Influence of Stellar Multiplicity On Planet Formation. IV. Adaptive Optics Imaging of Kepler Stars With Multiple Transiting Planet Candidates

Abstract

The Kepler mission provides a wealth of multiple transiting planet systems (MTPS). The formation and evolution of multi-planet systems are likely to be influenced by companion stars given the abundance of multi stellar systems. We study the influence of stellar companions by measuring the stellar multiplicity rate of MTPS. We select 138 bright (KP < 13.5) Kepler MTPS and search for stellar companions with AO imaging data and archival radial velocity (RV) data. We obtain new AO images for 73 MTPS. Other MTPS in the sample have archival AO imaging data from the Kepler Community Follow-up Observation Program (CFOP). From these imaging data, we detect 42 stellar companions around 35 host stars. For stellar separation 1 AU < a < 100 AU, the stellar multiplicity rate is 5.2 $\pm$ 5.0% for MTPS, which is 2.8σ lower than 21.1 $\pm$ 2.8% for the control sample, i.e., the field stars in the solar neighborhood. We identify two origins for the deficit of stellar companions within 100 AU to MTPS: (1) a suppressive planet formation, and (2) the disruption of orbital coplanarity due to stellar companions. To distinguish between the two origins, we compare the stellar multiplicity rates of MTPS and single transiting planet systems (STPS). However, current data are not sufficient for this purpose. For 100 AU < a < 2000 AU, the stellar multiplicity rates are comparable for MTPS (8.0 $\pm$ 4.0%), STPS (6.4 $\pm$ 5.8%), and the control sample (12.5 $\pm$ 2.8%).

13 pages, 3 figures, 5 tables, accepted by ApJ

References in corpus (9)

• The Exoplanet Orbit Database II: Updates to exoplanets.org
• An ancient extrasolar system with five sub-Earth-size planets
• Friends of Hot Jupiters II: No Correspondence Between Hot-Jupiter Spin-Orbit Misalignment and the Incidence of Directly Imaged Stellar Companions
• Obliquities of Kepler Stars: Comparison of Single- and Multiple-Transit Systems
• Influence of Stellar Multiplicity On Planet Formation. II. Planets Are Less Common in Multiple-Star Systems with Separations Smaller than 1500 AU
• High-resolution imaging of $Kepler$ planet host candidates. A comprehensive comparison of different techniques
• Most Sub-Arcsecond Companions of Kepler Exoplanet Candidate Host Stars are Gravitationally Bound
• Hubble Space Telescope High Resolution Imaging of Kepler Small and Cool Exoplanet Host Stars
• Migration into a Companion's Trap: Disruption of Multiplanet Systems in Binaries

Cited by in corpus (46)

• The California-Kepler Survey. III. A Gap in the Radius Distribution of Small Planets
• Identifying Exoplanets with Deep Learning: A Five Planet Resonant Chain around Kepler-80 and an Eighth Planet around Kepler-90
• The California-Kepler Survey. IV. Metal-rich Stars Host a Greater Diversity of Planets
• The Impact of Stellar Multiplicity on Planetary Systems, I.: The Ruinous Influence of Close Binary Companions
• The Kepler Follow-Up Observation Program. I. A Catalog of Companions to Kepler Stars from High-Resolution Imaging
• SOAR TESS Survey. I: Sculpting of TESS planetary systems by stellar companions
• Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications
• Impact of Binary Stars on Planet Statistics -- I. Planet Occurrence Rates, Trends with Stellar Mass, and Wide Companions to Hot Jupiter Hosts
• CARMENES input catalogue of M dwarfs II. High-resolution imaging with FastCam
• A super-Earth and a sub-Neptune orbiting the bright, quiet M3 dwarf TOI-1266
• Orbital Architectures of Planet-Hosting Binaries: I. Forming Five Small Planets in the Truncated Disk of Kepler-444A
• Robo-AO Kepler Planetary Candidate Survey II: Adaptive Optics Imaging of 969 Kepler Exoplanet Candidate Host Stars
• Planet Hunters. VIII. Characterization of 41 Long-Period Exoplanet Candidates from Kepler Archival Data
• Robo-AO Kepler Planetary Candidate Survey III: Adaptive Optics Imaging of 1629 Kepler Exoplanet Candidate Host Stars
• Kepler-411: a four-planet system with an active host star
• Hiding Planets Behind a Big Friend: Mutual Inclinations of Multi-Planet Systems with External Companions
• The Densities of Planets in Multiple Stellar Systems
• Friends of Hot Jupiters III: An Infrared Spectroscopic Search for Low-Mass Stellar Companions
• Eccentricities and Inclinations of Multi-Planet Systems with External Perturbers
• Kepler-108: A Mutually Inclined Giant Planet System
• SOAR TESS Survey. II: The impact of stellar companions on planetary populations
• Evidence for the volatile-rich composition of a 1.5-$R_{\oplus }$ planet
• Unresolved Binary Exoplanet Host Stars Fit as Single Stars: Effects on the Stellar Parameters
• A lucky imaging multiplicity study of exoplanet host stars II
• Robo-AO Kepler Survey IV: the effect of nearby stars on 3857 planetary candidate systems
• A Closer Look at Exoplanet Occurrence Rates: Considering the Multiplicity of Stars Without Detected Planets
• The Magellan PFS Planet Search Program: Radial Velocity and Stellar Abundance Analyses of the 360 AU, Metal-Poor Binary "Twins" HD 133131A & B
• Robo-AO Kepler Survey V: The effect of physically associated stellar companions on planetary systems
• The Effect of Binarity on Circumstellar Disk Evolution
• Absolute densities in exoplanetary systems: photodynamical modelling of Kepler-138
• Biases in Planet Occurrence Caused by Unresolved Binaries in Transit Surveys
• The Effects of Stellar Companions on Exoplanet Radius Distributions
• Near-Infrared Imaging Polarimetry of Inner Region of GG Tau A Disk
• Revising Properties of Planet-Host Binary Systems. III. There is No Observed Radius Gap For Kepler Planets in Binary Star Systems
• Super-Earths and sub-Neptunes are Insensitive to Stellar Metallicity
• WEIRD: Wide-orbit Exoplanet search with InfraRed Direct imaging
• Revising Properties of Planet-Host Binary Systems. IV. The Radius Distribution of Small Planets in Binary Star Systems is Dependent on Stellar Separation
• Identifying Bound Stellar Companions to Kepler Exoplanet Host Stars Using Speckle Imaging
• No Metallicity Correlation Associated with the Kepler Dichotomy
• The scattering outcomes of Kepler circumbinary planets: planet mass ratio
• A third star in the HAT-P-7 system, and a new dynamical pathway to misaligned hot Jupiters
• Dynamical Architectures of S-type Transiting Planets in Binaries I: Target Selection using Hipparcos and Gaia proper motion anomalies
• How many suns are in the sky? A SPHERE multiplicity survey of exoplanet host stars I -- Four new close stellar companions including a white dwarf
• Planet Hunters TESS V: a planetary system around a binary star, including a mini-Neptune in the habitable zone
• Dynamical Architectures of S-type Transiting Planets in Binaries II: A Dichotomy in Orbital Alignment of Small Planets in Close Binary Systems
• Detection and characterisation of two VLM binaries: LP 1033-31 and LP 877-72