The elemental composition of the Sun I. The intermediate mass elements Na to Ca

Abstract

The composition of the Sun is an essential piece of reference data for astronomy, cosmology, astroparticle, space and geo-physics. This article, dealing with the intermediate-mass elements Na to Ca, is the first in a series describing the comprehensive re-determination of the solar composition. In this series we severely scrutinise all ingredients of the analysis across all elements, to obtain the most accurate, homogeneous and reliable results possible. We employ a highly realistic 3D hydrodynamic solar photospheric model, which has successfully passed an arsenal of observational diagnostics. To quantify systematic errors, we repeat the analysis with three 1D hydrostatic model atmospheres (MARCS, MISS and Holweger & Müller 1974) and a horizontally and temporally-averaged version of the 3D model ($⟨$3D$⟩$). We account for departures from LTE wherever possible. We have scoured the literature for the best transition probabilities, partition functions, hyperfine and other data, and stringently checked all observed profiles for blends. Our final 3D+NLTE abundances are: $\log {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{Na}}=6.21\pm 0.04$, $\log {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{Mg}}=7.59\pm 0.04$, $\log {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{Al}}=6.43\pm 0.04$, $\log {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{Si}}=7.51\pm 0.03$, $\log {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{P}}=5.41\pm 0.03$, $\log {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{S}}=7.13\pm 0.03$, $\log {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{K}}=5.04\pm 0.05$ and $\log {\epsilon }_{\mathrm{Ca}}=6.32\pm 0.03$. The uncertainties include both statistical and systematic errors. Our results are systematically smaller than most previous ones with the 1D semi-empirical Holweger & Müller model. The $⟨$3D$⟩$ model returns abundances very similar to the full 3D calculations. This analysis provides a complete description and a slight update of the Na to Ca results presented in Asplund, Grevesse, Sauval & Scott (arXiv:0909.0948), with full details of all lines and input data.

7 figures, 14 pages + 5 online-only pages of tables and an appendix. v2. Matches version accepted by A&A

References in corpus (11)

• A grid of MARCS model atmospheres for late-type stars I. Methods and general properties
• The elemental composition of the Sun II. The iron group elements Sc to Ni
• The elemental composition of the Sun III. The heavy elements Cu to Th
• A non-LTE study of neutral and singly-ionized calcium in late-type stars
• The forbidden 1082 nm line of sulphur: the photospheric abundance of sulphur in the Sun and 3D effects
• Statistical equilibrium of silicon in the solar atmosphere
• Atomic data from the Iron Project. LXIV. Radiative transition rates and collision strengths for Ca II
• Sulphur abundances from the SI near-infrared triplet at 1045 nm
• The solar photospheric abundance of phosphorus: results from co5bold 3D model atmospheres
• The Chemical Evolution of Fluorine in the Bulge - High-resolution K-band spectra of giants in three fields
• A new solar fluorine abundance and a fluorine determination in the two open clusters M 67 and NGC 6404

Cited by in corpus (97)

• The chemical make-up of the Sun: A 2020 vision
• A new Generation of Standard Solar Models
• The elemental composition of the Sun II. The iron group elements Sc to Ni
• High-precision abundances of elements in solar twin stars: Trends with stellar age and elemental condensation temperature
• Observational constraints on the origin of the elements. IV: The standard composition of the Sun
• The elemental composition of the Sun III. The heavy elements Cu to Th
• Tracing the formation history of giant planets in protoplanetary disks with Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Sulphur
• Atomic data for the Gaia-ESO Survey
• A Next-Generation Liquid Xenon Observatory for Dark Matter and Neutrino Physics
• Abundances in the Local Region II: F, G and K Dwarfs and Subgiants
• Non-LTE aluminium abundances in late-type stars
• Observational Constraints on the Physical Properties of Interstellar Dust in the Post-Planck Era
• Mg line formation in late-type stellar atmospheres: I. The model atom
• The solar silicon abundance based on 3D non-LTE calculations
• Terrestrial modification of the Ivuna meteorite and a reassessment of the chemical composition of the CI type specimen
• Chemical Diversity in Protoplanetary Disks and Its Impact on the Formation History of Giant Planets
• The chemical compositions of solar twins in the open cluster M67
• Experimental and theoretical oscillator strengths of Mg I for accurate abundance analysis
• Spectroscopic Comparison of Metal-Rich RRab Stars of the Galactic Field with Their Metal-Poor Counterparts
• Calibration of the Mixing-Length Theory for Convective White Dwarf Envelopes
• Searching for signatures of planet formation in stars with circumstellar debris discs
• Chemical (in)homogeneity and atomic diffusion in the open cluster M67
• A possible indication of momentum-dependent asymmetric dark matter in the Sun
• Non-LTE analysis of K I in late-type stars
• The spatial distribution of carbon dust in the early solar nebula and the carbon content of planetesimals
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. XXXV. Fundamental properties of transiting exoplanet host stars
• Influence of inelastic collisions with hydrogen atoms on the non-LTE modelling of Ca I and Ca II lines in late-type stars
• 3D non-LTE line formation of neutral carbon in the Sun
• Axion helioscopes as solar magnetometers
• Globular Cluster Abundances from High-Resolution, Integrated-Light Spectroscopy. II. Expanding the Metallicity Range for Old Clusters and Updated Analysis Techniques
• Ca line formation in late-type stellar atmospheres: I. The model atom
• Breaking news from the HST: The central star of the Stingray Nebula is now returning towards the AGB
• Spatially resolved spectroscopy across stellar surfaces. I. Using exoplanet transits to analyze 3-D stellar atmospheres
• Stellar laboratories. IX. New Se V, Sr IV - VII, Te VI, and I VI oscillator strengths and the Se, Sr, Te, and I abundances in the hot white dwarfs G191-B2B and RE 0503-289
• The AMBRE Project: Origin and evolution of sulfur in the Milky Way
• Infrared Spectroscopy of Symbiotic Stars. XII. The Neutron Star SyXB System 4U 1700+24 = V934 Herculis
• Stellar laboratories. VIII. New Zr IV - VII, Xe IV - V, and Xe VII oscillator strengths and the Al, Zr, and Xe abundances in the hot white dwarfs G191-B2B and RE0503-289
• Effect of electromagnetic dipole dark matter on energy transport in the solar interior
• Directly comparing coronal and solar wind elemental fractionation
• IFU spectroscopy of Southern Planetary Nebulae IV: A Physical Model for IC 418
• Oxygen depletion in giant planets with different formation histories
• Hierarchically modelling Kepler dwarfs and subgiants to improve inference of stellar properties with asteroseismology
• beta Cas: the first delta Scuti star with a dynamo magnetic field
• Gaia18aen: First symbiotic star discovered by Gaia
• The deep composition of Uranus and Neptune from in situ exploration and thermochemical modeling
• Optical and JWST Mid-IR Emission Line Diagnostics for Simultaneous IMBH and Stellar Excitation in z~0 Dwarf Galaxies
• First discovery of trans-iron elements in a DAO-type white dwarf (BD$-22{}^{\circ }3467$)
• Determining the Elemental and Isotopic Composition of the preSolar Nebula from Genesis Data Analysis: The Case of Oxygen
• Borexino results on neutrinos from the Sun and Earth
• The First Flight of the Marshall Grazing Incidence X-ray Spectrometer (MaGIXS)
• Benchmarking Dust Emission Models in M101
• Asteroseismic constraints on Asymmetric Dark Matter: Light particles with an effective spin-dependent coupling
• Gyroresonance and free-free radio emissions from multi-thermal multi-component plasma
• Fundamental parameters and evolutionary status of the magnetic chemically peculiar stars HD 188041 (V1291 Aquilae), HD 111133 (EP Virginis), and HD 204411. Spectroscopy versus interferometry
• Stellar laboratories. X. New Cu IV - VII oscillator strengths and the first detection of copper and indium in hot white dwarfs
• Plasma composition measurements in an active region from Solar Orbiter/SPICE and Hinode/EIS
• The impact of composition choices on solar evolution: age, helio- and asteroseismology, and neutrinos
• Simulation of energy transport by dark matter scattering in stars
• A low-metallicity massive contact binary undergoing slow Case A mass transfer: A detailed spectroscopic and orbital analysis of SSN 7 in NGC 346 in the SMC
• Solar chameleons: Novel channels
• Project VeSElkA: Abundance analysis of chemical species in HD41076 and HD148330
• Hydrodynamical model atmospheres: Their impact on stellar spectroscopy and asteroseismology of late-type stars
• Unbiased Spectroscopic Study of the Cygnus Loop with LAMOST. I. Optical Properties of Emission Lines and the Global Spectrum
• The solar photospheric silicon abundance according to CO5BOLD: Investigating line broadening, magnetic fields, and model effects
• Element Abundances in Impulsive Solar Energetic Particle Events
• Doppler shifts of spectral lines formed in the solar transition region and corona
• Abundance of zirconium in the globular cluster 47 Tuc: a possible Zr-Na correlation?
• Analysis of Solar-like X-Class Flare on Wolf 359 Observed Simultaneously with TESS and XMM-Newton
• Quiet Sun electron densities and their uncertainties derived from spectral emission line intensities
• Ultraviolet Spectral Synthesis of Iota Herculis
• NLTE Stellar Population Synthesis of Globular Clusters using Synthetic Integrated Light Spectra I: Constructing the IL Spectra
• A comprehensive study of the relations between the properties of planetary systems and the chemical compositions of their host stars
• BD+30${}^{\circ }$549: young helium-weak silicon star in NGC 1333 star-forming region
• A conclusive non-detection of magnetic field in the Am star o Peg with high-precision near-infrared spectroscopy
• The Puzzling Spectrum of HD 94509
• The solar sulphur abundance in view of large-scale atomic structure calculations and 3D non-LTE models
• Extremely iron-poor O-type stars in the Magellanic Bridge
• Fundamental parameters and abundance analysis of the components in the SB2 system HD 60803
• Modeling the MgI from the NUV to MIR: I. The Solar Case
• Abundance of barium in the atmospheres of red giants in the Galactic globular cluster NGC 104 (47 Tuc)
• Addressing the [O III]/H\b{eta} Offset of Dwarf Galaxies in the RESOLVE Survey
• An astrometric and spectroscopic study of the $\delta$ Scuti variable HD21190 and its wide companion CPD -83${}^{\circ }$ 64B
• The first r-process enhanced star confirmed to be a member of the Galactic bulge
• An elemental abundance diagnostic for coordinated Solar Orbiter/SPICE and Hinode/EIS observations
• NLTE spectral analysis of the intermediate helium-rich subdwarf B star CPD-20°1123
• Near-Eddington mass loss of hydrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet stars
• Dynamically consistent analysis of Galactic WN4b stars
• The Compositional Dimension of Planet Formation
• Helium Abundance of the Sun: A Spectroscopic Analysis
• Hunting for Planetary Nebulae toward the Galactic Center
• "In-System" Fission-Events: An Insight into Puzzles of Exoplanets and Stars?
• The R-Process Alliance: A Nearly Complete R-Process Abundance Template Derived from Ultraviolet Spectroscopy of the R-Process-Enhanced Metal-Poor Star HD 222925
• Atomic Transition Probabilities of Neutral Calcium
• The solar carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen abundances from a 3D LTE analysis of molecular lines
• The temperature and emission measure distribution in the quiet and active solar corona: a Bayesian approach
• Detection of stellar-like abundance anomalies in the slow solar wind
• Measuring relative abundances in the solar corona with optimised linear combinations of spectral lines