapping on Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum Computers
• Charge response of the Majorana toric code
• A quantum random access memory (QRAM) using a polynomial encoding of binary strings
• Heralding entangled optical photons from a microwave quantum processor
• Ultra-Fast All-Electrical Universal Nano-Qubits
• Matrix concentration inequalities and efficiency of random universal sets of quantum gates
• Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations for Rydberg-blockade processes
• Tailoring Dynamical Codes for Biased Noise: The X${}^3$Z${}^3$ Floquet Code
• Dark spin-cats as biased qubits
• Error Correction for Reliable Quantum Computing
• Effects of dissipation in reservoir computing using a spin qubit array
• Efficient numerical approach for the simulations of high-power dispersive readout with time-dependent unitary transformation
• Factory-based Fault-tolerant Preparation of Quantum Polar Codes Encoding One logical Qubit
• Single-shot preparation of hypergraph product codes via dimension jump
• Leakage in restless quantum gate calibration
• Improved performance of the Bacon-Shor code with Steane's syndrome extraction method
• Multi-qubit DC gates over an inhomogeneous array of quantum dots
• Distance-four quantum codes with combined postselection and error correction
• Magic Mirror on the Wall, How to Benchmark Quantum Error Correction Codes, Overall ?
• Topological quantum compilation of metaplectic anyons based on the genetic optimized algorithms
• The resource cost of large scale quantum computing
• Magic State Injection with Erasure Qubits
• Characterization of Tunnel Diode Oscillator for Qubit Readout Applications
• Topological Quantum Computation with Gapped Boundaries and Boundary Defects
• Entanglement entropy of higher rank topological phases
• Fast microwave-driven two-qubit gates between fluxonium qubits with a transmon coupler
• Lattice surgery-based logical state teleportation via noisy links
• Noise suppression and long-range exchange coupling for gallium arsenide spin qubits
• Finite-rate sparse quantum codes aplenty
• $T$-depth-optimized Quantum Search with Quantum Data-access Machine
• Variational LOCC-assisted quantum circuits for long-range entangled states
• Decoding across transversal Clifford gates in the surface code
• Decoding quantum error correction with Ising model hardware
• Vulnerability of fault-tolerant topological quantum error correction to quantum deviations in code space
• Quantum computing hardware in the cloud: Should a computational chemist care?
• Quantum Technology for Military Applications
• Fight or Flight: Cosmic Ray-Induced Phonons and the Quantum Surface Code
• Quantum low-density parity-check codes for erasure-biased atomic quantum processors
• Radiofrequency cascade readout of coupled spin qubits
• Quasi-Chaotic Oscillators Based on Modular Quantum Circuits
• Moving Quantum States without SWAP via Intermediate Higher Dimensional Qudits
• Optimized noise-resilient surface code teleportation interfaces
• Low-depth quantum error correction via three-qubit gates in Rydberg atom arrays
• Almost fault-tolerant quantum machine learning with drastic overhead reduction
• Photon distillation schemes with reduced resource costs based on multiphoton Fourier interference
• Introduction to Quantum Error Correction with Stabilizer Codes
• Gleipnir: Toward Practical Error Analysis for Quantum Programs (Extended Version)
• Logical Error Rates for the Surface Code Under a Mixed Coherent and Stochastic Circuit-Level Noise Model Inspired by Trapped Ions
• A functional basis for efficient physical-layer classical control in quantum processors
• Enhancing Quantum Memory Lifetime with Measurement-Free Local Error Correction and Reinforcement Learning
• Quantum noise modeling through Reinforcement Learning
• Above 99.9% Fidelity Single-Qubit Gates, Two-Qubit Gates, and Readout in a Single Superconducting Quantum Device
• TILT: Achieving Higher Fidelity on a Trapped-Ion Linear-Tape Quantum Computing Architecture
• Flying-cat parity checks for quantum error correction
• Dynamic quantum circuit compilation
• Quantum simulation and ground state preparation for the honeycomb Kitaev model
• High-threshold, low-overhead and single-shot decodable fault-tolerant quantum memory
• Pursuing high-fidelity control of spin qubits in natural Si/SiGe quantum dot
• Multithreaded parallelism for heterogeneous clusters of QPUs
• Distributed-HISQ: A Distributed Quantum Control Architecture
• The surface code beyond Pauli channels: Logical noise coherence, information-theoretic measures, and errorfield-double phenomenology
• Resource comparison of two surface code implementations of small angle Z rotations
• Optical nuclear electric resonance as single qubit gate for trapped neutral atoms
• Practical quantum error correction with the XZZX code and Kerr-cat qubits
• Low-density parity-check representation of fault-tolerant quantum circuits
• Fermionic anyons: entanglement and quantum computation from a resource-theoretic perspective
• Time versus Hardware: Reducing Qubit Counts with a (Surface Code) Data Bus
• Multimode Purcell Filter for Superconducting-Qubit Reset and Readout with Intrinsic Purcell Protection
• Classical Coding Approaches to Quantum Applications
• The superadditivity effects of quantum capacity decrease with the dimension for qudit depolarizing channels
• Non-local resources for error correction in quantum LDPC codes
• High cooperativity coupling to nuclear spins on a circuit QED architecture
• Quantum resource estimates for computing binary elliptic curve discrete logarithms
• Time-Optimal Two- and Three-Qubit Gates for Rydberg Atoms
• Second Quantization: Gating a Quantum Dot Through the Sequential Removal of Single Electrons from a Nanoscale Floating Gate
• Mitigating cosmic ray-like correlated events with a modular quantum processor
• Mode multiplexing for scalable cavity-enhanced operations in neutral-atom arrays
• Partially topological phase in a quantum loop gas model with tension and pressure
• Real-time decoding of stabilizer measurements in a bit-flip code
• From Magic State Distillation to Dynamical Systems
• Feasibility of Logical Bell State Generation in Memory Assisted Quantum Networks
• Quantum computation with charge-and-color permuting twists in qudit color codes
• Practical Quantum Computing: The value of local computation
• Quantum block lookahead adders and the wait for magic states
• Single-shot quantum error correction with the three-dimensional subsystem toric code
• Automated detection of symmetry-protected subspaces in quantum simulations
• Photodriven germanium hole qubit
• Transversal CNOT gate with multi-cycle error correction
• Superconducting qubits in the millions: the potential and limitations of modularity
• Multiplexed Quantum Communication with Surface and Hypergraph Product Codes
• Fault-tolerant quantum computation with constant overhead for general noise
• Modelling for Quantum Error Mitigation
• Generalizing the matching decoder for the Chamon code
• Realizing Quantum Algorithms on Real Quantum Computing Devices
• Extended Rydberg Lifetimes in a Cryogenic Atom Array
• Do we have a quantum computer? Expert perspectives on current status and future prospects
• Universal graph representation of stabilizer codes
• Non-Abelian Anyons with Rydberg Atoms
• Escaping Local Minima with Quantum Coherent Cooling
• QECOOL: On-Line Quantum Error Correction with a Superconducting Decoder for Surface Code
• Superconducting Qubit Readout Using Next-Generation Reservoir Computing
• Scalable quantum simulator with an extended gate set in giant atoms
• Bosonic Pauli+: Efficient Simulation of Concatenated Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill Codes
• Minimising surface-code failures using a color-code decoder
• Catalytic $z$-rotations in constant $T$-depth
• Leakage Mobility in Superconducting Qubits as a Leakage Reduction Unit
• Describing Trotterized Time Evolutions on Noisy Quantum Computers via Static Effective Lindbladians
• High-fidelity initialization a logical qubit with multiple injections
• Scalable Low-overhead Superconducting Non-local Coupler with Exponentially Enhanced Connectivity
• Local fermion-to-qudit mappings: a practical recipe for four-level systems
• No-go theorem for environment-assisted invariance in non-unitary dynamics
• Quantum simulation of entanglement dynamics in a quantum processor
• Intrinsic Noise of the Single Electron Box
• Demonstration of High-Fidelity Entangled Logical Qubits using Transmons
• Locating Rydberg Decay Error in SWAP-Leakage Reduction Circuit Protocol
• Timing constraints due to real-time graph traversal algorithms on incomplete cluster states in photonic measurement-based quantum computing
• Optimizing the frequency positioning of tunable couplers in a circuit QED processor to mitigate spectator effects on quantum operations
• QUITS: A modular Qldpc code circUIT Simulator
• Quantum Circuit Design for Decoded Quantum Interferometry
• Lattice Surgery Compilation Beyond the Surface Code
• Suppressing decoherence in quantum state transfer with unitary operations
• Noise-Agnostic Unbiased Quantum Error Mitigation for Logical Qubits
• Efficient measurement of neutral-atom qubits with matched filters
• Topological Degeneracy Induced Flat Bands in two-Dimensional Holed Systems
• Topological stabilizer models on continuous variables
• Online Job Scheduler for Fault-tolerant Quantum Multiprogramming
• Self-attention U-Net decoder for toric codes
• Quantum error correction in a time-dependent transverse field Ising model
• Union-Intersection Union-Find for Decoding Depolarizing Errors in Topological Codes
• Performance-centric roadmap for building a superconducting quantum computer
• General Approach to Error Detection of Bosonic Codes via Phase Estimation
• Polarisation-insensitive state preparation for trapped-ion hyperfine qubits
• Unfolded distillation: very low-cost magic state preparation for biased-noise qubits
• Towards self-correcting quantum codes for neutral atom arrays
• Generating Compilers for Qubit Mapping and Routing
• Overhead in Quantum Circuits with Time-Multiplexed Qubit Control
• Diabatic quantum annealing for training energy-based generative models
• Investigation of tantalum films growth for coplanar resonators with internal quality factors above ten million
• Fault-tolerant interfaces for modular quantum computing on diverse qubit platforms
• ParaToric 1.0: Continuous-time quantum Monte Carlo for the toric code in a parallel field
• Entanglement boosting: Low-volume logical Bell pair preparation for distributed fault-tolerant quantum computation
• Architectural Approaches to Fault-Tolerant Distributed Quantum Computing and Their Entanglement Overheads
• Quantum Dot-Based Parametric Amplifiers
• Concatenated continuous driving of silicon qubit by amplitude and phase modulation
• Quantum Error Correction Assisted Axion Search in CMOS Spin Qubit Arrays
• Targeted Clifford logical gates for hypergraph product codes
• Quantum foundations for quantum technologies in the International Year of Quantum (2025)
• String Diagrams for Defect-Based Surface Code Computing
• Optimal number of stabilizer measurement rounds in an idling surface code patch
• Measurement Schemes for Quantum Linear Equation Solvers
• Immense Fidelity Enhancement of Encoded Quantum Bell Pairs at Short and Long-distance Communication along with Generalized Design of Circuit
• Error-mitigated initialization of surface codes with non-Pauli stabilizers
• Error-mitigated Geometric Quantum Control over an Oscillator
• Neural networks with quantum states of light
• Break-even point of the quantum repetition code
• High-Precision Multi-Qubit Clifford+T Synthesis by Unitary Diagonalization
• Geometrical Approach to Logical Qubit Fidelities of Neutral Atom CSS Codes
• Quantum Theory from Principles, Quantum Software from Diagrams
• GAN decoder on a quantum toric code for noise-robust quantum teleportation
• Utilizing Quantum Processor for the Analysis of Strongly Correlated Materials
• Optimal Scheduling of Graph States via Path Decompositions
• Quantum Computation and Communication in Bosonic Systems
• Effective Distance of Higher Dimensional HGPs and Weight-Reduced Quantum LDPC Codes
• Stabilization of symmetry-protected long-range entanglement in stochastic quantum circuits
• Q-Pandora Unboxed: Characterizing Noise Resilience of Quantum Error Correction Codes
• A Four-Qubits Code that is a Quantum Deletion Error-Correcting Code with the Optimal Length
• Really Small Shoe Boxes - On Realistic Quantum Resource Estimation
• Error Mitigation in Quantum Computers through Instruction Scheduling
• Type-Based Verification of Connectivity Constraints in Lattice Surgery
• Sparse Non-Markovian Noise Modeling of Transmon-Based Multi-Qubit Operations
• Genetic algorithm enhanced Solovay-Kitaev algorithm for quantum compiling of Fibonacci anyons
• A slightly smaller surface code S gate
• Analysis of heralded higher-fidelity two-qubit entangling gates with self-correction
• Accurate Qubit Control with Single Flux Quantum Pulses
• Dispersive Qubit Readout with Intrinsic Resonator Reset
• Linear optical quantum computing with a hybrid squeezed cat code
• Direct Analysis of Zero-Noise Extrapolation: Polynomial Methods, Error Bounds, and Simultaneous Physical-Algorithmic Error Mitigation
• Classical Control of Large-Scale Quantum Computers
• Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing for simultaneous gate operations on multiple qubits via a shared control line
• Structural encoding with classical codes for computational-basis bit-flip correction in the early fault-tolerant regime
• Switchable spin-photon coupling with hole spins in single-quantum dots
• Robust iSWAP gates for semiconductor spin qubits with local driving
• Biased-Noise Thresholds of Zero-Rate Holographic Codes with Tensor-Network Decoding
• Accelerating Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computation with Good qLDPC Codes
• Streaming Belief Propagation on Mixed-Alphabet Tanner Graphs for Practical Quantum Memory
• Superselection-Resolved Entanglement in Lattice Gauge Theories: A Tensor Network Approach
• Increasing the distance of topological codes with time vortex defects
• Fault-tolerant Quantum Error Correction Using a Linear Array of Emitters
• Spin-augmented observables for efficient photonic quantum error correction
• A thorough introduction to non-relativistic matrix mechanics in multi-qudit systems with a study on quantum entanglement and quantum quantifiers
• Symmetry-Accelerated Classical Simulation of Clifford-Dominated Circuits
• Circuit-level fault tolerance of cat codes
• From Bell Products to Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger states: Quantum Memories via emergent Hamiltonians
• Subsystem many-hypercube codes: High-rate concatenated codes with low-weight syndrome measurements
• Simulated-annealing decoder for the XZZX code with greedy-matching initialization
• Transversal architecture for megaquop-scale quantum simulation with neutral atoms
• Reshaping quantum device noise via repetition code circuits
• iSwitch: QEC on Demand via In-Situ Encoding of Bare Qubits for Ion Trap Architectures
• Low-latency machine learning FPGA accelerator for multi-qubit-state discrimination
• Special-Purpose Quantum Processor Design
• Quantum Computers: Engines for Next Industrial Revolution
• Codeword Stabilized Codes from m-Uniform Graph States
• Ion-Trap Chip Architecture Optimized for Implementation of Quantum Error-Correcting Code
• Scalable and fault-tolerant preparation of encoded k-uniform states
• Robust shaped pulses for arrays of superconducting or semiconductor spin qubits with fixed Ising coupling
• Protocol for Purifying Noisy Preparation and Measurements of Qubits
• Realizable time crystal of four silicon quantum dot qubits
• Weakly Fault-Tolerant Computation in a Quantum Error-Detecting Code
• Two Variations of Quantum Phase Estimation for Reducing Circuit Error Rates: Application to the Harrow--Hassidim--Lloyd Algorithm
• Universal fault tolerant quantum computation in 2D without getting tied in knots
• Analog Circuit-QED Simulator of Quantum Spin Dynamics Through the Extended Bose-Hubbard Model
• A dynamic circuit for the honeycomb Floquet code
• Approximate Quantum Error Correction with 1D Log-Depth Circuits
• Generalized Code Distance through Rotated Logical States in Quantum Error Correction
• Symmetry in Multi-Qubit Correlated Noise Errors Enhances Surface Code Thresholds
• qSIEVE: Efficient qLDPC Memory via Systolic Movement in Atom Arrays
• Quantum Transport in 40-nm MOSFETs at Deep-Cryogenic Temperatures
• Robust and optimal loading of general classical data into quantum computers
• Quantum repetition codes as building blocks of large period discrete time crystals
• Offloading Quantum Computation by Superposition Masking
• Comparison of spin-qubit architectures for quantum error-correcting codes
• Fault-tolerant fidelity based on few-qubit codes: Parity-check circuits for biased error channels
• Lattice Surgery for Dummies
• Scalable Simulation of Fermionic Encoding Performance on Noisy Quantum Computers
• Color code with a logical control-$S$ gate using transversal $T$ rotations
• Logical operations with a dynamical qubit in Floquet-Bacon-Shor code
• Linked-Cluster Technique for Finding the Distance of a Quantum LDPC Code
• Time-domain Hong-Ou-Mandel interference of quasi-thermal fields and its application in linear optical circuit characterization
• Building a fusion-based quantum computer using teleported gates
• Negative exchange interaction in Si quantum dot arrays via valley-phase induced ${\mathbb{Z}}_2$ gauge field
• Programming quantum computers using 3-D puzzles, coffee cups, and doughnuts
• Hierarchical Quantum Error Correction with Hypergraph Product Code and Rotated Surface Code
• Quantum steganographic protocols using degenerate and entanglement-assisted quantum codes
• RESCQ: Realtime Scheduling for Continuous Angle Quantum Error Correction Architectures
• Mapping Surface Code to Superconducting Quantum Processors
• CQM: Cyclic Qubit Mappings
• Optimizing CMOS-compatible, superconducting titanium nitride resonators: Deposition conditions and structuring processes
• Review of Superconducting Qubit Devices and Their Large-Scale Integration
• Overflow-Safe Polylog-Time Parallel Minimum-Weight Perfect Matching Decoder: Toward Experimental Demonstration
• Mapping of Topological Quantum Circuits to Physical Hardware
• The construction of a universal quantum gate set for the SU(2)k (k=5,6,7) anyon models via genetic optimized algorithm
• Channel Polarization of Two-dimensional-input Quantum Symmetric Channels
• Quantum phase estimation with optimal confidence interval using three control qubits
• On the interpretability of neural network decoders
• Pinball: A Cryogenic Predecoder for Surface Code Decoding Under Circuit-Level Noise
• Exact and Efficient Stabilizer Simulation of Thermal-Relaxation Noise for Quantum Error Correction
• Geometric and holonomic quantum computation
• High-efficiency loading of 2,400 Ytterbium atoms in optical tweezer arrays
• Effects of valley splitting on resonant-tunneling readout of spin qubits
• Literature Review of the Effect of Quantum Computing on Cryptocurrencies using Blockchain Technology
• Accelerating Fermionic System Simulation on Quantum Computers
• Managing Classical Processing Requirements for Quantum Error Correction
• A digital quantum simulator in the presence of a bath
• Long-distance coupling of spin qubits via topological magnons
• Quantum memory based on concatenating surface codes and quantum Hamming codes
• Error and Resource Estimates of Variational Quantum Algorithms for Solving Differential Equations Based on Runge-Kutta Methods
• Entanglement transition in a cluster spin chain coupled with free spins
• Nonlinear quantum error correction
• Boundary Criticality at the Nishimori Multicritical Point
• Hardness results for decoding the surface code with Pauli noise
• High-Fidelity Controlled-Phase Gate for Binomial Codes via Geometric Phase Engineering
• Network Requirements for Distributed Quantum Computation
• Stabilizer codes for Heisenberg-limited many-body Hamiltonian estimation
• Quantum Error Correction Codes for Truncated SU(2) Lattice Gauge Theories
• Hybrid Predictive Quantum Feedback: Extending Qubit Lifetimes Beyond the Wiseman-Milburn Limit
• Dense packing of the surface code: code deformation procedures and hook-error-avoiding gate scheduling