A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics

Abstract

The nature of dark matter and properties of neutrinos are among the most pressing issues in contemporary particle physics. The dual-phase xenon time-projection chamber is the leading technology to cover the available parameter space for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), while featuring extensive sensitivity to many alternative dark matter candidates. These detectors can also study neutrinos through neutrinoless double-beta decay and through a variety of astrophysical sources. A next-generation xenon-based detector will therefore be a true multi-purpose observatory to significantly advance particle physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, solar physics, and cosmology. This review article presents the science cases for such a detector.

77 pages, 40 figures, 1262 references

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• Ab initio neutrinoless double-beta decay matrix elements for 48Ca, 76Ge, and 82Se
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• New limits on dark photons from solar emission and keV scale dark matter
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• Large Neutrino Magnetic Moments in the Light of Recent Experiments
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• Exploring for sub-MeV Boosted Dark Matter from Xenon Electron Direct Detection
• Neutrino Self-Interactions and Double Beta Decay
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• The Future of Solar Neutrinos
• Light new physics in XENON1T
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• The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs
• Cosmic-ray upscattered inelastic dark matter
• Inverse Primakoff Scattering as a Probe of Solar Axions at Liquid Xenon Direct Detection Experiments
• Extracting the Gamma Ray Signal from Dark Matter Annihilation in the Galactic Center Region
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• Wino Dark Matter and Future dSph Observations
• Cosmic Ray Boosted Sub-GeV Gravitationally Interacting Dark Matter in Direct Detection
• Signal yields, energy resolution, and recombination fluctuations in liquid xenon
• Accelerating Composite Dark Matter Discovery with Nuclear Recoils and the Migdal Effect
• XENON1T Anomaly and its Implication for Decaying Warm Dark Matter
• On the Direct Detection of Dark Matter Annihilation
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• Limits on Sub-GeV Dark Matter from the PROSPECT Reactor Antineutrino Experiment
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• Monochromatic dark neutrinos and boosted dark matter in noble liquid direct detection
• Quantifying uncertainties in the solar axion flux and their impact on determining axion model parameters
• The pion-nucleon sigma term from lattice QCD
• Dark Matter $Z^{\prime }$ and XENON1T Excess from $U(1{)}_X$ Extended Standard Model
• On the direct detection of multi-component dark matter: sensitivity studies and parameter estimation
• Self-interacting dark matter from late decays and the $H_0$ tension
• Searching for New Physics in Two-Neutrino Double Beta Decay
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• Earth-bound Milli-charge Relics
• Hidden Photon Dark Matter in the Light of XENON1T and Stellar Cooling
• Direct Detection Limits on Heavy Dark Matter
• Constraints on dark matter-nucleon effective couplings in the presence of kinematically distinct halo substructures using the DEAP-3600 detector
• Neutron- and muon-induced background in underground physics experiments
• First ground-level laboratory test of the two-phase xenon emission detector RED-100
• Gravitational Production of Hidden Photon Dark Matter in Light of the XENON1T Excess
• Dark matter direct detection constraints from gauge bosons loops
• Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers
• Muon $(g-2)$ and XENON1T Excess with Boosted Dark Matter in $L_{\mu }-L_{\tau }$ Model
• Muon Flux Measurement at China Jinping Underground Laboratory
• A coherent understanding of low-energy nuclear recoils in liquid xenon
• Inelastic Fermion Dark Matter Origin of XENON1T Excess with Muon $(g-2)$ and Light Neutrino Mass
• One-loop running of dimension-six Higgs-neutrino operators and implications of a large neutrino dipole moment
• Simulations of Events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Dark Matter Experiment
• Sharp Gamma-ray Spectral Features from Scalar Dark Matter Annihilations
• Impure Thoughts on Inelastic Dark Matter
• Millicharged Cosmic Rays and Low Recoil Detectors
• New LUX and PandaX-II Results Illuminating the Simplest Higgs-Portal Dark Matter Models
• Search for bosonic superweakly interacting massive dark matter particles with the XMASS-I detector
• Dark Matter vs. Neutrinos: The effect of astrophysical uncertainties and timing information on the neutrino floor
• Electron extraction efficiency study for dual-phase xenon dark matter experiments
• Astrophysical constraints on non-standard coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering
• Global fits of axion-like particles to XENON1T and astrophysical data
• Hydrogen portal to exotic radioactivity
• Towards Probing the Diffuse Supernova Neutrino Background in All Flavors
• Improved calculations of beta decay backgrounds to new physics in liquid xenon detectors
• XENON1T Anomaly: A Light $Z^{\prime }$
• Direct detection of freeze-in inelastic dark matter
• A global analysis strategy to resolve neutrino NSI degeneracies with scattering and oscillation data
• Two-Neutrino Double Beta Decay with Sterile Neutrinos
• Calibration of a two-phase xenon time projection chamber with a ${}^{37}$Ar source
• Sensitivity of the Cherenkov Telescope Array to the detection of a dark matter signal in comparison to direct detection and collider experiments
• Exploring light mediators with low-threshold direct detection experiments
• Feebly Interacting $U(1{)}_{\mathrm{B}-\mathrm{L}}$ Gauge Boson Warm Dark Matter and XENON1T Anomaly
• Convolutional Neural Networks for Direct Detection of Dark Matter
• Dark matter astrometry at underground detectors with multiscatter events
• Lepton flavour violation from an anomaly-free leptophilic axion-like particle
• Dark matter, light mediators, and the neutrino floor
• Dark Matter Abundance from Sequential Freeze-in Mechanism
• Higgs Parity, Strong CP, and Dark Matter
• Global fit of pseudo-Nambu-Goldstone Dark Matter
• Bremsstrahlung and Gamma Ray Lines in 3 Scenarios of Dark Matter Annihilation
• ${}^{222}$Rn emanation measurements for the XENON1T experiment
• Shining dark matter in Xenon1T
• Cosmic Imprints of XENON1T Axions
• Boosted Neutrinos and Relativistic Dark Particles as Messengers from Reheating
• An Active-to-Sterile Neutrino Transition Dipole Moment and the XENON1T Excess
• Detecting Beyond the Standard Model Interactions of Solar Neutrinos in Low-Threshold Dark Matter Detectors
• Theoretical prediction of presupernova neutrinos and their detection
• Projected sensitivities of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to new physics via low-energy electron recoils
• On-shell mediator dark matter models and the Xenon1T anomaly
• Exothermic Dark Matter for XENON1T Excess
• Self-interacting Inelastic Dark Matter in the light of XENON1T excess
• Ab initio structure factors for spin-dependent dark matter direct detection
• Solar Neutrino Scattering with Electron into Massive Sterile Neutrino
• Mirror Dark Matter and Electronic Recoil Events in XENON1T
• Ultralight scalars in leptonic observables
• Search for inelastic scattering of WIMP dark matter in XENON1T
• Supernova-scope for the Direct Search of Supernova Axions
• Deformation effects and neutrinoless positron $\beta \beta$ decay of ${}^{96}$Ru, ${}^{102}$Pd, ${}^{106}$Cd, ${}^{124}$Xe, ${}^{130}$Ba and ${}^{156}$Dy isotopes within Majorona neutrino mass mechanism
• Sun Heated MeV-scale Dark Matter and the XENON1T Electron Recoil Excess
• Xenon1T excess from electron recoils of non-relativistic Dark Matter
• 3D Modeling of Electric Fields in the LUX Detector
• Semi-annihilating $Z_3$ Dark Matter for XENON1T Excess
• The effective theory of nuclear scattering for a WIMP of arbitrary spin
• Double beta decay searches of Xe-134, Xe-126 and Xe-124 with large scale Xe detectors
• Investigating the XENON1T Low-Energy Electronic Recoil Excess Using NEST
• Search for exotic neutrino-electron interactions using solar neutrinos in XMASS-I
• Shedding New Light on Sterile Neutrinos from XENON1T Experiment
• First direct limits on Lightly Ionizing Particles with electric charge less than $e/6$
• Constraints on general neutrino interactions with exotic fermion from neutrino-electron scattering experiments
• Implications of the XENON1T Excess on the Dark Matter Interpretation
• Revisiting the Fermionic Dark Matter Absorption on Electron Target
• Hidden Photon Dark Matter Interacting via Axion-like Particles
• Time-integrated directional detection of dark matter
• The $U$ boson, interpolating between a generalized dark photon or dark $Z$, an axial boson and an axionlike particle
• Galactic Origin of Relativistic Bosons and XENON1T Excess
• Dark matter models for the 511 keV galactic line predict keV electron recoils on Earth
• Combining dark matter detectors and electron-capture sources to hunt for new physics in the neutrino sector
• Measurement of Charge and Light Yields for ${}^{127}$Xe L-Shell Electron Captures in Liquid Xenon
• Multicomponent multiscatter capture of Dark Matter
• Exploring the dark matter inelastic frontier with 79.6 days of PandaX-II data
• Sensitivity of direct detection experiments to neutrino magnetic dipole moments
• Solar neutrino detection in liquid xenon detectors via charged-current scattering to excited states
• What if ALP dark matter for the XENON1T excess is the inflaton
• Dark Matter, Muon Anomalous Magnetic Moment and the XENON1T Excess
• Atmospheric neutrinos in a next-generation xenon dark matter experiment
• Search for Light Exotic Fermions in Double-Beta Decays
• Impact of loop-induced processes on the boosted dark matter interpretation of the XENON1T excess
• Constraints on electron-scattering interpretation of XENON1T excess
• Atomic Form Factors and Inverse Primakoff Scattering of Axion
• Probing Massive Scalar/Vector Fields with Binary Pulsars
• Loop Dominated Signals from Neutrino Portal Dark Matter
• Measuring Muon-Induced Neutrons with Liquid Scintillation Detector at Soudan Mine
• Evidence of a simple dark sector from XENON1T excess
• XENON1T Excess: Some Possible Backgrounds
• EFT Approach of Inelastic Dark Matter for Xenon Electron Recoil Detection
• Canonical seesaw implication for two-component dark matter
• Correlated Single- and Few-Electron Backgrounds Milliseconds after Interactions in Dual-Phase Liquid Xenon Time Projection Chambers
• WIMP Cogenesis for Asymmetric Dark Matter and the Baryon Asymmetry
• The first dual-phase xenon TPC equipped with silicon photomultipliers and characterisation with ${}^{37}$Ar
• Anomalous $U(1)$ Gauge Bosons as Light Dark Matter in String Theory
• Time variation of the atmospheric neutrino flux at dark matter detectors
• Polarized light-by-light scattering at the CLIC induced by axion-like particles
• Determination of responses of liquid xenon to low energy electron and nuclear recoils using the PandaX-II detector
• U(1) mixing and the Weak Gravity Conjecture
• Detection prospects for the second-order weak decays of ${}^{124}$Xe in multi-tonne xenon time projection chambers
• Improved Measurements of the \b{eta}-Decay Response of Liquid Xenon with the LUX Detector
• LBECA: A Low Background Electron Counting Apparatus for Sub-GeV Dark Matter Detection
• An Attractive Scenario for Light Dark Matter Direct Detection
• Dark matter local density determination based on recent observations
• In-medium screening effects for the Galactic halo and solar-reflected dark matter detection in semiconductor targets
• Direct detection rate of heavy Higgsino-like and Wino-like dark matter
• Constraining self-interacting dark matter with the full dataset of PandaX-II
• EFT Interpretation of XENON1T Electron Recoil Excess: Neutrinos and Dark Matter
• Constraints on Effective Field Theory Couplings Using 311.2 days of LUX Data
• Baryonic Distributions in the Dark Matter Halo of NGC5005
• Constraints on General Light Mediators from PandaX-II Electron Recoil Data
• Xenon-1T excess as a possible signal of a sub-GeV hidden sector dark matter
• Scalars Gliding Through an Expanding Universe
• Cosmogenic activation in double beta decay experiments
• DFSZ Axion Couplings Revisited
• Dark magnetic dipole property in fermionic absorption by nucleus and electrons
• MFV Reductions of MSSM Parameter Space
• Horizontal Position Reconstruction in PandaX-II
• Exothermic dark mesons in light of electron recoil excess at XENON1T
• Evolution of Primordial Neutrino Helicities in Astrophysical Magnetic Fields and Implications for their Detection
• Atomic ionization by scalar dark matter and solar scalars
• Variational Discrete Action Theory
• Halo-Independent Analysis of Direct Dark Matter Detection Through Electron Scattering
• Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment to the two-neutrino and neutrinoless double beta decays of ${}^{134}$Xe
• Cosmogenic production of ${}^{37}$Ar in the context of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment
• A radiative seesaw model linking to XENON1T anomaly
• Mitigation of Backgrounds from Cosmogenic ${}^{137}$Xe in Xenon Gas Experiments using ${}^3$He Neutron Capture
• Thermal dark matter implies new physics not far above the weak scale
• Improved Modeling of $\beta$ Electronic Recoils in Liquid Xenon Using LUX Calibration Data
• GeV Scale Inelastic Dark Matter with Dark Photon Mediator via Direct Detection and Cosmological/Laboratory Constraints
• A solar origin of the XENON1T excess without stellar cooling problems
• Resolving XENON Excess With Decaying Cold Dark Matter
• Plasma dark matter and electronic recoil events in XENON1T
• Low Scale String Theory Benchmarks for Hidden Photon Dark Matter Interpretations of the XENON1T Anomaly
• Mirror dark matter
• The Electric Field Dependence of Single Electron Emission in the PIXeY Two-Phase Xenon Detector
• Explaining Xenon-1T signal with FIMP dark matter and neutrino mass in a $U(1{)}_X$ extension
• Higgsino Asymmetry and Direct-Detection Constraints of Light Dark Matter in the NMSSM with Non-Universal Higgs Masses
• Probing photophobic (rel)axion dark matter
• Connecting Low scale Seesaw for Neutrino Mass to Inelastic sub-GeV Dark Matter with Abelian Gauge Symmetry
• Generalized Blind Spots for Dark Matter Direct Detection in the 2HDM
• Cosmological Constraint on Vector Mediator of Neutrino-Electron Interaction in light of XENON1T Excess
• 3D Position Sensitive XeTPC for Dark Matter Search
• Upper limit on first-order electroweak phase transition strength
• Dark Matter Detection, Standard Model Parameters, and Intermediate Scale Supersymmetry
• Undulating Dark Matter
• Analysis of ${}^{83m}$Kr Prompt Scintillation Signals in the PIXeY Detector
• Electromagnetic properties of neutrinos from scattering on bound electrons in atom
• Hidden Dipole Dark Matter
• Rejecting the Majorana nature of dark matter with electron scattering experiments
• Stellar cooling, inelastic dark matter, and XENON
• Inelastic dark matter, small scale problems, and the XENON1T excess
• Supernova neutrino detection through neutron emission by nuclei
• A dark matter WIMP that can be detected and definitively identified with currently planned experiments
• Impact of Dark Photon Emission on Massive Star Evolution and Pre-Supernova Neutrino Signal
• Collaborative Experience between Scientific Software Projects using Agile Scrum Development
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• Exploration at the high-energy frontier: ATLAS Run~2 searches investigating the exotic jungle beyond the Standard Model
• Bounds on new neutrino interactions from the first CE$\nu$NS data at direct detection experiments
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• From WIMPs to FIMPs: Impact of Early Matter Domination
• A Review of NEST Models for Liquid Xenon and Exhaustive Comparison to Other Approaches
• Searching for Heavy Dark Matter near the Planck Mass with XENON1T
• Dark matter substructures affect dark matter-electron scattering in xenon-based direct detection experiments
• The Triggerless Data Acquisition System of the XENONnT Experiment
• Reactor neutrino liquid xenon coherent elastic scattering experiment
• Solar neutrinos with CE$\nu$NS and flavor-dependent radiative corrections
• Large Low Background kTon-Scale Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers
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• The XeBRA platform for liquid xenon time projection chamber development
• Exploring light dark matter with the Migdal effect in hydrogen-doped liquid xenon
• PANCAKE: a large-diameter cryogenic test platform with a flat floor for next generation multi-tonne liquid xenon detectors
• Thermal and nonthermal dark matters with gravitational neutrino reheating
• GPU-based optical simulation of the DARWIN detector
• Ambient Dose and Dose Rate Measurement in SNOLAB Underground Laboratory at Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
• Theoretical analysis and predictions for the double electron capture of ${}^{124}$Xe
• Observation of low-lying isomeric states in ${}^{136}$Cs: a new avenue for dark matter and solar neutrino detection in xenon detectors
• SiPM array of Xenoscope, a full-scale DARWIN vertical demonstrator
• Baryons, multi-hadron systems, and composite dark matter in non-relativistic QCD
• Effective field theory and inelastic dark matter results from XENON1T
• First time-resolved measurement of infrared scintillation light in gaseous xenon
• Radiative and exchange corrections for two-neutrino double-beta decay
• t-channel dark matter at the LHC -- a whitepaper
• Characterization of a ${}^{220}$Rn source for low-energy electronic recoil calibration of the XENONnT detector
• Dark Matter Velocity Distributions for Direct Detection: Astrophysical Uncertainties are Smaller Than They Appear
• Combination and summary of ATLAS dark matter searches interpreted in a 2HDM with a pseudo-scalar mediator using 139 fb${}^{-1}$ of $\sqrt{s}=13$ TeV $pp$ collision data
• Why would you put a flashlight in a dark matter detector?
• First observation of liquid xenon electroluminescence with a Microstrip Plate
• Higgs Portal Majorana Fermionic Dark Matter with the Freeze-in Mechanism
• Anapole moment of neutrinos and radioactive sources near liquid xenon detectors
• Insights into Dark Matter Direct Detection Experiments: Decision Trees versus Deep Learning
• Incoherent Fermionic Dark Matter Absorption with Nucleon Fermi Motion
• CYG$\nu$S: Detecting solar neutrinos with directional gas time projection chambers
• Measurements and models of enhanced recombination following inner-shell vacancies in liquid xenon
• A Novel Low-Background Photomultiplier Tube Developed for Xenon Based Detectors
• Ultra-sensitive radon assay using an electrostatic chamber in a recirculating system
• First results on FHM -- a Floating Hole Multiplier
• FlameNEST: Explicit Profile Likelihoods with the Noble Element Simulation Technique
• Freeze-in and freeze-out production of Higgs portal Majorana fermionic dark matter during and after reheating
• Design Challenges for a Future Liquid Xenon Observatory
• Nuclear and electron scattering by neutrinos and dark matter in condensed systems
• Two-body currents at finite momentum transfer and applications to M1 transitions
• Nuclear recoil response of liquid xenon and its impact on solar 8B neutrino and dark matter searches
• Dark matter in the scale-invariant 3-3-1-1 model
• Stable bi-frequency spinor modes as Dark Matter candidates
• Flow and thermal modelling of the argon volume in the DarkSide-20k TPC
• There and back again: Solar cycle effects in future measurements of low-energy atmospheric neutrinos
• Snowmass Instrumentation Frontier IF08 Topical Group Report: Noble Element Detectors
• Searching for beyond-Standard-Model solar neutrino interactions using directional detectors
• A Semi-Empirical Formula for Two-Neutrino Double-Beta Decay
• Development & Characterization of Electrodes for large-scale Xenon Time Projection Chambers
• HydroX, a light dark matter search with hydrogen-doped liquid xenon time projection chambers
• Searching for MeV-mass neutrinophilic Dark Matter with Large Scale Dark Matter Detectors
• Validation of the VUV-reflective coating for next-generation liquid xenon detectors
• Quartz fluorescence backgrounds in xenon particle detectors
• Scattering meets absorption in dark matter detection
• Solar Neutrino Probes of Light New Physics: Updated Limits from LUX-ZEPLIN Experiment
• A flexible test facility for liquid xenon detector development
• Improved and automated krypton assay for low-background xenon detectors with Auto-RGMS
• Removal of radon progeny from delicate surfaces
• What surfaces in the operation of noble liquids dark matter detectors