Metal-insulator transition in two-dimensional electron systems

Abstract

The interplay between strong Coulomb interactions and randomness has been a long-standing problem in condensed matter physics. According to the scaling theory of localization, in two-dimensional systems of noninteracting or weakly interacting electrons, the ever-present randomness causes the resistance to rise as the temperature is decreased, leading to an insulating ground state. However, new evidence has emerged within the past decade indicating a transition from insulating to metallic phase in two-dimensional systems of strongly interacting electrons. We review earlier experiments that demonstrate the unexpected presence of a metallic phase in two dimensions, and present an overview of recent experiments with emphasis on the anomalous magnetic properties that have been observed in the vicinity of the transition.

As published

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• Continuous Quantum Phase Transitions
• Metallic behavior and related phenomena in two dimensions
• Quantum phase transitions
• Possible Metal/Insulator Transition at B=0 in Two Dimensions
• Correlation energy and spin polarization in the 2D electron gas
• Interaction corrections at intermediate temperatures: I. Longitudinal conductivity and kinetic equation
• Singular Fermi Liquids
• Electric field scaling at a B=0 metal-insulator transition in two dimensions
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• Spin Degree of Freedom in a Two-Dimensional Electron Liquid
• Metal-insulator transition at B=0 in a dilute two dimensional GaAs-AlGaAs hole gas
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• Metal Insulator transition at B=0 in p-SiGe
• Indication of the ferromagnetic instability in a dilute two-dimensional electron system
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• Magnetoresistance of a two-dimensional electron gas in a parallel magnetic field
• Metallic Phase and Metal-insulator Transition in 2d Electronic Systems
• On the Theory of Metal-Insulator Transitions in Gated Semiconductors
• Instability of the Two-Dimensional Metallic Phase to Parallel Magnetic Field
• Unexpected Behavior of the Local Compressibility Near the B=0 Metal-Insulator Transition
• Parallel Magnetic Field Induced Transition in Transport in the Dilute Two-Dimensional Hole System in GaAs
• Interaction-Induced Enhancement of Spin-Orbit Coupling in Two-Dimensional Electronic System
• Dilute electron gas near the metal-insulator transition in two dimensions
• Spin-independent origin of the strongly enhanced effective mass in a dilute 2D electron system
• Scaling of the magnetoconductivity of silicon MOSFET's: evidence for a quantum phase transition in two dimensions
• Thermodynamic Signature of a Two-Dimensional Metal-Insulator Transition
• Parallel magnetic field induced giant magnetoresistance in low density {\it quasi}-two dimensional layers
• Superconductivity in a two-dimensional Electron Gas
• Onset of Glassy Dynamics in a Two-Dimensional Electron System in Silicon
• Resistivity of dilute 2D electrons in an undoped GaAs heterostructure
• In-plane magnetic field-induced spin polarization and transition to insulating behavior in two-dimensional hole systems
• Evidence for charge-flux duality near the quantum Hall liquid to insulator transition
• Weak localisation, hole-hole interactions and the "metal"-insulator transition in two dimensions
• Melting of the Electron Glass
• The thermodynamic spin magnetization of strongly correlated 2d electrons in a silicon inversion layer
• Small Angle Shubnikov-de Haas Measurements in Silicon MOSFET's: the Effect of Strong In-Plane Magnetic Field
• Interaction corrections at intermediate temperatures: magneto-resistance in parallel field
• Spin polarization and g-factor of a dilute GaAs two-dimensional electron system
• Phase separation in the two-dimensional electron liquid in MOSFETs
• Universal Behavior of the Resistance Noise across the Metal-Insulator Transition in Silicon Inversion Layers
• Apparent Metallic Behavior at B = 0 of a two-dimensional electron system in AlAs
• Hole-Hole Interaction Effect in the Conductance of the Two-Dimensional Hole Gas in the Ballistic Regime
• Metal-insulator transition in 2D: resistance in the critical region
• Interaction Effects in Conductivity of Si Inversion Layers at Intermediate Temperatures
• Role of finite layer thickness in spin-polarization of GaAs 2D electrons in strong parallel magnetic fields
• Disorder Screening in Strongly Correlated Systems
• Anisotropic magnetoresistance of GaAs two-dimensional holes
• Nonmonotonic Temperature-dependent Resistance in Low Density 2D Hole Gases
• Interaction Corrections to Two-Dimensional Hole Transport in Large $r_s$ Limit
• Metal-Insulator Transition of Disordered Interacting Electrons
• Experimental Evidence for a Coulomb Gap in Two Dimensions
• Metal-insulator transition in a 2D electron gas: Equivalence of two approaches for determining the critical point
• Metallic low-temperature resistivity in 2D over an extended temperature range
• In-plane Magnetoconductivity of Si-MOSFET's: A Quantitative Comparison between Theory and Experiment
• Weak anisotropy and disorder dependence of the in-plane magnetoresistance in high mobility (100) Si-inversion layers
• Reflection symmetry at a B=0 metal-insulator transition in two dimensions
• The effect of a parallel magnetic field on the Boltzmann conductivity and the Hall coefficient of a disordered two dimensional Fermi liquid
• Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations near the metal-insulator transition in a two-dimensional electron system in silicon
• Novel Phenomena in Dilute Electron Systems in Two Dimensions
• Exclusion of quantum coherence as the origin of the 2D metallic state in high-mobility silicon inversion layers
• On the Cooling of Electrons in a Silicon Inversion Layer
• On the Relation between Interband Scattering and the "Metallic Phase" of Two Dimensional Holes in GaAs/AlGaAs
• Properties of strongly correlated two-dimensional electron gas in semiconductor layers
• Spin polarization of strongly interacting 2D electrons: the role of disorder
• Effect of Tilted Magnetic Field on the Anomalous H=0 Conducting Phase in High-Mobility Si MOSFETs
• Metal-insulator transition in 2D: Anderson localization by temperature-dependent disorder?
• The metallic resistance of a dilute two-dimensional hole gas in a GaAs quantum well: two-phase separation at finite temperature?
• Temperature-Dependence of the Resistivity of a Dilute 2D Electron System in High Parallel Magnetic Field
• Spin Polarization of Two-Dimensional Electrons Determined from Shubnikov-de Haas Oscillations as a Function of Angle
• Novel Properties of The Apparent Metal-Insulator Transition in Two-Dimensional Systems
• Coherent back-scattering near the two-dimensional metal-insulator transition
• On Effective Electron Mass of Silicon MOSFET at Low Electron Density
• Comment on "Low-Density Spin Susceptibility and Effective Mass of Mobile Electrons in Si Inversion Layers"
• Direct measurements of the spin and the cyclotron gaps in a 2D electron system in silicon
• Comment on: Weak Anisotropy and Disorder Dependence of the In-Plane Magnetoresistance in High-Mobility (100) Si Inversion Layers
• Weak Field Hall Resistance and Effective Carrier Density Through Metal-Insulator Transition in Si-MOS Structures
• P-wave pairing and ferromagnetism in the metal-insulator transition in two dimensions
• Mobility-Dependence of the Critical Density in Two-Dimensional Systems: An Empirical Relation
• Sharply increasing effective mass: a precursor of the spontaneous spin polarization in a dilute two-dimensional electron system

Cited by in corpus (211)

• Electronic transport in two dimensional graphene
• Silicon Quantum Electronics
• Granular Electronic Systems
• Metal-Insulator Transition in Disordered Two-Dimensional Electron Systems
• Mott--Hubbard transition vs. Anderson localization of correlated, disordered electrons
• Hydrodynamic description of transport in strongly correlated electron systems
• Transport in strongly correlated two dimensional electron fluids
• Two-dimensional electrons occupying multiple valleys in AlAs
• The Observation of Percolation-Induced 2D Metal-Insulator Transition in a Si MOSFET
• Quantum Monte Carlo Study of an Interaction-Driven Band Insulator to Metal Transition
• Topology of the Fermi Surface Beyond the Quantum Critical Point
• Optical Properties of III-Mn-V Ferromagnetic Semiconductors
• Flow diagram of the metal-insulator transition in two dimensions
• Coulomb Correlations and the Wigner-Mott Transition
• Competing correlated states around the zero field Wigner crystallization transition of electrons in two-dimensions
• Anomalous Behavior of Thermodynamic Properties of Strongly Correlated Fermi Systems
• Transport and percolation in a low-density high-mobility two-dimensional hole system
• Distribution of the local density of states as a criterion for Anderson localization: Numerically exact results for various lattices in two and three dimensions
• Pauli spin susceptibility of a strongly correlated two-dimensional electron liquid
• Anisotropic 2D diffusive expansion of ultra-cold atoms in a disordered potential
• Emergent Novel Metallic State in a Disordered 2D Mott Insulator
• Effects of thickness on the spin susceptibility of the 2D electron gas
• Disordered Systems and the Replica Method in AdS/CFT
• Low temperature metallic state induced by electrostatic carrier doping of SrTiO${}_3$
• Observation of Spontaneous Ferromagnetism in a Two-Dimensional Electron System
• Incipient Wigner Localization in Circular Quantum Dots
• Critical Behavior of a Strongly Interacting 2D Electron System
• Dynamical Mean Field Study of the Two-Dimensional Disordered Hubbard Model
• Extended Hubbard model: Charge Ordering and Wigner-Mott transition
• Interaction effects on magnetooscillations in a two-dimensional electron gas
• Thermodynamic density of states of two-dimensional GaAs systems near the apparent metal-insulator transition
• Molecular Quantum Materials: Electronic Phases and Charge Dynamics in Two-Dimensional Organic Solids
• Pair-distribution functions of the two-dimensional electron gas
• Pressure-Induced Metal-Insulator Transition in Twisted Bi-layer Graphene
• The 2D metal-insulator transition as a strong localization induced crossover phenomenon
• Anderson localization vs. Mott-Hubbard metal-insulator transition in disordered, interacting lattice fermion systems
• Anomalous insulator metal transition in boron nitride-graphene hybrid atomic layers
• Effect of disorder close to the superfluid transition in a two-dimensional Bose gas
• Wigner-Mott scaling of transport near the two-dimensional metal-insulator transition
• Two-dimensional metal-insulator transition and in-plane magnetoresistance in a high mobility strained Si quantum well
• Wave function multifractality and dephasing at metal-insulator and quantum Hall transitions
• Mobility versus quality in 2D semiconductor structures
• Localization in an Inhomogeneous Quantum Wire
• Metal-Insulator Transition of the LaAlO3-SrTiO3 Interface Electron System
• Transport evidence for a sliding two-dimensional quantum electron solid
• Anderson-Hubbard model with box disorder: Statistical dynamical mean-field theory investigation
• Doping driven metal-insulator transitions and charge orderings in the extended Hubbard model
• Viscous magnetoresistance of correlated electron liquids
• Metal-insulator transition from combined disorder and interaction effects in Hubbard-like electronic lattice models with random hopping
• Metal-Insulator Transition in 2D: Experimental Test of the Two-Parameter Scaling
• Spin-valley phase diagram of the two-dimensional metal-insulator transition
• Phase Transitions in Nucleonic Matter and Neutron-Star Cooling
• Metal--Insulator Transitions in the Falicov--Kimball Model with Disorder
• Screening and transport in 2D semiconductor systems at low temperatures
• Magnetization of a strongly interacting two-dimensional electron system in perpendicular magnetic fields
• Two-dimensional metal-insulator-transition as a potential fluctuation driven semiclassical transport phenomenon
• Indication of band flattening at the Fermi level in a strongly correlated electron system
• Anatomy of the quantum melting of the two dimensional Wigner crystal
• Spin Density Matrix of Spin-3/2 Hole Systems
• Electrically detected electron spin resonance in a high mobility silicon quantum well
• Recent developments in the field of the metal-insulator transition in two dimensions
• Nonexponential Relaxations in a Two-Dimensional Electron System in Silicon
• Strongly enhanced effective mass in dilute two-dimensional electron systems: System-independent origin
• Non Fermi liquid behavior and continuously tunable resistivity exponents in the Anderson-Hubbard model at finite temperature
• Interaction-Induced Strong Localization in Quantum Dots
• Self-doping instability of the Wigner-Mott insulator
• Interaction effects on 2D fermions with random hopping
• Effective Mass in Bilayer Graphene at Low Carrier Densities: the Role of Potential Disorder and Electron-Electron Interaction
• Hofstadter states and reentrant charge order in a semiconductor moiré lattice
• The energy scale behind the metallic behaviors in low-density Si-MOSFETs
• Adaptation of the Landau-Migdal Quasiparticle Pattern to Strongly Correlated Fermi Systems
• Quantum oscillations in diamond field effect transistors with a h-BN gate dielectric
• Two dimensional metallic phases from disordered QED${}_3$
• Holographic Conductivity in Disordered Systems
• Merging of Landau levels in a strongly-interacting two-dimensional electron system in silicon
• Ground-state properties of the disordered Hubbard model in two dimensions
• The metal-insulator transition in disordered solids: How theoretical prejudices influence its characterization. A critical review of analyses of experimental data
• Spin Polarization of Quasi Two-Dimensional Hole Systems
• Linear temperature dependence of conductivity in Si two-dimensional electrons near the apparent metal-to-insulator transition
• Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for the Validity of Luttinger's Theorem
• Spin and Valley dependent analysis of the two-dimensional low-density electron system in Si-MOSFETS
• Probing Electron Interactions in a Two-Dimensional System by Quantum Magneto-Oscillations
• Theory for magnetic-field-driven 3D metal-insulator transitions in the quantum limit
• Critical Behavior of a Strongly Disordered 2D Electron System: The Cases of Long-Range and Screened Coulomb Interactions
• Comparative study of screened inter-layer interactions in the Coulomb drag effect in bilayer electron systems
• Magnetization in two-dimensional electron gas in a perpendicular magnetic field: the roles of edge states and spin-orbit coupling
• Spin polarization induced tenfold magneto-resistivity of highly metallic 2D holes in a narrow GaAs quantum well
• Quantum ripples in strongly correlated metals
• Self-consistent study of Anderson localization in the Anderson-Hubbard model in two and three dimensions
• Nonlinear magnetic field dependence of spin polarization in high density two-dimensional electron systems
• Correlated electrons in the presence of disorder
• Transport properties of two-dimensional electron systems on silicon (111) surfaces
• Determinant Quantum Monte Carlo Study of the Screening of the One Body Potential near a Metal-Insulator Transition
• Spin and temperature dependent study of exchange and correlation in thick two-dimensional electron layers
• Quantum critical behavior near a density-wave instability in an isotropic Fermi liquid
• Novel Energy Scale in the Interacting 2D Electron System Evidenced from Transport and Thermodynamic Measurements
• Observation and origin of the $\Delta$-manifold in Si:P $\delta$-layers
• Observation of an electronic microemulsion phase emerging from a quantum crystal-to-liquid transition
• Aging Effects Across the Metal-Insulator Transition in Two Dimensions
• Similarities and Differences in 2D `metallicity' induced by temperature and parallel magnetic field: To screen or not to screen
• Metal-insulator transition and low-density phases in a strongly-interacting two-dimensional electron system
• Quantum critical scaling for finite temperature Mott-like metal-insulator crossover in a few layered-MoS${}_2$
• Bloch Ferromagnetism of Composite Fermions
• Friedel oscillations in disordered quantum wires: Influence of e-e interactions on the localization length
• Charge Density Wave and Superconductivity in the Disordered Holstein Model
• Spin-valley interplay in two-dimensional disordered electron liquid
• Interaction-induced metallicity in a two-dimensional disordered non-Fermi liquid
• Low-Temperature 2D/2D Ohmic Contacts in WSe${}_2$ Field-Effect Transistors as a Platform for the 2D Metal-Insulator Transition
• Unconventional metallic conduction in two-dimensional Hubbard-Wigner lattices
• Ground-plane screening of Coulomb interactions in two-dimensional systems: How effectively can one two-dimensional system screen interactions in another?
• Local moments and magnetic order in the two-dimensional Anderson-Mott transition
• Quantum Paracrystalline Shear Modes of the Electron Liquid
• Signatures of localization in the effective metallic regime of high mobility Si MOSFETs
• Density-tuned effective metal-insulator transitions in 2D semiconductor layers: Anderson localization or Wigner crystallization
• Conductivity of Silicon Inversion Layers: comparison with and without in-plane magnetic field
• Anderson localization in fractional quantum Hall effect
• Delocalization effect of the Hubbard repulsion in exact terms and two dimensions
• Observation of a subgap density of states in superconductor-normal metal bilayers in the Cooper limit
• A local theory for Mott-Anderson localization
• Quantum phase transition and unusual critical behavior in multi-Weyl semimetals
• From immunity to sudden death: Effects of strong disorder in strongly correlated superconductors
• Quantum Interference of Hydrodynamic Modes in a Dirty Marginal Fermi Liquid
• Effective Cluster Typical Medium Theory for Diagonal Anderson Disorder Model in One- and Two-Dimensions
• Do metals exist in two dimensions? A study of many-body localisation in low density electron gas
• The effect of screening long-range Coulomb interactions on the metallic behavior in two-dimensional hole systems
• Two-dimensional system of strongly interacting electrons in silicon (100) structures
• Spin polarization and exchange-correlation effects in transport properties of two-dimensional electron systems in silicon
• Quasiparticles of strongly correlated Fermi liquids at high temperatures and in high magnetic fields
• Paired states of interacting electrons in a two dimensional lattice
• Spin relaxation in the presence of electron-electron interactions
• Two dimensional electrons in (100) oriented silicon field effect structures in the region of low concentrations and high mobilities
• Two-dimensional Anderson-Hubbard model in DMFT+Sigma approximation
• Damping effects and the metal-insulator transition in the two-dimensional electron gas
• Metallic state in a strongly interacting spinless two-valley electron system in two dimensions
• Valley-dependent 2D transport in Si-MOSFETs
• Interacting lattice electrons with disorder in two dimensions: Numerical evidence for a metal-insulator transition with a universal critical conductivity
• Detection of a Disorder-Induced Bose-Einstein Condensate in a Quantum Spin Material at High Magnetic Fields
• Weak mutually unbiased bases
• Quantum mechanics on profinite groups and partial order
• Conductivity of a spin-polarized two-dimensional electron liquid in the ballistic regime
• The role of electron-electron collisions for charge and heat transport at intermediate temperatures
• Radio-frequency reflectometry on large gated 2-dimensional systems
• Evidence for mixed phases and percolation at the metal-insulator transition in two dimensions
• Two-dimensional conductors with interactions and disorder from particle-vortex duality
• Effects of disorder on atomic density waves and spin-singlet dimers in one-dimensional optical lattices
• Metal-insulator transition in Hubbard-like models with random hopping
• Metallic behavior in Si/SiGe 2D electron systems
• Hall coefficient and magnetoresistance of 2D spin-polarized electron systems
• Impurity-Induced Antiferromagnetic Domains in the Periodic Anderson Model
• Manifestation of strong correlations in transport in ultra-clean SiGe/Si/SiGe quantum wells
• Thermodynamic magnetization of a strongly correlated two-dimensional electron system
• Emergence of non-Fermi liquid dynamics through non-local correlations in an interacting disordered system
• Energy dependence of localization with interactions and disorder: The generalized inverse participation ratio of an ensemble of two-site Anderson-Hubbard systems
• Enhancement of electron mobility at oxide interfaces induced by WO3 overlayers
• Interplay between tilt, disorder, and Coulomb interaction in type-I Dirac fermions
• Demystifying the Holographic Mystique
• Asymmetric metal-insulator transition in disordered ferromagnetic films
• Resistivity of the insulating phase approaching the 2D metal-insulator transition: the effect of spin polarization
• Delocalization in infinite disordered 2D lattices of different geometry
• Spin driven emergent antiferromagnetism and metal insulator transition in nanoscale p-Si
• Scale-dependent theory of the disordered electron liquid
• Spin susceptibility and polarization field in a dilute two-dimensional electron system in (111) silicon
• Strongly metallic electron and hole 2D transport in an ambipolar Si-vacuum field effect transistor
• Interacting spin-droplets and magnetic properties of a low-density two-dimensional electron gas
• Disordered electron liquid in double quantum well heterostructures: Renormalization group analysis and dephasing rate
• Ground-state energy and Wigner crystallization in thick 2D-electron systems
• Tuning of metal-insulator transition of two-dimensional electrons at parylene/SrTiO${}_3$ interface by electric field
• Delocalization due to correlations in two-dimensional disordered systems
• Percolation transition in two dimensional electron gas: A quantum cellular automaton model
• On ground states of interacting Composite Fermions with spin at half filling
• 2D-MIT as self-doping of a Wigner-Mott insulator
• Polarization field in a single-valley strongly-interacting 2D electron system
• Mechanisms driving alteration of the Landau state in the vicinity of a second-order phase transition
• Aging and memory in a two-dimensional electron system in Si
• Manifestation of the Exchange Enhancement of the Valley Splitting in the Quantum Hall Effect Regime
• Random singlet-like phase of disordered Hubbard chains
• A numerical study of planar arrays of correlated spin islands
• Conductivity bound of the strongly interacting and disordered graphene from gauge/gravity duality
• Spin effect on the low-temperature resistivity maximum in a strongly interacting 2D electron system
• Temperature dependent weak field Hall resistance in 2D carrier systems
• Spectrum of an open disordered quasi-two-dimensional electron system: strong orbital effect of the weak in-plane magnetic field
• Spin dynamics of two-dimensional electrons with Rashba spin-orbit coupling and electron-electron interactions
• Wigner crystallization at graphene edges
• Effect of nonlocal interactions on the disorder-induced zero-bias anomaly in the Anderson-Hubbard model
• Band Flattening and Landau Level Merging in Strongly-Correlated Two-Dimensional Electron Systems
• The Future of the Correlated Electron Problem
• Two-loop renormalization of the Finkel'stein theory: The specific heat
• Interplay between density and superconducting quantum critical fluctuations
• The effective mass and g-factor of the strongly correlated 2-D electron fluid. Evidence for a coupled-valley condensate in the Si system
• Indications for sharp continuous phase transitions at finite temperatures connected with the apparent metal-insulator transition in two-dimensional disordered systems
• Critical behavior of density of states near Fermi energy in low-dimensional disordered metals
• Transport and spectroscopic signatures of a disorder-stabilized metal in two-dimensional frustrated Mott insulators
• Layer-thickness effects in quai-two dimensional electron liquids
• Impact of Short-Range Scattering on the Metallic Transport of Strongly Correlated 2D Holes in GaAs Quantum Wells
• Collective mode description for a clean Fermi gas with repulsion in arbitrary dimensions: interaction of spin excitations and its consequences
• Stoner Magnetism in an Inversion Layer
• Magnetoresistance and spin polarization in the insulating regime of a Si two-dimensional electron system
• Global phase diagram of Coulomb-interacting anisotropic Weyl semimetals with disorder
• Indications for a line of continuous phase transitions at finite temperatures connected with the apparent metal-insulator transition in 2d disordered systems
• Pair distribution functions of the two-dimensional electron gas with two symmetric valleys
• Metal-insulator transition in a two-dimensional electron system: the orbital effect of in-plane magnetic field
• Mott transition and correlation effects on strictly localized states in an octagonal quasicrystal
• Anderson localization: a density matrix approach
• Universal transport at Lifshitz metal-insulator transitions in two dimensions
• Spin and valley effects on the quantum phase transition in two dimensions
• Dipole trap model for the metallic state in gated silicon-inversion layers
• Stoner-type theory of Magnetism in Silicon MOSFETs
• Spin polarization and effective mass: a numerical study in disordered two dimensional systems
• Localization in a strongly disordered system: A perturbation approach
• Disorder Suppression of Charge Density Waves in the Honeycomb Holstein Model
• A Self-Organized Model for the Flicker Noise in Interacting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas