ALMA Survey of Lupus Protoplanetary Disks II: Gas Disk Radii

Abstract

We present ALMA Band 6 observations of a complete sample of protoplanetary disks in the young (1-3 Myr) Lupus star-forming region, covering the 1.33 mm continuum and the 12CO, 13CO, and C18O J=2-1 lines. The spatial resolution is 0.25 arcsec with a medium 3-sigma continuum sensitivity of 0.30 mJy, corresponding to M_dust ~ 0.2 M_earth. We apply "Keplerian masking" to enhance the signal-to-noise ratios of our 12CO zero-moment maps, enabling measurements of gas disk radii for 22 Lupus disks; we find that gas disks are universally larger than mm dust disks by a factor of two on average, likely due to a combination of the optically thick gas emission as well as the growth and inward drift of the dust. Using the gas disk radii, we calculate the dimensionless viscosity parameter, alpha_visc, finding a broad distribution and no correlations with other disk or stellar parameters, suggesting that viscous processes have not yet established quasi-steady states in Lupus disks. By combining our 1.33 mm continuum fluxes with our previous 890 micron continuum observations, we also calculate the mm spectral index, alpha_mm, for 70 Lupus disks; we find an anti-correlation between alpha_mm and mm flux for low-mass disks (M_dust < 5), followed by a flattening as disks approach alpha_mm = 2, which could indicate faster grain growth in higher-mass disks, but may also reflect their larger optically thick components. In sum, this work demonstrates the continuous stream of new insights into disk evolution and planet formation that can be gleaned from unbiased ALMA disk surveys.

22 pages, 10 figures; accepted to ApJ

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• Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions
• Probing Inner-Edge of Dead Zones in Protoplanetary Disks with ALMA and Next Generation Very Large Array
• Confirmation of a ring structure in the disk around MP Mus (PDS 66) with ALMA Band 7 observations
• On the diversification and dissipation of protoplanetary disks
• Kozai-Lidov oscillations triggered by a tilt instability of detached circumplanetary discs
• The 12CO Gas Structures of Protoplanetary Disks in the Upper Scorpius Region
• The effect of stellar evolution on dispersal of protoplanetary disks: Disk fraction in star-forming regions
• The evolution of the flux-size relationship in protoplanetary discs by viscous evolution and radial pebble drift
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) III: Characteristics of Radial Chemical Substructures
• Dust Drift Timescales in Protoplanetary Disks at the Cusp of Gravitational Instability
• The Radial Profile of Dust Grain Size in the Protoplanetary Disk of DS Tau
• Molecules with ALMA at Planet-forming Scales (MAPS) XIX. Spiral Arms, a Tail, and Diffuse Structures Traced by CO around the GM Aur Disk
• The survivorship bias of protoplanetary disc populations
• The emergence of the Md-Macc correlation in the MHD wind scenario
• How stellar mass and disc size shape the formation and migration of super-Earths
• Survey of Orion Disks with ALMA (SODA) III: Disks in wide binary systems in L1641 and L1647
• Timescales diagnostics for saving viscous and MHD-driven dusty discs from external photoevaporation
• Using simultaneous mass accretion and external photoevaporation rates for d203-504 to constrain disc evolution processes
• Episodic accretion in high-mass star formation: An analysis of thermal instability for axially symmetric disks
• The Mass Budgets and Spatial Scales of Exoplanet Systems and Protoplanetary Disks
• A tension between dust and gas radii: the role of substructures and external photoevaporation in protoplanetary disks
• Compact CO emission and no evidence of radial drift. ALMA observations of the faintest planet-forming disks in Lupus
• Constraining protoplanetary disc mass using the GI wiggle
• The influence of tight binaries on proto-planetary disk masses
• Gaps and Rings: A Near-Universal Trait of Extended Protoplanetary Discs
• The SPHERE view of multiple star formation
• Mercury-Ar$\chi$es: a high-performance n-body code for planet formation studies
• Probing inner and outer disk misalignments in transition disks
• The formation of planetary systems with SPICA
• Dispersal of protoplanetary discs: How stellar properties and the local environment determine the pathway of evolution
• Modelling the secular evolution of proto-planetary disc dust sizes -- A comparison between the viscous and magnetic wind case
• CO Line Emission Surfaces and Vertical Structure in Mid-Inclination Protoplanetary Disks
• Global Non-ideal Magnetohydrodynamic Simulations of Protoplanetary Disks with Outer Truncation
• Linking Outer Disk Pebble Dynamics and Gaps to Inner Disk Water Enrichment
• Inversion of Hydrogen-rich Atmosphere and Water Content for GJ 486b
• Observations of highly inclined disks with ALMA. Results from 12CO gas and continuum observations
• Rapid and Predictive Planet Population Synthesis Model (RAPPS) I. Upgraded model and resulting synthetic populations
• The VLA/ALMA Nascent Disk and Multiplicity (VANDAM) Survey of Orion Protostars VI. Insights from Radiative Transfer Modeling
• Characterization of the dust content in the ring around Sz 91: indications for planetesimal formation?
• Ross 19B: An Extremely Cold Companion Discovered via the Backyard Worlds: Planet 9 Citizen Science Project