Formation of the First Supermassive Black Holes

Abstract

We consider the physical conditions under which supermassive black holes could have formed inside the first galaxies. Our SPH simulations indicate that metal-free galaxies with a virial temperature ~10^4 K and with suppressed H2 formation (due to an intergalactic UV background) tend to form a binary black hole system which contains a substantial fraction (>10%) of the total baryonic mass of the host galaxy. Fragmentation into stars is suppressed without substantial H2 cooling. Our simulations follow the condensation of ~5x10^6 M_sun around the two centers of the binary down to a scale of < 0.1pc. Low-spin galaxies form a single black hole instead. These early black holes lead to quasar activity before the epoch of reionization. Primordial black hole binaries lead to the emission of gravitational radiation at redshifts z>10 that would be detectable by LISA.

11 pages, 9 figures, revised version, ApJ in press (October 10, 2003)

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• The Collapse of Atomically-Cooled Primordial Haloes. I. High Lyman-Werner Backgrounds
• Thermal instability and multi-phase interstellar medium in the first galaxies
• Observability of Low-Luminosity AGN in the Early Universe with JWST
• Radiative effects during the assembly of direct collapse black holes
• The Mutual Interaction Between Population III Stars and Self-Annihilating Dark Matter
• RHAPSODY-G simulations II - Baryonic growth and metal enrichment in massive galaxy clusters
• The Birth of Binary Direct-Collapse Black Holes
• Dwarf AGNs from Variability for the Origins of Seeds (DAVOS): Intermediate-mass black hole demographics from optical synoptic surveys
• Early Black Holes in Cosmological Simulations: Luminosity Functions and Clustering Behaviour
• Quasistationary solutions of self-gravitating scalar fields around collapsing stars
• Cosmological DCBH formation sites hostile for their growth
• Global instability by runaway collisions in nuclear stellar clusters: Numerical tests of a route for massive black hole formation
• Role of the H${}_2^{+}$ channel in the primordial star formation under strong radiation field and the critical intensity for the supermassive star formation
• Violent starbursts and quiescence induced by FUV radiation feedback in metal-poor galaxies at high-redshift
• Super-Eddington mass growth of intermediate-mass black holes embedded in dusty circumnuclear disks
• Rapidly accreting supermassive stars: reliable determination of the final mass
• Super-Eddington growth of black holes in the early Universe: effects of disk radiation spectra
• Particle splitting in smoothed particle hydrodynamics based on Voronoi diagram
• Parameter estimation of coalescing supermassive black hole binaries with LISA
• Statistical properties of mass, star formation, chemical content and rotational patterns in early z > 9 structures
• Ultra-luminous quasars at redshift $z>4.5$ from SkyMapper
• A unified model for the clustering of quasars and galaxies at $z\approx 6$
• Radiation from early black holes - I: effects on the neutral inter-galactic medium
• Cosmic Renaissance: The First Sources of Light
• Identifying Direct Collapse Black Hole Seeds through their Small Host Galaxies
• Discovery of the most ultra-luminous QSO using Gaia, SkyMapper and WISE
• The Final Fate of Supermassive $M\sim 5\times 10^4{M}_{\odot }$ Pop III Stars: Explosion or Collapse?
• Evolution of high-redshift quasar hosts and promotion of massive black hole seed formation
• Nature and chemical abundances of a sample of Lyman-$\alpha$ emitter objects at high redshift
• Population III Star Clusters in the Reionized Universe
• Reconstructing emission from pre-reionization sources with cosmic infrared background fluctuation measurements by the JWST
• Massive black holes at high redshifts from superconducting cosmic strings
• How long do high-redshift massive black hole seeds remain outliers in black hole vs. host galaxy relations?
• The Role of Primordial Kicks on Black Hole Merger Rates
• Observational Support for Massive Black Hole Formation Driven by Runaway Stellar Collisions in Galactic Nuclei
• General-relativistic instability in rapidly accreting supermassive stars: the impact of rotation
• Lyman alpha emission from the first galaxies: Implications of UV backgrounds and the formation of molecules
• Driving the Growth of the Earliest Supermassive Black Holes with Major Mergers of Host Galaxies
• Effect of mass loss due to stellar winds on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds in dense nuclear star clusters
• B2 0902+34: A Collapsing Protogiant Elliptical Galaxy at z=3.4
• Impact of gas spin and Lyman-Werner flux on black hole seed formation in cosmological simulations: implications for direct collapse
• Gravitational-wave captures by intermediate-mass black holes in galactic nuclei
• Gravitational Wave Signals from the First Massive Black Hole Seeds
• Black hole -- galaxy scaling relations in FIRE: the importance of black hole location and mergers
• Gravitational stability and fragmentation condition for discs around accreting supermassive stars
• Bright vigorous winds as signposts of supermassive black hole birth
• The Cosmic History of Black Hole Growth from Deep Multiwavelength Surveys
• The formation of supermassive black holes from Population III.1 seeds. II. Evolution to the local universe
• Warm dark matter constraints from high-$z$ Direct Collapse Black Holes using the JWST
• The seeds of supermassive black holes and the role of local radiation and metal spreading
• Observing the First Stars and Black Holes
• Jet-powered supernovae of $\sim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$ population III stars are observable by $Euclid$, $WFIRST$, $WISH$, and $JWST$
• The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive Black Holes
• The impact of ionizing radiation on the formation of a supermassive star in the early Universe
• Enhanced star formation in $z\sim 6$ quasar companions
• Horizon growth of supermassive black hole seeds fed with collisional dark matter
• Black hole formation in the context of dissipative dark matter
• Observational properties of a general relativistic instability supernova from a primordial supermassive star
• Growth of Early Supermassive Black Holes and the High-Redshift Eddington Ratio Distribution
• Black hole formation and growth with non-Gaussian primordial density perturbations
• Angular correlation as a novel probe of supermassive primordial black holes
• Effects of turbulence and rotation on protostar formation as a precursor to seed black holes
• Massive Black Holes: formation and evolution
• UV regulated star formation in high-redshift galaxies
• From dark matter halos to pre-stellar cores: High resolution follow-up of cosmological Lyman-Werner simulations
• The role of Pop III stars and early black holes in the 21cm signal from Cosmic Dawn
• How do Primordial Black Holes change the Halo Mass Function and Structure?
• The early growth of supermassive black holes in cosmological hydrodynamic simulations with constrained Gaussian realizations
• Astraeus VI: Hierarchical assembly of AGN and their large-scale effect during the Epoch of Reionization
• The imprint of the cosmic supermassive black hole growth history on the 21 cm background radiation
• Stellar Tidal Disruption Events by Direct Collapse Black Holes
• On the maximum accretion rate of supermassive stars
• The Rapidly Spinning Intermediate-Mass Black Hole 3XMM J150052.0+015452
• Growth of Massive Disk and Early Disk Fragmentation in the Primordial Star Formation
• Positive or Negative? The Impact of X-ray Feedback on the Formation of Direct Collapse Black Hole Seeds
• General-relativistic instability in hylotropic supermassive stars
• Morphological evolution of supermassive black hole merger hosts and multimessenger signatures
• 3D Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations Resolving Interior of Rapidly Accreting Primordial Protostar
• Early Black Hole Formation by Accretion of Gas and Dark Matter
• Direct-collapse supermassive black holes from relic particle decay
• The Infrared Medium-deep Survey. IV. Low Eddington Ratio of A Faint Quasar at $z\sim 6$: Not Every Supermassive Black Hole is Growing Fast in the Early Universe
• Direct-collapse black hole formation induced by internal radiation of host halos
• Neutrino Burst-Generated Gravitational Radiation From Collapsing Supermassive Stars
• Enhanced direct collapse due to Lyman alpha feedback
• Detection of Gravitational Waves from the Coalescence of Population-III Remnants with Advanced LIGO
• Rates of Stellar Tidal Disruption Events around Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• A direct black hole mass measurement in a Little Red Dot at the Epoch of Reionization
• Little Red Dots Are Nurseries of Massive Black Holes
• A practical guide to the massive black hole cosmic history
• The impact of black hole seeding in cosmological simulations
• Star Formation in Simulated Galaxies: Understanding the Transition to Quiescence at $3\times 10^{10}$ M${}_{\odot }$
• Evolution and explosions of metal enriched supermassive stars: proton rich general relativistic instability supernovae
• The Mass Function of Supermassive Black Holes in the Direct-collapse Scenario
• Constraints from dwarf galaxies on black hole seeding and growth models with current and future surveys
• Maximally Rotating Supermassive Stars at the Onset of Collapse: The Perturbative Effects of Gas Pressure, Magnetic Fields, Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• Dynamical friction and evolution of black holes in cosmological simulations: a new implementation in OpenGadget3
• Role of primordial black holes in the direct collapse scenario of supermassive black hole formation at high redshifts
• Intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies: the case of Holmberg II
• The Response of Metal Rich Gas to X-Ray Irradiation from a Massive Black Hole at High Redshift: Proof of Concept
• From Seeds to Supermassive Black Holes: Capture, Growth, Migration, and Pairing in Dense Proto-Bulge Environments
• Rapid formation of a very massive star >50000 $M_{\odot }$ and subsequently an IMBH from runaway collisions. Direct N-body and Monte Carlo simulations of dense star clusters
• Impact of gas based seeding on supermassive black hole populations at $z\ge 7$
• On the effect of Lyman alpha trapping during the initial collapse of massive black hole seeds
• Cosmological 21cm line observations to test scenarios of super-Eddington accretion on to black holes being seeds of high-redshifted supermassive black holes
• Constraining the cosmic merger history of intermediate-mass black holes with gravitational wave detectors
• Lonely Little Red Dots: Challenges to the AGN-nature of little red dots through their clustering and spectral energy distributions
• Efficiency of black hole formation via collisions in stellar systems: An analysis of data from simulations and observations
• On the Absence of High-Redshift AGNs: Little Growth in the Supermassive Black Hole Population at High Redshifts
• Effect of primordial non-Gaussianities on the far-UV luminosity function of high-redshift galaxies: implications for cosmic reionization
• The Halo Occupation Distribution of Black Holes: Dependence on Mass
• The effect of dark matter resolution on the collapse of baryons in high redshift numerical simulations
• 3-cm Fine Structure Masers: A Unique Signature of Supermassive Black Hole Formation via Direct Collapse in the Early Universe
• Intermittent fragmentation and statistical variations during gas collapse in magnetised atomic cooling haloes
• X-Ray Bright Active Galactic Nuclei in Local Dwarf Galaxies: Insights from eROSITA
• First emergence of cold accretion and supermassive star formation in the early universe
• Little Red Dots as Direct-collapse Black Hole Nurseries
• Hunting intermediate-mass black holes with LISA binary radial velocity measurements
• Opacity limit for supermassive protostars
• Pulsations of primordial supermassive stars induced by a general relativistic instability; visible to JWST at z$>$12
• Pulsation-driven mass loss from massive stars behind stellar mergers in metal-poor dense clusters
• Little Red Dots are Tidal Disruption Events in Runaway-Collapsing Clusters
• Light or heavy supermassive black hole seeds: the role of internal rotation in the fate of supermassive stars
• Intermediate-mass black hole binary parameter estimation with next-generation ground-based detector networks
• Quasistationary solutions of scalar fields around accreting black holes
• Dark Matter Mounds: towards a realistic description of dark matter overdensities around black holes
• Triggering the formation of direct collapse black holes by their congeners
• Do Stellar Winds Prevent the Formation of Supermassive Stars by Accretion?
• The physical origin of super-competitive accretion during the formation of the first supermassive black holes
• Radiative feedback for supermassive star formation in a massive cloud with H2 molecules in an atomic-cooling halo
• Enhanced Detectability of Pre-reionization 21-cm Structure
• Recoiling Supermassive Black Hole Escape Velocities from Dark Matter Halos
• The Evolution of Kicked Stellar-Mass Black Holes in Star Cluster Environments
• Weighing the IMBH candidate CO-0.40-0.22* in the Galactic Centre
• Disk fragmentation and intermittent accretion onto supermassive stars
• Jetted Tidal Disruptions of Stars as a Flag of Intermediate Mass Black Holes at High Redshifts
• Feeding plankton to whales: high-redshift supermassive black holes from tiny black hole explosions
• No black holes from light
• An analytic resolution to the competition between Lyman-Werner radiation and metal winds in direct collapse black hole hosts
• Active Galactic Nuclei at the Crossroads of Astrophysics
• Supermassive black hole seeds from sub-keV dark matter
• Probing supermassive black hole seed scenarios with gravitational wave measurements
• Reality or Mirage? Observational Test and Implications for the Claimed Extremely Magnified Quasar at $z=6.3$
• Dark Energy Survey Identification of A Low-Mass Active Galactic Nucleus at Redshift 0.823 from Optical Variability
• Constraining the Low-Mass End of the Black Hole Mass Function and the Active Fraction of the Intermediate-mass Black Holes
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Comparing the AMR and SPH Approaches
• An Ultraluminous Supersoft Source in a Dwarf Galaxy of Abell 85: An Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Candidate
• Searching for Super-Eddington Quasars using a Photon Trapping Accretion Disc Model
• Some First Stars Were Red: Detecting Signatures of Massive Population III Formation Through Long-Term Stochastic Color Variations
• Induced metal-free star formation around a massive black hole seed
• Evolution of the mass relation between supermassive black holes and dark matter halos across the cosmic time
• An empirical approach to selecting the first growing black hole seeds with JWST/NIRCam
• Fragmentation of Primordial Filamentary Clouds under Far-Ultraviolet Radiation
• Over-massive Central Black Holes in the Cosmological Simulations ASTRID and Illustris TNG50
• Maximal X-ray feedback in the pre-reionization universe
• Can a Satellite Galaxy Merger Explain the Active Past of the Galactic Center?
• Cosmological magnetic braking and the formation of high-redshift, super-massive black holes
• SMBH growth parameters in the early Universe of Millennium and Millennium-II simulations
• Gravitational Waves from Direct Collapse Black Holes Formation
• Physical Processes in Star-Gas Systems
• Characterising SMSS J2157--3602, the most luminous known quasar, with accretion disc models
• Neutrino emission from the collapse of $\sim 10^4$ $M_{\odot }$ population III supermassive stars
• MOCCA-Survey Database: Extra Galactic Globular Clusters. II. Milky Way and Andromeda
• Feedback-regulated Seed Black Hole Growth in Star-Forming Molecular Clouds and Galactic Nuclei
• Connecting the Dots: UV-Bright Companions of Little Red Dots as Lyman-Werner Sources Enabling Direct Collapse Black Hole Formation
• Black holes at cosmic dawn in the redshifted 21cm signal of HI
• Fates of the dense cores formed by fragmentation of filaments: do they fragment again or not?
• Oxygen Loss from Simulated Galaxies and the Metal Flow Main Sequence: Predicting the Dependence on Mass and Environment
• SMBH Seeds: Model Discrimination with High Energy Emission Based on Scaling Relation Evolution
• On the detectability of massive black hole merger eventsby LISA
• Early formation of supermassive black holes from the collapse of strongly self-interacting dark matter
• Quadrupole association and dissociation of hydrogen in the early Universe
• Effects of the Hubble Parameter on the Cosmic Growth of the First Quasars
• Let there be Light: the Emergence of Structure out of the Dark Ages in the Early Universe
• Evolution of supermassive black holes
• The metallicity and elemental abundance maps of kinematically atypical galaxies for constraining minor merger and accretion histories
• Menus for Feeding Black Holes
• Obscured AGNs in Bulgeless Hosts discovered by WISE: The Case Study of SDSS J1224+5555
• Submillimeter signatures from growing supermassive black holes before reionization
• Chemical evolution of elliptical galaxies I: supernovae and AGN feedback
• Formation of supermassive stars in the first stellar clusters: Dependence on the gas temperature
• Hard X-ray Bursts from Collapse of the Super Massive Stars
• Radio recombination lines from obscured quasars with the SKA
• Formation of the First Galaxies: Theory and Simulations
• The Origin and Detection of High-Redshift Supermassive Black Holes
• Massive black holes in high-redshift Lyman Break Galaxies
• Open questions in the study of population III star formation
• High-redshift Mini-haloes from Modulated Preheating
• Effects of binary stellar populations on direct collapse black hole formation
• The chemical evolution of self-gravitating primordial disks
• Cosmic reionization of hydrogen and helium: contribution from both mini-quasars and stars
• Can supermassive stars form in protogalaxies due to internal Lyman-Werner feedback?
• Unravelling the formation of the first supermassive black holes with the SKA pulsar timing array
• Constraining primordial black hole masses through $f(R)$ gravity scalarons in Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
• Growth problems of stellar black holes in early galaxies
• The effect of different eLISA-like configurations on massive black hole parameter estimation
• Identification of Intermediate-mass Black Hole Candidates Among a Sample of Sd Galaxies
• Constraining Dynamical Dark Energy Models through the Abundance of High-Redshift Supermassive Black Holes
• Dating N loud AGNs at high redshift: GS3073 as a snapshot of wCen like evolution of a nuclear star cluster
• Effects of spin on constraining the seeds and growth of $\gtrsim 10^9{M}_{\odot }$ supermassive black holes in $z>6.5$ Quasars
• Halo Mergers Enhance the Growth of Massive Black Hole Seeds
• Impact of primordial black holes on the formation of the first stars and galaxies
• Upper Limit on Star Formation and Metal Enrichment in Minihalos
• Detecting the Birth of Supermassive Black Holes Formed from Heavy Seeds
• Maximally Rotating Supermassive Stars at the Onset of Collapse: Effects of Gas Pressure
• Exploring the multiband gravitational wave background with a semi-analytic galaxy formation model
• Evolution and Final Fates of Rapidly Accreting Supermassive Stars
• Black hole formation via gas-dynamical processes
• Kickstarting Reionization with the First Black Holes: the effects of second-order perturbation theory in pre-reionization volumes
• Constraint on Matter Power Spectrum on $10^6-10^9{M}_{\odot }$ Scales from ${\tau }_e$
• Supernovae at the cosmic dawn
• Feedback from intermediate mass black holes on dwarf galaxy morphology at z=2
• An estimate of the gravitational-wave background from the observed cosmological distribution of quasars
• Detection for Intermediate-mass Binary Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters with TianQin
• First Light: A Brief Review
• Investigating the dark matter minispikes with the gamma-ray signal from the halo of M31
• Method for Determining AGN Accretion Phase in Field Galaxies
• Detectability of Population III stellar remnants as X-ray binaries from tidal captures in the local Universe
• Super-Eddington Growth Ceiling: Analytic Constraints on the Rapid Growth of Light-Seed Black Holes in Massive Clumps
• Space-based Gravitational Wave Observatories
• The properties of supermassive stars in galaxy merger driven direct collapse I: models without rotation
• Spectral Properties Of Populations Behind The Coherence In Spitzer Near-Infrared And Chandra X-Ray Backgrounds
• Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds:Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows
• General-relativistic instability in rapidly accreting supermassive stars in the presence of dark matter
• Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates from Decaying Dark Matter
• Star Formation for Predictive Primordial Galaxy Formation
• Evolution of massive black holes
• How Black Holes Stop Their Host Galaxy from Growing Without AGN Feedback
• A study of 1000 galaxies with unusually young and massive stars in the SDSS: a search for hidden black holes
• The In Situ Growth of Stellar-mass "Light" Seed Black Holes in Nuclear Star Clusters
• Population III Star Formation in an X-ray background: I. Critical Halo Mass of Formation and Total Mass in Stars
• Black hole merger rates for LISA and LGWA from semi-analytical modelling of light seeds
• Black Hole Cold Brew: Fermi Degeneracy Pressure
• The implications of overmassive black holes at $z>5$ for quasar and black hole growth
• Signatures of Exploding Supermassive PopIII Stars at High Redshift in JWST, EUCLID and Roman Space Telescope
• The early evolution of massive black holes
• Neutrino masses, matter-antimatter asymmetry, dark matter, and supermassive black hole formation explained with Majorons
• Active Galactic Nuclei - the Physics of Individual Sources and the Cosmic History of Formation and Evolution
• Merger rates of intermediate-mass black hole binaries in nuclear star clusters
• Mass transport in galaxy discs limits black hole growth to sub-Eddington rates
• Direct Collapse Pre-supermassive Black Hole Objects as Ly$\alpha$ Emitters
• Identification of Candidate Halos Hosting Massive Black Hole Seeds in the $\text{Renaissance}$ Simulations with Support Vector Machines
• Scaling Relations Between Low-mass Black Holes and Their Host Galaxies
• Radiative feedback on supermassive star formation: the massive end of the Population III initial mass function
• Quasar clustering at redshift 6
• Fuzzy dark matter soliton core hosting a supermassive black hole as a dense low-mass perturber in strong gravitational lensing
• Massive star clusters detected by JWST as natural birth places to form intermediate-mass black holes
• Direct N-body simulations of rotating and extremely massive Population III star clusters
• Multi-component, axisymmetric dynamical models of dSphs based on distribution functions: inferences on dark matter and intermediate-mass black holes in Draco and Ursa Minor
• The black hole occupation fraction as a fossil record of seeding, dynamics, and galaxy assembly
• Gravitational-Wave Signatures of Massive Black Hole Formation
• Capability for detection of GW190521-like binary black holes with TianQin