The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets

Abstract

The size of a planet is an observable property directly connected to the physics of its formation and evolution. We used precise radius measurements from the California-Kepler Survey (CKS) to study the size distribution of 2025 $\text{Kepler}$ planets in fine detail. We detect a factor of $\ge$2 deficit in the occurrence rate distribution at 1.5-2.0 R${}_{\oplus }$. This gap splits the population of close-in ($P$ < 100 d) small planets into two size regimes: R${}_P$ < 1.5 R${}_{\oplus }$ and R${}_P$ = 2.0-3.0 R${}_{\oplus }$, with few planets in between. Planets in these two regimes have nearly the same intrinsic frequency based on occurrence measurements that account for planet detection efficiencies. The paucity of planets between 1.5 and 2.0 R${}_{\oplus }$ supports the emerging picture that close-in planets smaller than Neptune are composed of rocky cores measuring 1.5 R${}_{\oplus }$ or smaller with varying amounts of low-density gas that determine their total sizes.

Paper III in the California-Kepler Survey series, accepted to the Astronomical Journal

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• The JADE code: Coupling secular exoplanetary dynamics and photo-evaporation
• Susceptibility of planetary atmospheres to mass loss and growth by planetesimal impacts: the impact shoreline
• Listening to the gravitational wave sound of circumbinary exoplanets
• The importance of silicate vapor in determining the structure, radii, and envelope mass fractions of sub-Neptunes
• Exoplanet characterisation in the longest known resonant chain: the K2-138 system seen by HARPS
• Metastable Helium Absorptions with 3D Hydrodynamics and Self-Consistent Photochemistry I: WASP-69b, Dimensionality, XUV Flux Level, Spectral Types, and Flares
• GJ 1252 b: A 1.2 $R_{\oplus }$ planet transiting an M3-dwarf at 20.4 pc
• Metastable Helium Reveals an Extended Atmosphere for the Gas Giant HAT-P-18b
• N-body simulations of planet formation via pebble accretion I: First Results
• Precise mass and radius of a transiting super-Earth planet orbiting the M dwarf TOI-1235: a planet in the radius gap?
• Long-Period Giant Companions to Three Compact, Multiplanet Systems
• Predicting the Exoplanet Yield of the TESS Prime and Extended Missions Through Years 1-7
• The K2-HERMES Survey. I. Planet Candidate Properties from K2 Campaigns 1-3
• TOI-2076 and TOI-1807: Two young, comoving planetary systems within 50 pc identified by TESS that are ideal candidates for further follow-up
• Three Small Planets Transiting a Hyades Star
• K2-111: an old system with two planets in near-resonance
• Constraining the entropy of formation from young transiting planets
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XXXVII. A precise density measurement of the young ultra-short period planet TOI-1807 b
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). VI. Introducing KOBE: Kepler Observes Bern Exoplanets. Theoretical perspectives on the architecture of planetary systems: Peas in a pod
• TOI-431/HIP 26013: a super-Earth and a sub-Neptune transiting a bright, early K dwarf, with a third RV planet
• Mass determinations of the three mini-Neptunes transiting TOI-125
• Do close-in giant planets orbiting evolved stars prefer eccentric orbits?
• A Closer Look at Exoplanet Occurrence Rates: Considering the Multiplicity of Stars Without Detected Planets
• TOI-1235 b: a keystone super-Earth for testing radius valley emergence models around early M dwarfs
• A framework for the architecture of exoplanetary systems. I. Four classes of planetary system architecture
• Swift UVOT near-UV transit observations of WASP-121 b
• Arid or Cloudy: Characterizing the Atmosphere of the super-Earth 55 Cancri e using High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• The TESS-Keck Survey I: A Warm Sub-Saturn-mass Planet and a Caution about Stray Light in TESS Cameras
• The Effects of Magnetic Fields on Observational Signatures of Atmospheric Escape in Exoplanets: Double Tail Structures
• Influence of Stellar Metallicity on Occurrence Rates of Planets and Planetary Systems
• The Influence of H2O Pressure Broadening in High Metallicity Exoplanet Atmospheres
• The First Habitable Zone Earth-Sized Planet From TESS II: $Spitzer$ Confirms TOI-700 d
• TKS X: Confirmation of TOI-1444b and a Comparative Analysis of the Ultra-short-period Planets with Hot Neptunes
• Discovery of a hot, transiting, Earth-sized planet and a second temperate, non-transiting planet around the M4 dwarf GJ 3473 (TOI-488)
• The high-energy environment and atmospheric escape of the mini-Neptune K2-18 b
• The multiplicity distribution of Kepler's exoplanets
• A cool runaway greenhouse without surface magma ocean
• Coupled Thermal and Compositional Evolution of Photo Evaporating Planet Envelopes
• Stratosphere circulation on tidally locked ExoEarths
• Simulating the Space Weather in the AU Mic System: Stellar Winds and Extreme Coronal Mass Ejections
• Mutual Orbital Inclinations Between Cold Jupiters and Inner Super-Earths
• The Magellan-TESS Survey I: Survey Description and Mid-Survey Results
• Planet Formation: An Optimized Population-Synthesis Approach
• Prospects of Finding Detached Black Hole-Star Binaries with TESS
• The fundamentals of Lyman-alpha exoplanet transits
• A Thousand Earths: A Very Large Aperture, Ultralight Space Telescope Array for Atmospheric Biosignature Surveys
• H-alpha and Ca II Infrared Triplet Variations During a Transit of the 23 Myr Planet V1298 Tau c
• An unusually low-density super-Earth transiting the bright early-type M-dwarf GJ 1018 (TOI-244)
• Near-resonance in a system of sub-Neptunes from TESS
• The hot Jupiter period-mass distribution as a signature of in situ formation
• Steady State by Recycling prevents Premature Collapse of Protoplanetary Atmospheres
• Caught in the Act: Core-powered Mass-loss Predictions for Observing Atmospheric Escape
• HD 89345: a bright oscillating star hosting a transiting warm Saturn-sized planet observed by K2
• K2-264: A transiting multi-planet system in the Praesepe open cluster
• Transmission spectroscopy for the warm sub-Neptune HD3167c: evidence for molecular absorption and a possible high metallicity atmosphere
• Eyes on K2-3: A system of three likely sub-Neptunes characterized with HARPS-N and HARPS
• Energy Optimization in Extrasolar Planetary Systems: The Transition from Peas-in-a-Pod to Runaway Growth
• TOI-561 b: A Low Density Ultra-Short Period "Rocky" Planet around a Metal-Poor Star
• New Perspectives on the Exoplanet Radius Gap from a Mathematica Tool and Visualized Water Equation of State
• Scaling K2. VI. Reduced Small Planet Occurrence in High Galactic Amplitude Stars
• A critical assessment of the applicability of the energy-limited approximation for estimating exoplanetary mass-loss rates
• CHES: a space-borne astrometric mission for the detection of habitable planets of the nearby solar-type stars
• Robo-AO Kepler Survey V: The effect of physically associated stellar companions on planetary systems
• ARES IV: Probing the atmospheres of the two warm small planets HD 106315 c and HD 3167 c with the HST/WFC3 camera
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XXVIII -- A pair of hot-Neptunes orbiting the young star TOI-942
• Super-Earths and Earth-like Exoplanets
• The TESS-Keck Survey: Science Goals and Target Selection
• TESS-Keck Survey IX: Masses of Three Sub-Neptunes Orbiting HD 191939 and the Discovery of a Warm Jovian Plus a Distant Sub-Stellar Companion
• TOI-674b: an oasis in the desert of exo-Neptunes transiting a nearby M dwarf
• HD 23472: A multi-planetary system with three super-Earths and two potential super-Mercuries
• TOI-269 b: An eccentric sub-Neptune transiting a M2 dwarf revisited with ExTrA
• Improving exoplanet detection capabilities with the false inclusion probability. Comparison with other detection criteria in the context of radial velocities
• Architectures of Exoplanetary Systems. II: An Increase in Inner Planetary System Occurrence Toward Later Spectral Types for Kepler's FGK Dwarfs
• Hydrodynamic Escape of Mineral Atmosphere from Hot Rocky Exoplanet. I. Model Description
• The distribution of volatile elements during rocky planet formation
• Discovery of a Transiting Adolescent Sub-Neptune Exoplanet with K2
• K2-290: a warm Jupiter and a mini-Neptune in a triple-star system
• Evaporation of Low-Mass Planet Atmospheres: Multidimensional Hydrodynamics with Consistent Thermochemistry
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: The warm super-Earths in twin orbits around the mid-type M dwarfs Ross 1020 (GJ 3779) and LP 819-052 (GJ 1265)
• Exoplanet X-ray irradiation and evaporation rates with eROSITA
• Escaping Helium and a Highly Muted Spectrum Suggest a Metal-Enriched Atmosphere on Sub-Neptune GJ3090b from JWST Transit Spectroscopy
• The Demographics of Kepler's Earths and super-Earths into the Habitable Zone
• Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Exoplanet LHS 3844b from 13 Ground-Based Transit Observations
• Low Albedo Surfaces of Lava Worlds
• The impact of stripped cores on the frequency of Earth-size planets in the habitable zone
• Identifying Young $Kepler$ Planet Host Stars from Keck-HIRES Spectra of Lithium
• Planetary Candidates from K2 Campaign 16
• Detectability of Life Using Oxygen on Pelagic Planets and Water Worlds
• Setting the Stage: Planet formation and Volatile Delivery
• Magnetic and tidal migration of close-in planets. Influence of secular evolution on their population
• Characterization of the K2-38 planetary system. Unraveling one of the densest planets known to date
• Formation of compact systems of super-Earths via dynamical instabilities and giant impacts
• The K2-3 system revisited: testing photoevaporation and core-powered mass loss with three small planets spanning the radius valley
• Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: Hot super-Earth systems from breaking compact resonant chains
• Masses for the seven planets in K2-32 and K2-233. Four diverse planets in resonant chain and the first young rocky worlds
• Planetary Population Synthesis and the Emergence of Four Classes of Planetary System Architectures
• Precise masses for the transiting planetary system HD 106315 with HARPS
• Absolute densities in exoplanetary systems: photodynamical modelling of Kepler-138
• On the Detection of Exomoons Transiting Isolated Planetary-Mass Objects
• A Featureless Infrared Transmission Spectrum for the Super-Puff Planet Kepler-79d
• A PSF-based Approach to TESS High quality data Of Stellar clusters (PATHOS) -- III. Exploring the properties of young associations through their variables, dippers, and candidate exoplanets
• A sub-Neptune and a non-transiting Neptune-mass companion unveiled by ESPRESSO around the bright late-F dwarf HD 5278 (TOI-130)
• The Fundamental Connections Between the Solar System and Exoplanetary Science
• TESS Reveals a Short-period Sub-Neptune Sibling (HD 86226c) to a Known Long-period Giant Planet
• Shallower radius valley around low-mass hosts: Evidence for icy planets, collisions or high-energy radiation scatter
• A System of Three Super Earths Transiting the Late K-Dwarf GJ 9827 at Thirty Parsecs
• Validation of 13 Hot and Potentially Terrestrial TESS Planets
• K2-146: Discovery of Planet c, Precise Masses from Transit Timing, and Observed Precession
• Atmospheric compositions and observability of nitrogen dominated ultra-short period super-Earths
• TKS III: A Stellar Obliquity Measurement of TOI-1726 c
• Optically Thin Core Accretion: How Planets Get Their Gas in Nearly Gas-Free Disks
• Quantifying the Observational Effort Required for the Radial Velocity Characterization of TESS Planets
• A super-Earth and a mini-Neptune near the 2:1 MMR straddling the radius valley around the nearby mid-M dwarf TOI-2096
• The MOPYS project: A survey of 70 planets in search of extended He I and H atmospheres. No evidence of enhanced evaporation in young planets
• Removal of Hot Saturns in Mass-Radius Plane by Runaway Mass Loss
• Climate Modeling of a Potential ExoVenus
• Planets Across Space and Time (PAST). III. Morphology of the Planetary Radius Valley as a Function of Stellar Age and Metallicity in the Galactic Context Revealed by the LAMOST-Gaia-Kepler Sample
• Cleaning our Hazy Lens: Exploring Trends in Transmission Spectra of Warm Exoplanets
• Transits of Known Planets Orbiting a Naked-Eye Star
• Exoplanets in the Galactic context: Planet occurrence rates in the thin disk, thick disk and stellar halo of Kepler stars
• 37 New Validated Planets in Overlapping K2 Campaigns
• Unbiasing the density of TTV-characterised sub-Neptunes: Update of the mass-radius relationship of 34 Kepler planets
• A 1.55 R${}_{\oplus }$ habitable-zone planet hosted by TOI-715, an M4 star near the ecliptic South Pole
• Single site observations of \textit{TESS} single transit detections
• Formation of secondary atmospheres on terrestrial planets by late disk accretion
• Habitable Evaporated Cores and the Occurrence of Panspermia near the Galactic Center
• Constraining planetary mass-loss rates by simulating Parker wind profiles with Cloudy
• Water absorption in the transmission spectrum of the water-world candidate GJ9827d
• Peas in a Pod? Radius correlations in Kepler multi-planet systems
• K2-231 b: A sub-Neptune exoplanet transiting a solar twin in Ruprecht 147
• Synergies between Venus & Exoplanetary Observations
• An Increase in Small-planet Occurrence with Metallicity for Late-type Dwarf Stars in the Kepler Field and Its Implications for Planet Formation
• The mass-radius relation of intermediate-mass planets outlined by hydrodynamic escape and thermal evolution
• The Demographics of Terrestrial Planets in the Venus Zone
• Biases in Planet Occurrence Caused by Unresolved Binaries in Transit Surveys
• TOI-132 b: A short-period planet in the Neptune desert transiting a $V=11.3$ G-type star
• Effects of Magnetic Fields on the Location of the Evaporation Valley for Low-Mass Exoplanets
• Simultaneous Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of a Terrestrial, Habitable-Zone Exoplanet with Two Ground-Based Multi-Object Spectrographs
• The role of dissipative evolution for three-planet, near-resonant extrasolar systems
• NIRPS joining HARPS at ESO 3.6 m. On-sky performance and science objectives
• Science Extraction from TESS Observations of Known Exoplanet Hosts
• The Effects of Stellar Companions on Exoplanet Radius Distributions
• TOI-1468: A system of two transiting planets, a super-Earth and a mini-Neptune, on opposite sides of the radius valley
• A mirage of the cosmic shoreline: Venus-like clouds as a statistical false positive for exoplanet atmospheric erosion
• The K2-OjOS Project: New and revisited planets and candidates in K2 campaigns 5, 16, & 18
• Scaling K2. IV. A Uniform Planet Sample for Campaigns 1-8 and 10-18
• An ultra-short period rocky super-Earth orbiting the G2-star HD 80653
• Properties of the radius valley around low mass stars: Predictions from the core-powered mass-loss mechanism
• Transiting Planets near the Snow Line from Kepler. I. Catalog
• TOI-836: A super-Earth and mini-Neptune transiting a nearby K-dwarf
• Using helium 10830 Å transits to constrain planetary magnetic fields
• Ground-based Optical Transmission Spectroscopy of the Nearby Terrestrial Exoplanet LTT 1445Ab
• Kepler-167e as a Probe of the Formation Histories of Cold Giants with Inner Super-Earths
• Atmospheric Recyling of Volatiles by Pebble-Accreting Planets
• Scaling K2. II. Assembly of a Fully Automated C5 Planet Candidate Catalog Using EDI-Vetter
• The Influence of Age on the Relative Frequency of Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes
• Detecting Unresolved Binaries in TESS Data with Speckle Imaging
• A Mini-Neptune from TESS and CHEOPS Around the 120 Myr Old AB Dor member HIP 94235
• A multi-wavelength look at the GJ 9827 system -- No evidence of extended atmospheres in GJ 9827 b and d from HST and CARMENES data
• Detection and Doppler monitoring of EPIC 246471491, a system of four transiting planets smaller than Neptune
• Three small planets transiting the bright young field star K2-233
• Helium Enhanced Planets Along the Upper Edge of the Radius Valley
• Exoplanet Volatile Carbon Content as a Natural Pathway for Haze Formation
• Chemical mapping of temperate sub-Neptune atmospheres: Constraining the deep-interior H2O/H2 using the atmospheric CO2/CH4
• A TESS Dress Rehearsal: Planetary Candidates and Variables from K2 Campaign 17
• A HARPS-N mass for the elusive Kepler-37d: a case study in disentangling stellar activity and planetary signals
• Unified simulations of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution: Effects of pebble accretion, giant impacts, and stellar irradiations on super-Earth formation
• TOI-1695 b: A Water World Orbiting an Early M Dwarf in the Planet Radius Valley
• Diffuser-assisted Photometric Follow-up Observations of the Neptune-sized Planets K2-28b and K2-100b
• Geoscience for understanding habitability in the solar system and beyond
• The HD 137496 system: A dense, hot super-Mercury and a cold Jupiter
• Mass determination of the 1:3:5 near-resonant planets transiting GJ 9827 (K2-135)
• Unveiling the internal structure and formation history of the three planets transiting HIP 29442 (TOI-469) with CHEOPS
• Multi-season optical modulation phased with the orbit of the super-Earth 55 Cnc e
• Possible Atmospheric Diversity of Low Mass Exoplanets, some Central Aspects
• Detectability of biosignatures on LHS 1140 b
• No Sub-Saturn Mass Planet Desert in the CORALIE/HARPS Radial Velocity Sample
• Small Planets in the Galactic Context: Host Star Kinematics, Iron, and $\alpha$ Element Enhancement
• Observability of silicates in volatile atmospheres of super-Earths and sub-Neptunes
• The effect of a small amount of hydrogen in the atmosphere of ultrahot magma-ocean planets: atmospheric composition and escape
• Modeling H$\alpha$ and He 10830 transmission spectrum of WASP-52b
• K2-140b and K2-180b - Characterization of a hot Jupiter and a mini-Neptune from the K2 mission
• An accurate mass determination for Kepler-1655b, a moderately-irradiated world with a significant volatile envelope
• Revisiting K2-233 spectroscopic time-series with multidimensional Gaussian Processes
• Earths in Other Solar Systems N-body simulations: the Role of Orbital Damping in Reproducing the Kepler Planetary Systems
• Testing Multiband (G, GBP, GRP, B, V and TESS) Standard Bolometric Corrections by Recovering Luminosity and Radii of 341 Host Stars
• TOI-532b: The Habitable-zone Planet Finder confirms a Large Super Neptune in the Neptune Desert orbiting a metal-rich M dwarf host
• Aiolos- A multi-purpose 1-D hydrodynamics code for planetary atmospheres
• Transit least-squares survey -- II. Discovery and validation of 17 new sub- to super-Earth-sized planets in multi-planet systems from K2
• More Evidence for Variable Helium Absorption from HD 189733b
• The Stellar Variability Noise Floor for Transiting Exoplanet Photometry with PLATO
• The water-ice line as a birthplace of planets: Implications of a species-dependent dust fragmentation threshold
• TOI 540 b: A Planet Smaller than Earth Orbiting a Nearby Rapidly Rotating Low-mass Star
• Planets larger than Neptune have elevated eccentricities
• K2-265 b: A Transiting Rocky Super-Earth
• Uranus and Neptune are key to understand planets with hydrogen atmospheres
• Reduced late bombardment on rocky exoplanets around M-dwarfs
• Occurrence rates of small planets from HARPS: Focus on the Galactic context
• Role of magma oceans in controlling carbon and oxygen of sub-Neptune atmospheres
• Bridging the Planet Radius Valley: Stellar Clustering as a Key Driver for Turning Sub-Neptunes into Super-Earths
• When, where, and how many planets end up in first-order resonances?
• Robust Transiting Exoplanet Radii in the Presence of Starspots from Ingress and Egress Durations
• The open-source sunbather code: modeling escaping planetary atmospheres and their transit spectra
• Bioverse: The Habitable Zone Inner Edge Discontinuity as an Imprint of Runaway Greenhouse Climates on Exoplanet Demographics
• Discovery and mass measurement of the hot, transiting, Earth-sized planet GJ 3929 b
• Identifying inflated super-Earths and photo-evaporated cores
• The high-energy spectrum of the nearby planet-hosting inactive mid-M dwarf LHS 3844
• How the origin of stars in the Galaxy impacts the composition of planetary building blocks
• Where are the Water Worlds?: Self-Consistent Models of Water-Rich Exoplanet Atmospheres
• Hot Rocks Survey II: The thermal emission of TOI-1468 b reveals a hot bare rock
• HD 28109 hosts a trio of transiting Neptunian planets including a near-resonant pair, confirmed by ASTEP from Antarctica
• TOI-2196 b: Rare planet in the hot Neptune desert transiting a G-type star
• Planet Occurrence Rate Correlated to Stellar Dynamical History: Evidence from Kepler and Gaia
• Confirmation of an He I evaporating atmosphere around the 650-Myr-old sub-Neptune HD235088 b (TOI-1430 b) with CARMENES
• CKS IX: Revisiting the Minimum-Mass Extrasolar Nebula with Precise Stellar Parameters
• The dynamical evolution of transiting planetary systems including a realistic collision prescription
• Scaling K2 VII: Evidence for a high occurrence rate of hot sub-Neptunes at intermediate ages
• Hubble WFC3 Spectroscopy of the Terrestrial Planets L~98-59~c \& d: No Evidence for a Clear Hydrogen Dominated Primary Atmosphere
• A Radial Velocity Study of the Planetary System of Pi Mensae: Improved Planet Parameters for PI Mensae c and a Third Planet on a 125-d Orbit
• Exoplanet Radius Gap Dependence on Host Star Type
• Examining the Radius Valley: a Machine Learning Approach
• Detection and characterization of an ultra-dense sub-Neptune planet orbiting the Sun-like star HD 119130
• A Lyman-alpha transit left undetected: the environment and atmospheric behavior of K2-25b
• A 38 Million Year Old Neptune-Sized Planet in the Kepler Field
• On spectroscopic phase-curve retrievals: H2 dissociation and thermal inversion in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-103 b
• Planet(esimal)s Around Stars with TESS (PAST) III: A Search for Triplet He I in the Atmospheres of Two 200 Myr-old Planets
• Potential long-term habitable conditions on planets with primordial H-He atmospheres
• The metal-poor atmosphere of a Neptune/Sub-Neptune planet progenitor
• The TESS-Keck Survey. XV. Precise Properties of 108 TESS Planets and Their Host Stars
• Two super-Earths at the edge of the habitable zone of the nearby M dwarf TOI-2095
• 55 Cancri e's occultation captured with CHEOPS
• NEMESIS: Exoplanet Transit Survey of Nearby M-Dwarfs in TESS FFIs I
• The Bimodal Distribution in Exoplanet Radii: Considering Varying Core Compositions and ${\mathrm{H}}_2$ Envelope's Sizes
• The ARIEL Mission Reference Sample
• TESS discovery of a sub-Neptune orbiting a mid-M dwarf TOI-2136
• TOI-1416: A system with a super-Earth planet with a 1.07d period
• Bioverse: a simulation framework to assess the statistical power of future biosignature surveys
• Reliability Correction is Key for Robust Kepler Occurrence Rates
• K2-288Bb: A Small Temperate Planet in a Low-mass Binary System Discovered by Citizen Scientists
• Revising Properties of Planet-Host Binary Systems. III. There is No Observed Radius Gap For Kepler Planets in Binary Star Systems
• Characterising Atmospheres of Cloudy Temperate Mini-Neptunes with JWST
• The influence of host star activity evolution on the population of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes
• Three planets transiting the evolved star EPIC 249893012: a hot 8.8-M${}_{\oplus }$ super-Earth and two warm 14.7 and 10.2-M${}_{\oplus }$ sub-Neptunes
• Orbital Architectures of Kepler Multis From Dynamical Instabilities
• Detection of Paschen $\beta$ absorption in the atmosphere of KELT-9 b: A new window into the atmospheres of ultra-hot Jupiters
• Physical Parameters of the Multi-Planet Systems HD 106315 and GJ 9827
• Pterodactyls: A Tool to Uniformly Search and Vet for Young Transiting Planets In TESS Primary Mission Photometry
• Probing atmospheric escape through metastable He I triplet lines in 15 exoplanets observed with SPIRou
• Searching for Small Circumbinary Planets I. The STANLEY Automated Algorithm and No New Planets in Existing Systems
• Kepler's Dark Worlds: a Low Albedo for an Ensemble of Neptunian and Terran Exoplanets
• Close-in Super-Earths: The first and the last stages of planet formation in an MRI-accreting disc
• Characterisation of 92 Southern TESS Candidate Planet Hosts and a New Photometric [Fe/H] Relation for Cool Dwarfs
• Ariel Planetary Interiors White Paper
• EPIC 201498078b: A low density Super Neptune on an eccentric orbit
• K2-155: A Bright Metal-Poor M Dwarf with Three Transiting Super-Earths
• The direct imaging search for Earth 2.0: Quantifying biases and planetary false positives
• Exoplanet Transits with Next-Generation Radio Telescopes
• A Mirage or an Oasis? Water Vapor in the Atmosphere of the Warm Neptune TOI-674 b
• Dust formation in the outflows of catastrophically evaporating planets
• Can Gaia find planets around white dwarfs?
• The Origin of Universality in the Inner Edges of Planetary Systems
• Constraining Exoplanet Metallicities and Aerosols with ARIEL: An Independent Study by the Contribution to ARIEL Spectroscopy of Exoplanets (CASE) Team
• Super-Earths and sub-Neptunes are Insensitive to Stellar Metallicity
• Redox evolution of the crystallizing terrestrial magma ocean and its influence on atmosphere outgassing
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets-XIX. A system including a cold sub-Neptune potentially transiting a V = 6.5 star HD88986
• A Tidal Origin for a 3-body Resonance in Kepler-221
• An Integrated Analysis with Predictions on the Architecture of the tau Ceti Planetary System, Including a Habitable Zone Planet
• Ground-based photometry of the 21-day Neptune HD106315c
• Importance of Sample Selection in Exoplanet Atmosphere Population Studies
• The young mini-Neptune HD 207496b that is either a naked core or on the verge of becoming one
• The three regimes of atmospheric evaporation for super-Earths and sub-Neptunes
• Planetary evolution with atmospheric photoevaporation II: Fitting the slope of the radius valley by combining boil-off and XUV-driven escape
• A Theoretical Framework for the Mass Distribution of Gas Giant Planets forming through the Core Accretion Paradigm
• Planetary parameters, XUV environments and mass-loss rates for nearby gaseous planets with X-ray detected host-stars
• Volatile atmospheres of lava worlds
• The Influence of 10 Unique Chemical Elements in Shaping the Distribution of Kepler Planets
• The HD 93963 A transiting system: A 1.04d super-Earth and a 3.65 d sub-Neptune discovered by TESS and CHEOPS
• The Variable Detection of Atmospheric Escape around the young, Hot Neptune AU Mic b
• GJ 3090 b: one of the most favourable mini-Neptune for atmospheric characterisation
• Magellan/PFS Radial Velocities of GJ 9827, a late K dwarf at 30 pc with Three Transiting Super-Earths
• Detecting Biosignatures in the Atmospheres of Gas Dwarf Planets with the James Webb Space Telescope
• The Impact of Stellar Clustering on the Observed Multiplicity and Orbital Periods of Planetary Systems
• Effect of Core Cooling on the Radius of Sub-Neptune Planets
• K2-291 b: A rocky super-Earth in a 2.2 day orbit
• XUV emission of the young planet-hosting star V1298\,Tau from coordinated observations with XMM-Newton and HST
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth and three sub-Neptunes hosted by the bright, Sun-like star HD 108236
• Impact of Tides on the Potential for Exoplanets to Host Exomoons
• Planet occurrence rate density models including stellar effective temperature
• Which stars can form planets: Planetesimal formation at low metallicities
• Age distribution of exoplanet host stars: Chemical and Kinematics age proxies from GAIA DR3
• An 11 Earth-Mass, Long-Period Sub-Neptune Orbiting a Sun-like Star
• TOI-1075 b: A Dense, Massive, Ultra-Short Period Hot Super-Earth Straddling the Radius Gap
• So close, so different: characterization of the K2-36 planetary system with HARPS-N
• The XUV irradiation and likely atmospheric escape of the super-Earth $\pi$ Men c
• Revising Properties of Planet-Host Binary Systems. IV. The Radius Distribution of Small Planets in Binary Star Systems is Dependent on Stellar Separation
• HD207897 b: A dense sub-Neptune transiting a nearby and bright K-type star
• TKS V. Twin sub-Neptunes Transiting the Nearby G Star HD 63935
• TOI-2285b: A 1.7 Earth-radius Planet Near the Habitable Zone around a Nearby M Dwarf
• Scaling K2. III. Comparable Planet Occurrence in the FGK Samples of Campaign 5 and Kepler
• A Mini-Neptune Orbiting the Metal-poor K Dwarf BD+29 2654
• A hot mini-Neptune in the radius valley orbiting solar analogue HD 110113
• A HARDCORE model for constraining an exoplanet's core size
• Identifying Bound Stellar Companions to Kepler Exoplanet Host Stars Using Speckle Imaging
• A Spectroscopic Analysis of the California-Kepler Survey Sample: II. Correlations of Stellar Metallicities with Planetary Architectures
• Atmospheric Dynamics of a Near Tidally Locked Earth-Size Planet
• The Exosphere as a Boundary: Origin and Evolution of Airless Bodies in the Inner Solar System and Beyond Including Planets with Silicate Atmospheres
• How to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
• Two Terrestrial Planet Families With Different Origins
• The shared evaporation history of three sub-Neptunes spanning the radius-period valley of a Hyades star
• The Maximum Mass-Loss Efficiency for a Photoionization-Driven Isothermal Parker Wind
• Rotation periods of TESS Objects of Interest from the Magellan-TESS Survey with multiband photometry from Evryscope and TESS
• Running The Gauntlet -- Survival of Small Circumbinary Planets Migrating Through Destabilising Resonances
• TOI-220 $b$: a warm sub-Neptune discovered by TESS
• K2-263b: A 50-day period sub-Neptune with a mass measurement using HARPS-N
• Dynamical Evolution of Closely Packed Multiple Planetary Systems Subject to Atmospheric Mass-Loss
• Observational constraints on the likelihood of ${}^{26}$Al in planet-forming environments
• A full transit of ${\nu }^2$ Lupi d and the search for an exomoon in its Hill sphere with CHEOPS
• Detection of an Earth-sized exoplanet orbiting the nearby ultracool dwarf star SPECULOOS-3
• Evaluating the Evidence for Water World Populations using Mixture Models
• Atmospheric dynamics of temperate sub-Neptunes. Part I: dry dynamics
• Three super-Earths and a possible water world from TESS and ESPRESSO
• No Metallicity Correlation Associated with the Kepler Dichotomy
• First Comparative Exoplanetology Within a Transiting Multi-planet System: Comparing the atmospheres of V1298 Tau b and c
• Hot Super-Earths with Hydrogen Atmospheres: A Model Explaining Their Paradoxical Existence
• Two Massive Jupiters in Eccentric Orbits from the TESS Full Frame Images
• Eta-Earth Revisited II: Deriving a Maximum Number of Earth-like Habitats in the Galactic Disk
• Predictions of planet detections with near infrared radial velocities in the up-coming SPIRou Legacy Survey-Planet Search
• High-energy spectra of LTT 1445A and GJ 486 reveal flares and activity
• TOI-1801 b: A temperate mini-Neptune around a young M0.5 dwarf
• High resolution near-infrared spectroscopy of a flare around the ultracool dwarf vB 10
• The HARPS search for southern extra-solar planets. XLVI: 12 super-Earths around the solar type stars HD39194, HD93385, HD96700, HD154088, and HD189567
• Using HARPS-N to characterise the long-period planets in the PH-2 and Kepler-103 systems
• The TEMPO Survey I: Predicting Yields of the Transiting Exosatellites, Moons, and Planets from a 30-day Survey of Orion with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• TESS-Keck Survey XIV: Two giant exoplanets from the Distant Giants Survey
• Hot planets around cool stars -- two short-period mini-Neptunes transiting the late K-dwarf TOI-1260
• Helium in Exoplanet Exospheres: Orbital and Stellar Influences
• Four Small Planets Buried in K2 Systems: What Can We Learn for TESS?
• From the stellar properties of HD219134 to the internal compositions of its transiting exoplanets
• Linking the primordial composition of planet building disks to the present-day composition of rocky exoplanets
• Exoplanet atmosphere evolution: emulation with neural networks
• Interior-atmosphere modelling to assess the observability of rocky planets with JWST
• Size evolution of close-in super-Earths through giant impacts and photoevaporation
• Biases in retrieving planetary signals in the presence of quasi-periodic stellar activity
• Non-detection of Helium in the Hot Jupiter WASP-48b
• Joint Modeling of Radial Velocities and Photometry with a Gaussian Process Framework
• Wolf 503 b: Characterization of a Sub-Neptune Orbiting a Metal-Poor K Dwarf
• Properties of Sub-Neptune Atmospheres: TOI-270 System
• Using non-solar-scaled opacities to derive stellar parameters. Toward high-precision parameters and abundances
• High-energy environment of super-Earth 55 Cnc e I: Far-UV chromospheric variability as a possible tracer of planet-induced coronal rain
• Signatures of impact-driven atmospheric loss in large ensembles of exoplanets
• Sculpting the circumbinary planet size distribution through resonant interactions with companion planets
• Survival Function Analysis of Planet Size Distribution with GAIA Data Release 2 Updates
• Magma ocean interactions can explain JWST observations of the sub-Neptune TOI-270 d
• Exoplanets Across Galactic Stellar Populations with PLATO: Estimating Exoplanet Yields Around FGK Stars for the Thin Disk, Thick Disk and Stellar Halo
• Refined parameters of the HD 22946 planetary system and the true orbital period of planet d
• Atmosphere escape inferred from modelling the H$\alpha$ transmission spectrum of WASP-121b
• Dust-Gas Coupling in Turbulence- and MHD Wind-Driven Protoplanetary Disks: Implications for Rocky Planet Formation
• Unraveling the evolution of hot Jupiter systems under the effect of tidal and magnetic interactions and mass loss
• Observing atmospheric escape in sub-Jovian worlds with JWST
• TOI-4438 b: a transiting mini-Neptune amenable to atmospheric characterization
• Evolution of steam worlds: energetic aspects
• Another super-dense sub-Neptune in K2-182 b and refined mass measurements for K2-199 b and c
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth orbiting the M dwarf star TOI-1680
• A multi-planetary system orbiting the early-M dwarf TOI-1238
• EOS-ESTM: A flexible climate model for habitable exoplanets
• Precovery of TESS Single Transits with KELT
• Hyades Member K2-136c: The Smallest Planet in an Open Cluster with a Precisely Measured Mass
• Absence of extended atmospheres in low-mass star radius-gap planets GJ 9827 b, GJ 9827 d and TOI-1235 b
• Architecture Classification for Extrasolar Planetary Systems
• The growth of super-Earths: the importance of a self-consistent treatment of disc structures and pebble accretion
• Constraining exoplanet interiors using observations of their atmospheres
• Techniques for Finding Close-in, Low-mass Planets around Subgiants
• The evolution of catastrophically evaporating rocky planets
• When the Peas Jump around the Pod: How Stellar Clustering Affects the Observed Correlations between Planet Properties in Multi-Planet Systems
• Planetary mass-radius relations across the galaxy
• K2-138 g: Spitzer Spots a Sixth Planet for the Citizen Science System
• A Machine Learning model to infer planet masses from gaps observed in protoplanetary disks
• Competing chemical signatures in the atmosphere of TOI-270 d: Inference of sulfur and carbon chemistry
• A Distinct Population of Small Planets: Sub-Earths
• Building Wet Planets through High-Pressure Magma-Hydrogen Reactions
• DPNNet-2.0 Part I: Finding hidden planets from simulated images of protoplanetary disk gaps
• Exploring Super-Earth Surfaces: Albedo of Near-Airless Magma Ocean Planets and Topography
• Physical Properties and Impact Parameter Variations of Kepler Planets from Analytic Light Curve Modeling
• Rocky sub-Neptunes formed by pebble accretion: Rain of rocks from polluted envelopes
• TESS and CHEOPS Discover Two Warm Sub-Neptunes Transiting the Bright K-dwarf HD 15906
• Using Lyman-$\alpha$ transits to constrain models of atmospheric escape
• Host Star Dependence of Small Planet Mass-Radius Distributions
• Validation and atmospheric exploration of the sub-Neptune TOI-2136b around a nearby M3 dwarf
• Implicit biases in transit models using stellar pseudo-density
• TOI-1442 b and TOI-2445 b: two potentially rocky ultra-short period planets around M dwarfs
• Impact of M-dwarf Stellar Wind and Photoevaporation on the Atmospheric Evolution of Small Planets
• A Framework for Optimizing Exoplanet Target Selection for the James Webb Space Telescope
• Role of Planetary Radius on Atmospheric Escape of Rocky Exoplanets
• MIRECLE: Science Yield for a Mid-IR Explorer-Class Mission to Study Non-Transiting Rocky Planets Orbiting the Nearest M-Stars Using Planetary Infrared Excess
• TESS discovery of two super-Earths orbiting the M-dwarf stars TOI-6002 and TOI-5713 near the radius valley
• A Gap in the Mass Distribution for Warm Neptune and Terrestrial Planets
• TOI-1296b and TOI-1298b observed with TESS and SOPHIE: Two hot Saturn-mass exoplanets with different densities around metal-rich stars
• The K2 & TESS Synergy II: Revisiting 26 systems in the TESS Primary Mission
• Evolution of helium triplet transits of close-in gas giants orbiting K-dwarfs
• Multi-epoch detections of the extended atmosphere and transmission spectra of KELT-9b with a 1.5 m telescope
• Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Number of Potentially Habitable Planets
• The California-Kepler Survey. XI. A Survey of Chromospheric Activity Through the Lens of Precise Stellar Properties
• Dynamical masses of two young transiting sub-Neptunes orbiting HD 63433
• The cosmochemistry of planetary systems
• From Super-Earths to Mini-Neptunes: Implications of a Surface on Atmospheric Circulation
• Using the helium triplet as a tracer of the physics of giant planet outflows
• Sensitivity Analyses of Exoplanet Occurrence Rates from Kepler and Gaia
• A sub-Neptune planet around TOI-1695 discovered and characterized with SPIRou and TESS
• A Geologically Robust Procedure For Observing Rocky Exoplanets to Ensure that Detection of Atmospheric Oxygen is an Earth-Like Biosignature
• Collisional formation of massive exomoons of super-terrestrial exoplanets
• Accurate modeling of grazing transits using umbrella sampling
• Atmospheric escape in hot Jupiters under sub-Alfvénic interactions
• Revisiting the HD 21749 Planetary System with Stellar Activity Modeling
• A New Definition of Exoplanet Habitability: Introducing the Photosynthetic Habitable Zone
• A close-in puffy Neptune with hidden friends: The enigma of TOI 620
• K2-HERMES II. Planet-candidate properties from K2 Campaigns 1-13
• The evolutionary track of H/He envelope in the observed population of sub-Neptunes and Super-Earths planets
• Revising Properties of Planet-host Binary Systems I.: Methods and Pilot Study
• Stellar Energetic Particle Transport in the Turbulent and CME-disrupted Stellar Wind of AU~Microscopii
• TESS and HARPS reveal two sub-Neptunes around TOI 1062
• Characterizing K2 Candidate Planetary Systems Orbiting Low-Mass Stars III: A High Mass & Low Envelope Fraction for the Warm Neptune K2-55b
• Unveiling the Planet Population at Birth
• On planetary systems as ordered sequences
• Effects of Planetesimal Accretion on the Thermal and Structural Evolution of Sub-Neptunes
• Redefining interiors and envelopes: hydrogen-silicate miscibility and its consequences for the structure and evolution of sub-Neptunes
• Observational constraints on the formation and evolution of Neptune-class exoplanets
• Characterisation of TOI-406 as showcase of the THIRSTEE program: A 2-planet system straddling the M-dwarf density gap
• XUV irradiation of young planetary atmospheres. Results from a joint XMM-Newton and HST observation of HIP67522
• Detectability of Rocky-Vapour Atmospheres on Super-Earths with Ariel
• Monitoring of the D Doublet of Neutral Sodium during Transits of Two "Evaporating" Planets
• SWEET-Cat: A view on the planetary mass-radius relation
• Implications of an improved water equation of state for water-rich planets
• Discovery of TOI-1260d and the characterisation of the multi-planet system
• Planetary transits at radio wavelengths: secondary eclipses of hot Jupiter extended atmospheres
• Low 4.5 μm Dayside Emission Disfavors a Dark Bare-Rock scenario for the Hot Super-Earth TOI-431 b
• Kepler-62f: Kepler's First Small Planet in the Habitable Zone, but Is It Real?
• Revising Properties of Planet-host Binary Systems II: Apparent Near-Earth Analog Planets in Binaries Are Often Sub-Neptunes
• $\pi$ Earth: a 3.14-day Earth-sized Planet from $\text{K2}$'s Kitchen Served Warm by the SPECULOOS Team
• DMPP-4: Candidate sub-Neptune mass planets orbiting a naked-eye star
• Two sub-Neptunes around the M dwarf TOI-1470
• A Homogeneous Catalog of Oscillating Solar-Type Stars Observed by the Kepler Mission and a New Amplitude Scaling Relation Including Chromospheric Activity
• Stellar Chemical Clues As To The Rarity of Exoplanetary Tectonics
• SOPHIE velocimetry of Kepler transit candidates. XIX. The transiting temperate giant planet KOI-3680b
• The GAPS programme at TNG LXIV: An inner eccentric sub-Neptune and an outer sub-Neptune-mass candidate around BD+00 444 (TOI-2443)
• A hot mini-Neptune and a temperate, highly eccentric sub-Saturn around the bright K-dwarf TOI-2134
• TOI-1696 and TOI-2136: Constraining the Masses of Two Mini-Neptunes with HPF
• A Population Analysis of 20 Exoplanets Observed from the Optical to the Near-infrared Wavelengths with HST: Evidence for Widespread Stellar Contamination
• TOI-4336 A b: A temperate sub-Neptune ripe for atmospheric characterization in a nearby triple M-dwarf system
• Tidal Heating of Exomoons in Resonance and Implications for Detection
• A primordial radius valley as a consequence of planet formation
• Water-Cooled (sub)-Neptunes Get Better Gas Mileage
• Is the hot, dense sub-Neptune TOI-824b an exposed Neptune mantle? Spitzer detection of the hot day side and reanalysis of the interior composition
• The TESS-Keck Survey. XIII. An Eccentric Hot Neptune with a Similar-Mass Outer Companion around TOI-1272
• Possible Evidence for the Presence of Volatiles on the Warm Super-Earth TOI-270 b
• HD 163296 and its Giant Planets: Creation of Exo-comets, Interstellar Objects and Transport of Volatile Material
• K2-79b and K2-222b: Mass measurements of two small exoplanets with periods beyond 10 days that overlap with periodic magnetic activity signals
• A 2 Earth Radius Planet Orbiting the Bright Nearby K-Dwarf Wolf 503
• Confirming known planetary trends using a photometrically selected Kepler sample
• Blowin' in the non-isothermal wind: core-powered mass loss with hydrodynamic radiative transfer
• Super-Earth formation in systems with cold giants
• Orbital Evolution of Close-in Super-Earths Driven by Atmospheric Escape
• Constraining Orbital Periods from Nonconsecutive Observations: Period Estimates for Long-Period Planets in Six Systems Observed by K2 During Multiple Campaigns
• Formation of super-Earths and mini-Neptunes from rings of planetesimals
• Probing Planets with Exomoons: The Cases of Kepler-1708 b and Kepler-1625 b
• Potential Interior Structures and Habitability of Super-Earth Exoplanets LHS 1140 b, K2-18 b, TOI-1452 b and TOI-1468 c
• Assessing the spin-orbit obliquity of low-mass planets in the breaking the chain formation model: A story of misalignment
• Identifying Exo-Earth Candidates in Direct Imaging Data through Bayesian Classification
• The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A sub-Neptunian mass planet in the habitable zone of HN Lib
• Variability of Known Exoplanet Host Stars Observed by TESS
• The high-energy environment of the heavy sub-Earth GJ 367 b indicates likely complete evaporation of its atmosphere
• Precise characterisation of HD 15337 with CHEOPS: a laboratory for planet formation and evolution
• The GALAH Survey: Improving our understanding of confirmed and candidate planetary systems with large stellar surveys
• Novel Physics of Escaping Secondary Atmospheres May Shape the Cosmic Shoreline
• Searching for Hot Water World Candidates with CHEOPS: Refining the radii and analysing the internal structures and atmospheric lifetimes of TOI-238 b and TOI-1685 b
• The Hot-Neptune Initiative (HONEI) I. Two hot sub-Neptunes on a close-in, eccentric orbit (TOI-5800 b) and a farther-out, circular orbit (TOI-5817 b)
• Not All Sub-Neptune Exoplanets Have Magma Oceans
• Simulations of starspot anomalies within TESS exoplanetary transit light curves -- II
• In-depth characterization of the Kepler-10 three-planet system with HARPS-N radial velocities and Kepler transit timing variations
• Orbital Migration through Atmospheric Mass Loss
• KOBE-1: The first planetary system from the KOBE survey. Two planets likely residing in the sub-Neptune mass regime around a late K-dwarf
• Tidal evolution of Earth-like planets in the habitable zone of low-mass stars
• A Spectroscopic Analysis of a Sample of K2 Planet-Host Stars: Stellar Parameters, Metallicities and Planetary Radii
• Multiverse Predictions for Habitability: Planetary Characteristics
• A transiting super-Earth close to the inner edge of the habitable zone of an M0 dwarf star
• TOI-733 b: a planet in the small-planet radius valley orbiting a Sun-like star
• Constraining the Planet Occurrence Rate around Halo Stars of Potentially Extragalactic Origin
• Can Rocky Exoplanets with Rings Pose as Sub-Neptunes?
• Predicting exoplanet mass from radius and incident flux: A Bayesian mixture model
• Combining Transit and RV: A Synthesized Population Model
• Contrast and Temperature Dependence of Multi-Epoch High-Resolution Cross-Correlation Exoplanet Spectroscopy
• Planet Occurrence: Doppler and Transit Surveys
• Spatial distribution of exoplanet candidates based on Kepler and $Gaia$ data
• Small and Close-In Planets are Uncommon Around A-type Stars
• Mutual detectability: a targeted SETI strategy that avoids the SETI Paradox
• Helium escape signatures are generally strongest during younger ages but this age dependence is lost in the diversity of observed exoplanets
• Characterization of Low Mass K2 Planet Hosts Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Chasing Nomadic Worlds: A New Class of Deep Space Missions
• NIRPS and TESS reveal a peculiar system around the M dwarf TOI-756: A transiting sub-Neptune and a cold eccentric giant
• On the influence of equilibrium tides on transit-timing variations of close-in super-Earths. I. Application to single-planet systems and the case of K2-265 b
• The GAPS Programme at TNG. LXV. Precise density measurement of TOI-1430 b, a young planet with an evaporating atmosphere
• The SPACE Program. I. The featureless spectrum of HD 86226 c challenges sub-Neptune atmosphere trends
• Kepler-102: Masses and Compositions for a Super-Earth and Sub-Neptune Orbiting an Active Star
• Diversity of disc viscosities can explain the period ratios of resonant and non-resonant systems of hot super-Earths and mini-Neptunes
• Relative occurrence rates of terrestrial planets orbiting FGK stars
• A super-Earth and a mini-Neptune around Kepler-59
• sunset: A database of synthetic atmospheric-escape transmission spectra for nearly every transiting planet
• The Diffusion Limit of Photoevaporation in Primordial Planetary Atmospheres
• The stellar activity-rotation-age relationship under the lens of asteroseismology
• Fine-resolution analysis of exoplanetary distributions by wavelets: hints of an overshooting iceline accumulation
• The emptiness inside: Finding gaps, valleys, and lacunae with geometric data analysis
• Estimating photoevaporative mass loss of exoplanets with PLATYPOS
• A Transiting Super-Earth in the Radius Valley and An Outer Planet Candidate Around HD 307842
• Planetary system architectures with low-mass inner planets: Direct imaging exploration of mature systems beyond 1 au
• Stability analysis of three exoplanet systems
• Understanding and predicting cadence effects in the characterization of exoplanet transits
• Different types of star-planet interactions
• Planets similar in size are often dissimilar in interior
• Kepler's Last Planet Discoveries: Two New Planets and One Single-Transit Candidate from K2 Campaign 19
• TESS Discovery of Twin Planets near 2:1 Resonance around Early M-Dwarf TOI 4342
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• Convection and Clouds under Different Planetary Gravities Simulated by a Small-domain Cloud-resolving Model
• Scaling K2 VIII: Short-Period Sub-Neptune Occurrence Rates Peak Around Early-Type M Dwarfs
• TESS discovery of a super-Earth and two sub-Neptunes orbiting the bright, nearby, Sun-like star HD 22946
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS) VIII. Impact of host star metallicity on planet occurrence rates, orbital periods, eccentricities, and radius valley morphology
• Stellar rotation and its connection to the evolution of hydrogen-dominated atmospheres of exoplanets
• Homogeneous planet masses I: Reanalysis of archival HARPS radial velocities
• Exoplanet Occurrence Rate with Age for FGK Stars in Kepler
• Formation of Super-Earths
• An upper limit for the growth of inner planets?
• Radius valley scaling among low mass stars with TESS
• Detectability of Emission from Exoplanet Outflows Calculated by pyTPCI, a New 1D Radiation-Hydrodynamic Code
• An Analytical Model of Wavelength-dependent Opposition Surge in Emittance and Reflectance Spectroscopy of Airless Rocky Exoplanets
• Discovery and Characterization of Kepler-36b
• Validation of a Temperate Fourth Planet in the K2-133 Multi-planet System
• Takeout and Delivery: Erasing the Dusty Signature of Late-stage Terrestrial Planet Formation
• Stellar pulsations interfering with the transit light curve: configurations with false positive misalignment
• A joint effort to discover and characterize two resonant mini Neptunes around TOI-1803 with TESS, HARPS-N and CHEOPS
• Diversities and similarities exhibited by multi-planetary systems and their architectures: I. Orbital spacings
• Is the high-energy environment of K2-18b special?
• TESS and HARPS-N unveil two planets transiting TOI-1453. A super-Earth and one of the lowest mass sub-Neptunes
• A sub-Neptune transiting the young field star HD 18599 at 40 pc
• TOI-1743 b, TOI-5799 b, TOI-5799 c and TOI-6223 b: TESS discovery and validation of four super-Earth to Neptune-sized planets around M dwarfs
• Formation of organic hazes in CO${}_2$-rich sub-Neptune atmospheres within the graphite-stability regime
• The strongly irradiated planets in Praesepe
• Three young planets around the K-dwarf K2-198: High-energy environment, evaporation history and expected future
• Planetary Edge Trends (PET). I. The Inner Edge-Stellar Mass Correlation
• Validation of TOI-1221 b: A warm sub-Neptune exhibiting TTVs around a Sun-like star
• Empirical Predictions for the Period Distribution of Planets to be Discovered by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• TOI-2458 b: A mini-Neptune consistent with in situ hot Jupiter formation
• Mass loss by atmospheric escape from extremely close-in planets
• Far-ultraviolet flares and variability of the young M dwarf AU Mic: a non-detection of planet c in transit at Lyman-alpha
• Diversity of Exoplanets
• A transiting rocky super-Earth and a non-transiting sub-Neptune orbiting the M dwarf TOI-771
• Mass Upper Bounds for Over 50 Kepler Planets Using Low-S/N Transit Timing Variations
• Studying the variability of the He triplet to understand the detection limits of evaporating exoplanet atmospheres
• The DRAKE mission: finding the frequency of life in the Cosmos
• Stacked Periodograms as a Probe of Exoplanetary Populations
• The architecture of multi-planet systems as a tracer of their formation mechanisms
• On the Utility of Transmission Color Analysis I: Differentiating Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes
• X-ray irradiation of three planets around Hyades star K2-136
• Two Bright M Dwarfs Hosting Ultra-Short-Period Super-Earths with Earth-like Compositions
• Exploring the habitability and interior composition of exoplanets lying within the extended habitable zone
• No Robust Statistical Evidence for a Population of Water Worlds in a 2025 Sample of Planets Orbiting M Stars
• The Dynamical History of the Kepler-221 Planet System
• The Effect of Accretion Rate and Composition on the Structure of Ice-rich Super-Earths
• Stellar Characterization and a Chromospheric Activity Analysis of a K2 Sample of Planet-Hosting Stars
• The Super-Earth Opportunity - Search for Habitable Exoplanets in the 2020s
• Confronting compositional confusion through the characterisation of the sub-Neptune orbiting HD 77946
• Estimating the Mass Escaping Rates of Radius-valley-spanning Planets in the TOI-431 System via X-Ray and Ultraviolet Evaporation
• Effects of Self-gravity on Mass-loss of the Post-impact Super-Earths
• An Adolescent and Near-Resonant Planetary System Near the End of Photoevaporation
• Quantitative Nonequilibrium Pathway from Fundamental Physics to the Emergence and Persistence of Exoplanetary Biospheres
• Confirmation of the hot super-Neptune TOI-672 b with NIRPS and HARPS and Insights into the Neptunian desert around M dwarfs
• Super-earths and mini-neptunes follow different orbital period-eccentricity relations
• A compositional link between rocky exoplanets and their host stars
• Evidence that Planets in the Radius Gap Do Not Resemble Their Neighbors
• Continuous Habitable Zones: Using Bayesian Methods to Prioritize Characterization of Potentially Habitable Worlds
• SPORES-HWO. II. Companion Mass Limits and Updated Planet Properties for 120 Future Exoplanet Imaging Targets from 35 yr of Precise Doppler Monitoring
• The GAPS programme at TNG LXXI. A sub-Neptune suitable for atmospheric characterization in a multiplanet and mutually inclined system orbiting the bright K dwarf TOI-5789 (HIP 99452)
• Modelling the Milky Way's exoplanet population based on cosmological galaxy simulations
• The TESS-Keck Survey. XIX. A Warm Transiting Sub-Saturn Mass Planet and a non-Transiting Saturn Mass Planet Orbiting a Solar Analog
• How black hole activity may influence exoplanetary evolution in our Galaxy
• An adaptive optics upgrade for the Automated Planet Finder Telescope using an adaptive secondary mirror
• The SPIRou Legacy Survey: Detection of a nearby world orbiting in the habitable zone of Gl725B achieved by correcting strong telluric contamination in near-infrared radial velocities with WAPITI
• TOI-1634 b: an Ultra-Short Period Keystone Planet Sitting Inside the M Dwarf Radius Valley
• Radio prospects of extrasolar aurorae polaris as a probe of planetary magnetism
• A Validated Low-to-Intermediate Mass Planetary Interior Structure Model and New Mass-Radius Relations
• Cosmic Hydrogen and Ice Loss Lines
• Scaling K2. V. Statistical Validation of 60 New Exoplanets From K2 Campaigns 2-18
• The atmosphere of K2-18 b: The role of hazes, clouds and photoelectrons
• Precise Parameters from Bayesian SED Fitting Indicate Thermally-Driven Mass Loss Likely Driver of Radius Valley
• KRONOS I: The $1-2.8\mu$m JWST Transmission Spectrum of the 23 Myr V1298 Tau c
• Exploring Synergies between Twinkle and Ariel: a Pilot Study
• Disentangling Atmospheric Compositions of K2-18 b with Next Generation Facilities
• Evolution and Observable Properties of Rocky Planet Atmospheres
• Variations in the Radius Distribution of Single- and Compact Multiple-transiting Planets
• MAUVE: An Ultraviolet Astrophysics Probe Mission Concept
• The Occurrence-weighted Median Planets Discovered by Transit Surveys Orbiting Solar-type Stars and Their Implications for Planet Formation and Evolution
• Gas-depleted planet formation occurred in the four-planet system around the red dwarf LHS 1903
• A Search for Planetary Metastable Helium Absorption in the V1298 Tau System
• Characterizing the bolometric-photoevaporative transition in young sub-Neptunes with radiation-hydrodynamic simulations
• NIRPS tightens the mass estimate of GJ 3090 b and detects a planet near the stellar rotation period
• Analytical modeling of helium absorption signals of isothermal atmospheric escape
• L 98-59: a Benchmark System of Small Planets for Future Atmospheric Characterization
• Astro2020 APC White Paper: Durable Agency Support for Exoplanet Catalogs and Archives
• Hidden Gems in TESS: sherlock finds two new rocky planets around nearby M dwarfs
• A search for transits among the δ Scuti variables in Kepler
• Revisiting the exoplanet radius valley with host stars from SWEET-Cat
• Using observations of escaping H/He to constrain the atmospheric composition of sub-Neptunes
• TOI-1518b: A Misaligned Ultra-hot Jupiter with Iron in its Atmosphere
• The TESS-Keck Survey. XI. Mass Measurements for Four Transiting sub-Neptunes orbiting K dwarf TOI-1246
• Split Peas in a Pod: Intra-System Uniformity of Super-Earths and Sub-Neptunes
• Stellar chemistry and planet size: insights from GALAH DR4
• Revising core powered mass loss: A critical assessment of the "energy limited" argument
• What the Solar System Can Teach Us About Rocky Exoplanets
• Sub-Neptunes Show a Stronger Correlation with Cold Jupiters than Super-Earths Especially in Metal-rich Systems
• Impact of Clouds on the Atmosphere-Mantle Interface of Sub-Neptunes
• Sibling Sub-Neptunes Around Sibling M Dwarfs: TOI-521 and TOI-912
• Thermoelastic Contraction as a Suppressor of Atmospheric Escape in Close-in Exoplanets
• Do Outer Giants Inflate Neptune-sized Planets? An Architecture-Dependent Mass-Radius Relation
• A sub-Saturn Mass-Radius Desert for Planets with Equilibrium Temperature Less than 600 K
• Friends and Foes: Conditional Occurrence Rates of Exoplanet Companions and their Impact on Radial Velocity Follow-up Surveys
• Rapid Formation of Super-Earths Around Low-Mass Stars
• A planet-host ratio relation to synthesize microlensing and transiting exoplanet demography from Roman
• On the Need for a Classification System for Consistent Characterization of the Composition of Planetary Bodies
• A Search for helium in the atmospheres of three sub-Neptunes and a super-Earth around M-dwarfs
• TOI-1201 b: A mini-Neptune transiting a bright and moderately young M dwarf
• Constraining stellar rotation and planetary atmospheric evolution of a dozen systems hosting sub-Neptunes and super-Earths
• A break in planet occurrence near the pebble isolation mass should be observable by the Roman microlensing survey
• JWST unveils a high mean molecular weight atmosphere for mini-Neptune TOI-1130b: Evidence for formation beyond the water ice line
• Atmospheric mass loss and stellar wind effects in young and old systems II: Is TOI-942 the past of TOI-421 system?
• Atmospheric mass loss and stellar wind effects in young and old systems I: comparative 3D study of TOI-942 and TOI-421 systems
• Refining the Masses and Radii of the Star Kepler-33 and its Five Transiting Planets
• TFAW survey II: 6 Newly Validated Planets and 13 Planet Candidates from K2
• ExoplANETS-A: A VO database for host stars and planetary systems: The effect of XUV on planet atmospheres
• Discovery of a multi-planetary system orbiting the aged Sun-like star HD 224018
• TOI-1438: A rare system with two short-period sub-Neptunes and a tentative long-period Jupiter-like planet orbiting a K0V star
• The GAPS Programme at the TNG: LXX. TOI-5734b: A hot sub-Neptune orbiting a relatively young K dwarf with an Earth-like density
• Chemical diversity of the atmospheres and interiors of sub-Neptunes: a case study of GJ 436 b