Exploring light dark matter with the Migdal effect in hydrogen-doped liquid xenon

Abstract

An ongoing challenge in dark matter direct detection is to improve the sensitivity to light dark matter in the MeV--GeV mass range. One proposal is to dope a liquid noble-element direct detection experiment with a lighter element such as hydrogen. This has the advantage of enabling larger recoil energies compared to scattering on a heavy target, while leveraging existing detector technologies. Direct detection experiments can also extend their reach to lower masses by exploiting the Migdal effect, where a nuclear recoil leads to electronic ionisation or excitation. In this work we combine these ideas to study the sensitivity of a hydrogen-doped LZ experiment (HydroX), and a future large-scale experiment such as XLZD. We find that HydroX could have sensitivity to dark matter masses as low as 5~MeV for both spin-independent and spin-dependent scattering, with XLZD extending that reach to lower cross sections. Notably, this technique substantially enhances the sensitivity of direct detection to spin-dependent proton scattering, well beyond the reach of any current experiments.

8 pages, 5 figures. Version 2 changes the Migdal probability calculation to a data-driven approach and corrects for an overestimate of the energy released in a Migdal event (accepted for publication in PRD)

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• A neutrino floor for the Migdal effect
• Measuring the molecular Migdal effect with neutron scattering on diatomic gases
• The Migdal effect in solid crystals and the role of non-adiabaticity
• Hydrogenated carbon structures as directional sub-GeV dark matter detectors
• Comparison of the Migdal transition probabilities in electron-atom inelastic cross sections