The TEMPO Survey I: Predicting Yields of the Transiting Exosatellites, Moons, and Planets from a 30-day Survey of Orion with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope

Abstract

We present design considerations for the Transiting Exosatellites, Moons, and Planets in Orion (TEMPO) Survey with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope. This proposed 30-day survey is designed to detect a population of transiting extrasolar satellites, moons, and planets in the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC). The young (1-3 Myr), densely-populated ONC harbors about a thousand bright brown dwarfs (BDs) and free-floating planetary-mass objects (FFPs). TEMPO offers sufficient photometric precision to monitor FFPs with $\mathrm{M}\ge 1{\mathrm{M}}_{\mathrm{J}}$ for transiting satellites. The survey is also capable of detecting FFPs down to sub-Saturn masses via direct imaging, although follow-up confirmation will be challenging. TEMPO yield estimates include 14 (3-22) exomoons/satellites transiting FFPs and 54 (8-100) satellites transiting BDs. Of this population, approximately $50\%$ of companions would be "super-Titans" (Titan to Earth mass). Yield estimates also include approximately $150$ exoplanets transiting young Orion stars, of which $>50\%$ will orbit mid-to-late M dwarfs and approximately ten will be proto-habitable zone, terrestrial ($0.1{\mathrm{M}}_{\oplus }-5{\mathrm{M}}_{\oplus }$) exoplanets. TEMPO would provide the first census demographics of small exosatellites orbiting FFPs and BDs, while simultaneously offering insights into exoplanet evolution at the earliest stages. This detected exosatellite population is likely to be markedly different from the current census of exoplanets with similar masses (e.g., Earth-mass exosatellites that still possess H/He envelopes). Although our yield estimates are highly uncertain, as there are no known exoplanets or exomoons analogous to these satellites, the TEMPO survey would test the prevailing theories of exosatellite formation and evolution, which limit the certainty surrounding detection yields.

Submitted to PASP

References in corpus (50)

• The Gaia mission
• The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
• The James Webb Space Telescope
• The K2 Mission: Characterization and Early results
• New evolutionary models for pre-main sequence and main sequence low-mass stars down to the hydrogen-burning limit
• The Evolution of L and T Dwarfs in Color-Magnitude Diagrams
• An Analysis of the Shapes of Interstellar Extinction Curves. VII. Milky Way Spectrophotometric Optical-through-Ultraviolet Extinction and Its R-Dependence
• A Study of the Shortest-Period Planets Found With Kepler
• Strong Brightness Variations Signal Cloudy-to-Clear Transition of Brown Dwarfs
• Dust masses of young disks: constraining the initial solid reservoir for planet formation
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) IV: seven transiting planets in the Praesepe cluster
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation III: The statistics of planetary luminosities
• Modeling giant extrasolar ring systems in eclipse and the case of J1407b: sculpting by exomoons?
• Predictions of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Galactic Exoplanet Survey II: Free-Floating Planet Detection Rates
• HEK VI: On the Dearth of Galilean Analogs in Kepler and the Exomoon Candidate Kepler-1625b I
• Photoevaporation vs. core-powered mass-loss: model comparison with the 3D radius gap
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) II: A 17 Myr Old Transiting Hot Jupiter in the Sco-Cen Association
• SPECULOOS -- Ultracool Dwarf Transit Survey: Target List and Strategy
• Atmospheres of Rocky Exoplanets
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) VI: a three-planet system in the Hyades cluster including an Earth-sized planet
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) V: A Uniform Search for Transiting Planets in Young Clusters Observed by K2
• Let the Great World Spin: Revealing the Stormy, Turbulent Nature of Young Giant Exoplanet Analogs with the Spitzer Space Telescope
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars. III. Substructures in Protostellar Disks
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) VI: an 11 Myr giant planet transiting a very low-mass star in Lower Centaurus Crux
• Beyond the Kepler/K2 bright limit: variability in the seven brightest members of the Pleiades
• On the detection of Exomoons: A search in Kepler data for the orbital sampling effect and the scatter peak
• Spitzer Variability Properties of Low-Gravity L Dwarfs
• Weather on Other Worlds. V. The Three Most Rapidly Rotating Ultra-Cool Dwarfs
• Spectral Variability of VHS J1256-1257 b from 1 to 5 $\mu$m
• Hydrodynamic simulations of captured protoatmospheres around Earth-like planets
• Flares, Rotation, and Planets of the AU Mic System from TESS Observations
• Peter Pan Disks: Long-lived Accretion Disks Around Young M Stars
• Using rotation rates to probe age spreads in the Orion Nebula Cluster
• To cool is to keep: Residual H/He atmospheres of super-Earths and sub-Neptunes
• Strong H$\alpha$ emission and signs of accretion in a circumbinary planetary mass companion from MUSE
• Constraining the entropy of formation from young transiting planets
• Uncovering the true periods of the young sub-Neptunes orbiting TOI-2076
• An upper limit on late accretion and water delivery in the Trappist-1 exoplanet system
• BANYAN. VIII. New Low-Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs with Candidate Circumstellar Disks
• On the Detection of Exomoons Transiting Isolated Planetary-Mass Objects
• An N-body population synthesis framework for the formation of moons around Jupiter-like planets
• Did Mars possess a dense atmosphere during the first ~400 million years?
• TOI 540 b: A Planet Smaller than Earth Orbiting a Nearby Rapidly Rotating Low-mass Star
• HST survey of the Orion Nebula Cluster in the H${}_2$O 1.4 $\mu$m absorption band: II. The substellar IMF down to planetary masses
• HST survey of the Orion Nebula Cluster in the H${}_2$O 1.4 $\mu$m absorption band: I. A census of substellar and planetary mass objects
• Cloud Atlas: Unraveling the vertical cloud structure with the time-series spectrophotometry of an unusually red brown dwarf
• First Doppler Limits on Binary Planets and Exomoons in the HR 8799 System
• Constraining Orbital Periods from Nonconsecutive Observations: Period Estimates for Long-Period Planets in Six Systems Observed by K2 During Multiple Campaigns
• The Sonora Brown Dwarf Atmosphere and Evolution Models I. Model Description and Application to Cloudless Atmospheres in Rainout Chemical Equilibrium
• Radius and mass distribution of ultra-short period planets

Cited by in corpus (6)

• The Origin of Universality in the Inner Edges of Planetary Systems
• Predicting the Yield of Small Transiting Exoplanets around Mid-M and Ultra-Cool Dwarfs in the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Galactic Bulge Time Domain Survey
• Stability and detectability of exomoons orbiting HIP 41378 f, a temperate Jovian planet with an anomalously low apparent density
• The Fate of Oceans on First-Generation Planets Orbiting White Dwarfs
• Sensitivity to Sub-Io-sized Exosatellite Transits in the MIRI LRS Lightcurve of the Nearest Substellar Worlds
• Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roman Sees Where You Are: Predicting Exoplanet Transit Yields in the Rosette Nebula with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope