The Assembly of the First Massive Black Holes

Abstract

The existence of $\approx$10^9 Msun supermassive black holes (SMBHs) within the first billion year of the universe has stimulated numerous ideas for the prompt formation and rapid growth of BHs in the early universe. Here we review ways in which the seeds of massive BHs may have first assembled, how they may have subsequently grown as massive as $\approx$10^9 Msun, and how multi-messenger observations could distinguish between different SMBH assembly scenarios. We conclude the following: (1) The ultra-rare $\approx$10^9 Msun SMBHs represent only the tip of the iceberg. Early BHs likely fill a continuum from stellar-mass (approx. 10 Msun) to the super-massive ($\approx$10^9 Msun) regime, reflecting a range of initial masses and growth histories. (2) Stellar-mass BHs were likely left behind by the first generation of stars at redshifts as high as z=30, but their initial growth was typically stunted due to the shallow potential wells of their host galaxies. (3) Conditions in some larger, metal-poor galaxies soon became conducive to the rapid formation and growth of massive `seed' holes, via gas accretion and by mergers in dense stellar clusters. (4) BH masses depend on the environment (such as the number and properties of nearby radiation sources and the local baryonic streaming velocity), and on the metal enrichment and assembly history of the host galaxy. (5) Distinguishing between assembly mechanisms will be difficult, but a combination of observations by LISA (probing massive BH growth via mergers) and by deep multi-wavelength electromagnetic observations (probing growth via gas accretion) is particularly promising.

Invited review in Annual Reviews of Astronomy & Astrophysics; an edited final version is to appear in volume 58, to be published in 2020

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• The Early Growth of the First Black Holes
• KIC 4552982: Outbursts and Asteroseismology from the Longest Pseudo-Continuous Light Curve of a ZZ Ceti
• Complete Reionization Constraints from Planck 2015 Polarization
• Radiation Hydrodynamical Simulations of the First Quasars
• ALMA and HST kiloparsec-scale imaging of a quasar-galaxy merger at $z\approx 6.2$
• How an improved implementation of H2 self-shielding influences the formation of massive stars and black holes
• Hyper-Eddington mass accretion onto a black hole with super-Eddington luminosity
• Supermassive Population III Supernovae and the Birth of the First Quasars
• The influence of magnetic fields, turbulence, and UV radiation on the formation of supermassive black holes
• Limits on the high redshift growth of massive black holes
• Super-Eddington Black-Hole Models for SS 433
• Lyman Alpha Signatures from Direct Collapse Black Holes
• Effect of cosmic ray/X-ray ionization on supermassive black hole formation
• Resolving Gas Dynamics in the Circumnuclear Region of a Disk Galaxy in a Cosmological Simulation
• Direct collapse black hole formation via high-velocity collisions of protogalaxies
• Impact of Cosmic Rays on Population III Star Formation
• Primordial magnetic fields and formation of molecular hydrogen
• Chasing the observational signatures of seed black holes at z > 7: candidate statistics
• Chasing the observational signatures of seed black holes at z > 7: candidate observability
• Formation of the first star clusters and massive star binaries by fragmentation of filamentary primordial gas clouds
• Rapid Black Hole Growth under Anisotropic Radiation Feedback
• Towards a Comprehensive Fueling-Controlled Theory on the Growth of Massive Black Holes and Host Spheroids
• A comparison of black hole growth in galaxy mergers with Gasoline and Ramses
• Physical properties of the first quasars
• The Formation of Galaxies Hosting z~6 Quasars
• Two more, bright, z > 6 quasars from VST ATLAS and WISE
• Early growth of typical high redshift black holes seeded by direct collapse
• Rapid growth of black holes accompanied with hot or warm outflows exposed to anisotropic super-Eddington radiation
• Constraining the Redshift z=6 Quasar Luminosity Function Using Gravitational Lensing
• Intermediate-mass black holes from Population III remnants in the first galactic nuclei
• Stability of Dynamically Collapsing Gas Sphere
• The primordial environment of supermassive black holes (II): deep Y and J band images around the z=6.3 quasar SDSS J1030+0524
• The impact of reionization on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• Global Nonradial Instabilities of Dynamically Collapsing Gas Spheres
• Can direct collapse black holes launch gamma-ray bursts and grow to supermassive black holes?
• Signatures of metal-free star formation in Planck 2015 Polarization Data
• Observing Dark Stars with JWST
• Active Galactic Nuclei Feedback in an Elliptical Galaxy with the Most Updated AGN Physics (II): High-Angular Momentum Case
• Detection strategies for the first supernovae with JWST
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiative Transfer: Isolated Halos
• Pulsational instability of supergiant protostars: Do they grow supermassive by accretion?
• Photodissociation feedback of Population III stars \\on their neighbor prestellar cores
• A new bright z=6.82 quasar discovered with VISTA: VHS J0411-0907
• The diverse galaxy counts in the environment of high-redshift massive black holes in Horizon-AGN
• Improved CMB anisotropy constraints on primordial magnetic fields from the post-recombination ionization history
• The role of stellar relaxation in the formation and evolution of the first massive black holes
• Variability of Disk Emission in Pre-Main Sequence and Related Stars. II. Variability in the Gas and Dust Emission of the Herbig Fe Star SAO 206462
• Dissipation of Magnetic Flux in Primordial Star Formation: From Run-away Phase to Mass Accretion Phase
• Supermassive Black Hole Formation at High Redshifts Through a Primordial Magnetic Field
• Discovery of the first heavily obscured QSO candidate at $z>6$ in a close galaxy pair
• Forming Super-Massive Black Hole Seeds under the Influence of a Nearby Anisotropic Multi-Frequency Source
• Stunted accretion growth of black holes by combined effect of the flow angular momentum and radiation feedback
• Mapping the Interstellar Reddening and Extinction towards Baade's Window Using Minimum Light Colors of ab-type RR Lyrae Stars. Revelations from the De-reddened Color-Magnitude Diagrams
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiation Transfer: Cosmological Halos
• Radiation Drag Effects in Black Hole Outflows from Super-critical Accretion Disks via Special Relativistic Radiation Magnetohydrodynamics Simulations
• Feedback from the IR Background in the Early Universe
• Close companions to two high-redshift quasars
• H2 self-shielding with non-LTE rovibrational populations: implications for cooling in protogalaxies
• Maximally accreting supermassive stars: a fundamental limit imposed by hydrostatic equilibrium
• Massive black hole and Population III galaxy formation in over-massive dark matter halos with violent merger histories
• Angular momentum and clustering properties of early dark matter halos
• Fragmentation inside atomic cooling haloes exposed to Lyman-Werner radiation
• Can supermassive black hole seeds form in galaxy mergers?
• Observational signatures of massive black hole formation in the early universe
• A blowout jet associated with one obvious extreme-ultraviolet wave and one complicated coronal mass ejection event
• Sowing black hole seeds: Direct collapse black hole formation with realistic Lyman-Werner radiation in cosmological simulations
• Collapse of differentially rotating supermassive stars: Post black hole formation
• Radiative effects during the assembly of direct collapse black holes
• A Snapshot Survey for Gravitational Lenses Among z>=4.0 Quasars: II. Constraints on the 4.0<z<4.5 Quasar Population
• Analysis of GRB 080319B and GRB 050904 within the fireshell model: evidence for a broader spectral energy distribution
• Finding the First Cosmic Explosions. IV. 90 - 140 M${}_{\odot }$ Pair-Instability Supernovae
• Structure and Stability of Filamentary Clouds Supported by Lateral Magnetic Field
• Super-Eddington growth of black holes in the early Universe: effects of disk radiation spectra
• The Type I Superluminous Supernova PS16aqv: Lightcurve Complexity and Deep Limits on Radioactive Ejecta in a Fast Event
• The long-term evolution and appearance of Type Iax postgenitor stars
• A Linear Perturbation Theory of Inhomogeneous Reionization
• Dark Stars: Improved Models and First Pulsation Results
• Mergers of accreting stellar-mass black holes
• Gravitational lensing magnification without multiple imaging
• The Carina Project. VI. The helium burning variable stars
• Driving the Growth of the Earliest Supermassive Black Holes with Major Mergers of Host Galaxies
• Gravitational Wave Signals from the First Massive Black Hole Seeds
• The origin of spin in galaxies: clues from simulations of atomic cooling halos
• Dusty Gas Accretion onto Massive Black Holes and Infrared Diagnosis of the Eddington Ratio
• Jet-powered supernovae of $\sim 10^5{M}_{\odot }$ population III stars are observable by $Euclid$, $WFIRST$, $WISH$, and $JWST$
• The Formation and Evolution of the First Massive Black Holes
• Effects of turbulence and rotation on protostar formation as a precursor to seed black holes
• UV regulated star formation in high-redshift galaxies
• Stellar Tidal Disruption Events by Direct Collapse Black Holes
• The imprint of the cosmic supermassive black hole growth history on the 21 cm background radiation
• Conditions for HD Cooling in the First Galaxies Revisited: Interplay between Far-Ultraviolet and Cosmic Ray Feedback in Population III Star Formation
• Simulating the Magnetorotational Collapse of Supermassive Stars: Incorporating Gas Pressure Perturbations and Different Rotation Profiles
• Enhanced direct collapse due to Lyman alpha feedback
• ALMA Detection of Extreme Blue-Shifted Ionized Gas Within 0.2 pc of Sgr A* from -480 to -300 km/s
• Multiscale mass transport in z~6 galactic discs: fueling black holes
• 3-cm Fine Structure Masers: A Unique Signature of Supermassive Black Hole Formation via Direct Collapse in the Early Universe
• A Stacked Search for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in 337 Extragalactic Star Clusters
• Opacity limit for supermassive protostars
• Discovery of a very Lyman-$\alpha$-luminous quasar at z=6.62
• Hubble Space Telescope Pixel Analysis of the Interacting Face-on Spiral Galaxy NGC 5194 (M51A)
• First assessment of the binary lens OGLE-2015_BLG-0232
• Fragmentation in Population III Galaxies formed through Ionizing Radiation
• Massive Primordial Black Holes in Contemporary and Young Universe (old predictions and new data)
• The First Luminous Quasars and Their Host Galaxies
• Ionized Gas Kinematics along the Large-Scale Radio Jets in Type 2 AGNs
• Reionization Constraints on the Contribution of Primordial Compact Objects to Dark Matter
• Fates of the dense cores formed by fragmentation of filaments: do they fragment again or not?
• Effects of binary stellar populations on direct collapse black hole formation

Cited by in corpus (362)

• Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
• A Luminous Quasar at Redshift 7.642
• Nuclear Star Clusters
• A CEERS Discovery of an Accreting Supermassive Black Hole 570 Myr after the Big Bang: Identifying a Progenitor of Massive z > 6 Quasars
• JADES. The diverse population of infant Black Holes at 4<z<11: merging, tiny, poor, but mighty
• The origins of massive black holes
• Cosmic microwave background bounds on primordial black holes including dark matter halo accretion
• Hierarchical mergers of stellar-mass black holes and their gravitational-wave signatures
• JWST CEERS & JADES Active Galaxies at z = 4-7 Violate the Local $M_{\bullet }-M_{\star }$ Relation at $>3\sigma$: Implications for Low-Mass Black Holes and Seeding Models
• Diagnostics for PopIII galaxies and Direct Collapse Black Holes in the early universe
• Observational evidence for cosmological coupling of black holes and its implications for an astrophysical source of dark energy
• A Candidate of a Least-Massive Black Hole at the First 1.1 Billion Years of the Universe
• Transition of the initial mass function in the metal-poor environments
• Implications for the Hubble tension from the ages of the oldest astrophysical objects
• The X-shooter/ALMA Sample of Quasars in the Epoch of Reionization. II. Black Hole Masses, Eddington Ratios, and the Formation of the First Quasars
• The low-end of the black hole mass function at cosmic dawn
• Fast-moving stars around an intermediate-mass black hole in Omega Centauri
• The Science of the Einstein Telescope
• Repeated mergers, mass-gap black holes, and formation of intermediate-mass black holes in nuclear star clusters
• UNCOVER: Illuminating the Early Universe -- JWST/NIRSpec Confirmation of $z>12$ Galaxies
• A dusty compact object bridging galaxies and quasars at cosmic dawn
• Supermassive Star Formation via Super Competitive Accretion in Slightly Metal-enriched Clouds
• A SPectroscopic survey of biased halos In the Reionization Era (ASPIRE): JWST Reveals a Filamentary Structure around a z=6.61 Quasar
• Search for intermediate mass black hole binaries in the third observing run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo
• AGN Selection and Demographics: A New Age with JWST/MIRI
• Hunting for Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• JADES: A large population of obscured, narrow line AGN at high redshift
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). XIII. Large-scale Feedback and Star Formation in a Low-Luminosity Quasar at z = 7.07 on the Local Black Hole to Host Mass Relation
• Seeding Supermassive Black Holes with Self-Interacting Dark Matter: A Unified Scenario with Baryons
• A SPectroscopic survey of biased halos In the Reionization Era (ASPIRE): A First Look at the Rest-frame Optical Spectra of $z>6.5$ Quasars Using JWST
• Two can play at that game: constraining the role of supernova and AGN feedback in dwarf galaxies with cosmological zoom-in simulations
• Gravitational waves from Population III binary black holes formed by dynamical capture
• Seeds Don't Sink: Even Massive Black Hole "Seeds" Cannot Migrate to Galaxy Centers Efficiently
• Revealing the intermediate-mass black hole at the heart of the dwarf galaxy NGC 404 with sub-parsec resolution ALMA observations
• Revealing the Accretion Physics of Supermassive Black Holes at Redshift z~7 with Chandra and Infrared Observations
• Light, medium-weight or heavy? The nature of the first supermassive black hole seeds
• Impact of the cosmic background radiation on the initial mass function of metal-poor stars
• Evolutionary Paths of Active Galactic Nuclei and Their Host Galaxies
• How the super-Eddington regime regulates black hole growth in high-redshift galaxies
• Massive black hole binaries in LISA: multimessenger prospects and electromagnetic counterparts
• Public Release of A-SLOTH: Ancient Stars and Local Observables by Tracing Halos
• Forming massive seed black holes in high-redshift quasar host progenitors
• ALMA Confirmation of an Obscured Hyperluminous Radio-Loud AGN at $z=6.853$ Associated with a Dusty Starburst in the 1.5 deg${}^2$ COSMOS Field
• Gravitational Wave Astronomy With TianQin
• Size matters: are we witnessing super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift black holes from JWST?
• Chronicling the reionization history at $6\lesssim z\lesssim 7$ with emergent quasar damping wings
• No Redshift Evolution in the Broad Line Region Metallicity up to z=7.54: Deep NIR Spectroscopy of ULAS J1342+0928
• XQR-30: Black Hole Masses and Accretion Rates of 42 z>6 Quasars
• The first measurement of the quasar lifetime distribution
• Sustained super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift quasars
• Rapid growth of seed black holes during early bulge formation
• Multiple channels for nitrogen pollution by metal enriched supermassive stars and implications for GN-z11
• JWST FRESCO: a comprehensive census of H$\beta$+[OIII] emitters at 6.8<z<9.0 in the GOODS fields
• Rapidly growing primordial black holes as seeds of the massive high-redshift JWST Galaxies
• Hyper-Eddington accretion flows onto black holes accompanied by powerful outflows
• Catastrogenesis: DM, GWs, and PBHs from ALP string-wall networks
• Feedback-Dominated Accretion Flows
• Multi-flavour SMBH seeding and evolution in cosmological environments
• Probing the Nature of High Redshift Weak Emission Line Quasars: A Young Quasar with a Starburst Host Galaxy
• Unveiling early black hole growth with multi-frequency gravitational wave observations
• Formation of supermassive black hole seeds in nuclear star clusters via gas accretion and runaway collisions
• The Search for the Farthest Quasar: Consequences for Black Hole Growth and Seed Models
• Seeking the growth of the first black hole seeds with JWST
• Discovery of 24 radio-bright quasars at $4.9\le z\le 6.6$ using low-frequency radio observations
• HYPerluminous quasars at the Epoch of ReionizatION (HYPERION). A new regime for the X-ray nuclear properties of the first quasars
• Dwarf AGNs from Optical Variability for the Origins of Seeds (DAVOS): Insights from the Dark Energy Survey Deep Fields
• Origin of supermassive black holes in massive metal-poor protoclusters
• The Pan-STARRS1 $\mathbf{z}>5.6$ Quasar Survey: III. The $\mathbf{z}\approx 6$ Quasar Luminosity Function
• Estimating the effective lifetime of the $z\sim 6$ quasar population from the composite proximity zone profile
• The mass assembly of high-redshift black holes
• The Age of Discovery with the James Webb: Excavating the Spectral Signatures of the First Massive Black Holes
• Long-term evolution of supercritical black hole accretion with outflows: a subgrid feedback model for cosmological simulations
• Elevated UV luminosity density at Cosmic Dawn explained by non-evolving, weakly mass-dependent star formation efficiency
• Stability analysis of supermassive primordial stars: a new mass range for general relativistic instability supernovae
• Supercritical growth pathway to overmassive black holes at cosmic dawn: coevolution with massive quasar hosts
• BASS XXIX: The near-infrared view of the BLR: the effects of obscuration in BLR characterisation
• Are the Newly-Discovered $z\sim 13$ Drop-out Sources Starburst Galaxies or Quasars?
• Exploring the AGN Fraction of a Sample of JWST's Little Red Dots at $5<z<8$: Overmassive Black Holes Are Strongly Favored
• Constraining galaxy overdensities around three z~6.5 quasars with ALMA and MUSE
• Enhanced X-ray Emission from the Most Radio-Powerful Quasar in the Universe's First Billion Years
• Multi-messenger-Athena Synergy White Paper
• A quasar-galaxy merger at $z\sim 6.2$: black hole mass and quasar properties from the NIRSpec spectrum
• Gaseous dynamical friction under radiative feedback: do intermediate-mass black holes speed up or down?
• On the Evolution of Supermassive Primordial Stars in Cosmological Flows
• Radio and Far-IR Emission Associated with a Massive Star-forming Galaxy Candidate at z$\simeq$6.8: A Radio-Loud AGN in the Reionization Era?
• SMBH Seeds from Dissipative Dark Matter
• The need for obscured supermassive black hole growth to explain quasar proximity zones in the epoch of reionization
• Growing Black Holes through Successive Mergers in Galactic Nuclei: I. Methods and First Results
• The QCD phase transition behind a PBH origin of LIGO/Virgo events?
• Super-critical accretion of medium-weight seed black holes in gaseous proto-galactic nuclei
• The Active Fraction of Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• Exploring a primordial solution for early black holes detected with the JWST
• Observability of Low-Luminosity AGN in the Early Universe with JWST
• Dwarf AGNs from Variability for the Origins of Seeds (DAVOS): Intermediate-mass black hole demographics from optical synoptic surveys
• Search for gravitational-wave bursts in the third Advanced LIGO-Virgo run with coherent WaveBurst enhanced by Machine Learning
• Density modulated star formation efficiency: implications for the observed abundance of ultra-violet luminous galaxies at z>10
• The host galaxies of z=7 quasars: predictions from the BlueTides simulation
• Cosmological DCBH formation sites hostile for their growth
• The Dual Nature of GHZ9: Coexisting Active Galactic Nuclei and Star Formation Activity in a Remote X-ray Source at z = 10.145
• Fermionic Dark Matter: Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology
• Violent starbursts and quiescence induced by FUV radiation feedback in metal-poor galaxies at high-redshift
• Super-Eddington mass growth of intermediate-mass black holes embedded in dusty circumnuclear disks
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs) XII. Extended [C II] Structure (Merger or Outflow) in a z = 6.72 Red Quasar
• The Gravitational Wave Universe Toolbox: A software package to simulate observation of the Gravitational Wave Universe with different detectors
• A unified model for the clustering of quasars and galaxies at $z\approx 6$
• Demographics of z ~ 6 Quasars in the Black Hole Mass-Luminosity Plane
• Massive black holes at high redshifts from superconducting cosmic strings
• How long do high-redshift massive black hole seeds remain outliers in black hole vs. host galaxy relations?
• Evolution of high-redshift quasar hosts and promotion of massive black hole seed formation
• Metal enrichment and evolution in four z > 6.5 quasar sightlines observed with JWST/NIRSpec
• Structure and Instability of the Ionization Fronts around Moving Black Holes
• Observational Support for Massive Black Hole Formation Driven by Runaway Stellar Collisions in Galactic Nuclei
• The MBHBM${}^{\star }$ Project -- II. Molecular Gas Kinematics in the Lenticular Galaxy NGC 3593 Reveal a Supermassive Black Hole
• High-redshift SMBHs can grow from stellar-mass seeds via chaotic accretion
• Estimating AGN Black Hole Masses via Continuum Reverberation Mapping in the Era of LSST
• Effect of mass loss due to stellar winds on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds in dense nuclear star clusters
• Impact of gas spin and Lyman-Werner flux on black hole seed formation in cosmological simulations: implications for direct collapse
• Hyper-Eddington Black Hole Growth in Star-Forming Molecular Clouds and Galactic Nuclei: Can It Happen?
• Intermediate-mass Black Holes on the Run from Young Star Clusters
• Formation of supermassive black holes in galactic nuclei II: retention and growth of seed intermediate-mass black holes
• The Assembly of Black Hole Mass and Luminosity Functions of High-redshift Quasars via Multiple Accretion Episodes
• Exponentially amplified magnetic field eliminates disk fragmentation around the Population III protostar
• On the Connection between Supermassive Black Hole and Galaxy Growth in the Reionization Epoch
• Blazar nature of high-z radio-loud quasars
• Observational properties of a general relativistic instability supernova from a primordial supermassive star
• Potential signature of Population III pair-instability supernova ejecta in the BLR gas of the most distant quasar at z = 7.54
• Connecting the Extremes: A Story of Supermassive Black Holes and Ultralight Dark Matter
• Systematically smaller single-epoch quasar black hole masses using a radius-luminosity relationship corrected for spectral bias
• How do Primordial Black Holes change the Halo Mass Function and Structure?
• Properties and merger signatures of galaxies hosting LISA coalescing massive black hole binaries
• Black hole event horizons are cosmologically coupled
• A Thirty-Four Billion Solar Mass Black Hole in SMSS J2157-3602, the Most Luminous Known Quasar
• HYPERION. Coevolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies at $z>6$ and the build-up of massive galaxies
• Identification and Characterization of a Large Sample of Distant Active Dwarf Galaxies in XMM-SERVS
• The properties of wind and jet from a super-Eddington accretion flow around a supermassive black hole
• The Rapidly Spinning Intermediate-Mass Black Hole 3XMM J150052.0+015452
• Merging Hierarchical Triple Black Hole Systems with Intermediate-mass Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters
• The Large Array Survey Telescope -- Science Goals
• Streamlined Lensed Quasar Identification in Multiband Images via Ensemble Networks
• Astraeus VI: Hierarchical assembly of AGN and their large-scale effect during the Epoch of Reionization
• Gravitational waves from mergers of Population III binary black holes: roles played by two evolution channels
• Growth of Massive Disk and Early Disk Fragmentation in the Primordial Star Formation
• Direct-collapse supermassive black holes from relic particle decay
• BASS. XXXVI. Constraining the Local Supermassive Black Hole - Halo Connection with BASS DR2 AGN
• Magnetic fields catalyze massive black hole formation and growth
• Inception of a first quasar at cosmic dawn
• 3D Radiation-Hydrodynamic Simulations Resolving Interior of Rapidly Accreting Primordial Protostar
• Growth of Massive Black-Holes in FFB Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn
• On the growth of supermassive black holes formed from the gravitational collapse of fermionic dark matter cores
• JWST ERS Program Q3D: The pitfalls of virial BH mass constraints shown in a z = 3 quasar with an ultramassive host
• Deep Learning in Searching the Spectroscopic Redshift of Quasars
• Direct-collapse black hole formation induced by internal radiation of host halos
• Little Red Dots Are Nurseries of Massive Black Holes
• The Black Hole Mass Function Across Cosmic Times II. Heavy Seeds and (Super)Massive Black Holes
• A Wide and Deep Exploration of Radio Galaxies with Subaru HSC (WERGS). IV. Rapidly Growing (Super-)Massive Black Holes in Extremely Radio-Loud Galaxies
• The most massive Population III stars
• VLBI observations of VIK J2318-3113, a quasar at z = 6.44
• Probing the Merger Rates of Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxies with Gravitational Waves
• Rapid formation of a very massive star >50000 $M_{\odot }$ and subsequently an IMBH from runaway collisions. Direct N-body and Monte Carlo simulations of dense star clusters
• The central engine of the highest redshift blazar
• Formation of the Little Red Dots from the Core-collapse of Self-interacting Dark Matter Halos
• From Seeds to Supermassive Black Holes: Capture, Growth, Migration, and Pairing in Dense Proto-Bulge Environments
• Dust Budget Crisis in Little Red Dots
• A rapid channel for the collisional formation and gravitational wave driven mergers of supermassive black hole seeds at high redshift
• Cosmological 21cm line observations to test scenarios of super-Eddington accretion on to black holes being seeds of high-redshifted supermassive black holes
• Supermassive black hole formation via collisions in black hole clusters
• Revisiting the Extreme Clustering of $z\approx 4$ Quasars with Large Volume Cosmological Simulations
• Conditions for direct black hole seed collapse near a radio-loud quasar 1 Gyr after the Big Bang
• The SRG/eROSITA All-Sky Survey: X-ray beacons at late cosmic dawn
• Self-regulation of black hole accretion via jets in early protogalaxies
• UNCOVERing the High-redshift AGN Population among Extreme UV Line Emitters
• The warm outer layer of a Little Red Dot as the source of [Fe II] and collisional Balmer lines with scattering wings
• Dusty plasma in active galactic nuclei
• Role of magnetic fields in the formation of direct collapse black holes
• First emergence of cold accretion and supermassive star formation in the early universe
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Population III star formation continues until the end of reionization
• Distinguishing the impact and signature of black holes from different origins in early cosmic history
• What do observations tell us about the highest-redshift supermassive black holes?
• Large Scale Overdensity of Lyman Break Galaxies Around the z=6.3 Ultraluminous Quasar J0100+2802
• Impact of dark matter spikes on the merger rates of Primordial Black Holes
• Pulsations of primordial supermassive stars induced by a general relativistic instability; visible to JWST at z$>$12
• Disentangling the Black Hole Mass Spectrum with Photometric Microlensing Surveys
• Paving the Way for Euclid and JWST via Optimal Selection of High-z Quasars
• Quasars as standard candles VI: spectroscopic validation of the cosmological sample
• The physical origin of super-competitive accretion during the formation of the first supermassive black holes
• A lack of LAEs within 5Mpc of a luminous quasar in an overdensity at z=6.9: potential evidence of quasar negative feedback at protocluster scales
• A Little Red Dot at $\mathbf{z}=7.3$ within a Large Galaxy Overdensity
• Influence of early dark matter halos on the primordial black holes merger rate
• Supermassive Star Formation in Magnetized Atomic-Cooling Gas Clouds: Enhanced Accretion, Intermittent Fragmentation, and Continuous Mergers
• Radiative feedback for supermassive star formation in a massive cloud with H2 molecules in an atomic-cooling halo
• Growing the First Galaxies' Merger Trees
• Multiwavelength Scrutiny of X-ray Sources in Dwarf Galaxies: ULXs versus AGN
• Spontaneous Formation of Outflows Powered by Rotating Magnetized Accretion Flows in a Galactic Center
• Supermassive black hole seeds from sub-keV dark matter
• Disk fragmentation and intermittent accretion onto supermassive stars
• Feeding plankton to whales: high-redshift supermassive black holes from tiny black hole explosions
• JADES reveals a large population of low mass black holes at high redshift
• Eddington accreting Black Holes in the Epoch of Reionization
• Spectral Uniformity of Little Red Dots: A Natural Outcome of Coevolving Seed Black Holes and Nascent Starbursts
• The CatSouth Quasar Candidate Catalog for the Southern Sky and a Unified All-Sky Catalog Based on Gaia DR3
• Probing quasar lifetimes with proximate $21$-centimetre absorption in the diffuse intergalactic medium at redshifts $z\ge 6$
• The ALPINE-CRISTAL-JWST Survey: Revealing Less Massive Black Holes in High-Redshift Galaxies
• ALMA 300 pc resolution imaging of a z=6.79 quasar: no evidence for supermassive black hole influence on the [C II] kinematics
• SHELLQs-JWST Unveils the Host Galaxies of 12 Quasars at z>6
• Rapid Growth of Galactic Supermassive Black Holes through Accreting Giant Molecular Clouds during Major Mergers of their Host Galaxies
• Constraining the Low-Mass End of the Black Hole Mass Function and the Active Fraction of the Intermediate-mass Black Holes
• Active galactic nuclei-heated dust revealed in "little red dots"
• Ultra-high energy neutrinos from high-redshift electromagnetic cascades
• X-ray and radio observations of central black holes in nearby low-mass early-type galaxies: Preliminary evidence for low Eddington fractions
• Refining the mass estimate for the intermediate-mass black hole candidate in NGC 3319
• Magnetic Effects Promote Supermassive Star Formation in Metal-enriched Atomic-cooling Halos
• Discovery and characterization of 25 new quasars at 4.6 < z < 6.9 from wide-field multi-band surveys
• Finding of a population of active galactic nuclei showing a significant luminosity decline in the past $\sim 10^{3-4}$ yrs
• Predictions for LISA and PTA based on SHARK galaxy simulations
• Probing helium reionization with kinetic Sunyaev Zel'dovich tomography
• An empirical approach to selecting the first growing black hole seeds with JWST/NIRCam
• Maximal X-ray feedback in the pre-reionization universe
• Accretion onto supermassive and intermediate mass black holes in cosmological simulations
• Black hole virial masses from single-epoch photometry: the miniJPAS test case
• Selection of powerful radio galaxies with machine learning
• Black holes at cosmic dawn in the redshifted 21cm signal of HI
• Early formation of supermassive black holes from the collapse of strongly self-interacting dark matter
• Tracing Astrophysical Black Hole Seeds and Primordial Black Holes with LISA-Taiji Network
• Detection of the [O I] 63 $\mu$m emission line from the $z=6.04$ quasar J2054-0005
• Accretion from Winds of Red Giant Branch Stars May Reveal the Supermassive Black Hole in Leo I
• Feedback-regulated Seed Black Hole Growth in Star-Forming Molecular Clouds and Galactic Nuclei
• Extreme Tidal Stripping May Explain the Overmassive Black Hole in Leo I: a Proof of Concept
• What powers galactic outflows: nuclear starbursts or AGN?
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of line-driven AGN disc winds: metallicity dependence and black hole growth
• Is GN-z11 powered by a super-Eddington massive black hole?
• Detectability of Supermassive Dark Stars with the Roman Space Telescope
• Connecting the Dots: UV-Bright Companions of Little Red Dots as Lyman-Werner Sources Enabling Direct Collapse Black Hole Formation
• Dwarf AGNs from Variability for the Origins of Seeds (DAVOS): Optical Variability of Broad-line Dwarf AGNs from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Systematic biases from ignoring environmental tidal effects in gravitational wave observations
• Optical Continuum Reverberation Mapping of a Candidate IMBH in a Nearby Seyfert 1 Galaxy
• Effects of the Hubble Parameter on the Cosmic Growth of the First Quasars
• Unresolved z~8 point sources and their impact on the bright end of the galaxy luminosity function
• Overmassive black holes in the early Universe can be explained by gas-rich, dark matter-dominated galaxies
• Dynamics of intermediate mass black holes in globular clusters. Wander radius and anisotropy profiles
• Population III star formation in the presence of turbulence, magnetic fields and ionizing radiation feedback
• Rotating Supermassive Pop III Stars On The Main Sequence
• Optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of quasars at $z>6.5$: public data release and composite spectrum
• The Success of Optical Variability in Uncovering AGNs in Low-stellar Mass Galaxies
• Primordial Black-Hole-Based Pathways to Little Red Dots
• A Closer Look at Two of the Most Luminous Quasars in the Universe
• Structure of the super-Eddington outflow and itsimpact on the cosmological scale
• When Spectral Modeling Meets Convolutional Networks: A Method for Discovering Reionization-era Lensed Quasars in Multi-band Imaging Data
• HYPERION: broad-band X-ray-to-near-infrared emission of Quasars in the first billion years of the Universe
• Massive black holes in high-redshift Lyman Break Galaxies
• Photometric IGM Tomography: Efficiently Mapping Quasar Light Echoes with Deep Narrow Band Imaging
• Hungry or Not: How Stellar-Mass Black Holes Grow (or Don't) in Dark Matter Mini-Haloes at High-Resolution
• WISE2MBH: A scaling-based algorithm for probing supermassive black hole masses through WISE catalogues
• Overdensity of Lyman-Break Galaxy Candidates Around Hot Dust-Obscured Galaxies
• HYPERION. Shedding light on the first luminous quasars: A correlation between UV disc winds and X-ray continuum
• FNet II: Spectral Classification of Quasars, Galaxies, Stars, and broad absorption line (BAL) Quasars
• Climbing out of the shadows: building the distance ladder with black hole images
• Astrophysics with the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
• AGNet: Weighing Black Holes with Deep Learning
• A Chandra Survey of Milky Way Globular Clusters. III. Searching for X-ray Signature of Intermediate-mass Black Holes
• Revealing faint compact radio jets at redshifts above 5 with very long baseline interferometry
• Cosmological probes of helium reionization
• Suppression of H2-cooling in protogalaxies aided by trapped Lyα cooling radiation
• Fading Light, Fierce Winds: JWST Snapshot of a Sub-Eddington Quasar at Cosmic Dawn
• Unravelling the formation of the first supermassive black holes with the SKA pulsar timing array
• Can supermassive stars form in protogalaxies due to internal Lyman-Werner feedback?
• Probing the He II re-Ionization ERa via Absorbing C IV Historical Yield (HIERACHY) I: A Strong Outflow from a z~4.7 Quasar
• Premature supermassive black hole mergers in cosmological simulations of structure formation
• Black Hole Scaling Relations in the Dwarf-galaxy Regime with $Gaia$-Sausage/Enceladus and $\omega$Centauri
• The Noctua Suite of Simulations -- The Difficulty of Growing Massive Black Holes in Low-Mass Dwarf Galaxies
• Dating N loud AGNs at high redshift: GS3073 as a snapshot of wCen like evolution of a nuclear star cluster
• Constraining primordial black hole masses through $f(R)$ gravity scalarons in Big Bang Nucleosynthesis
• Exploring Dark Forces with Multimessenger Studies of Extreme Mass Ratio Inspirals
• Quasar lifetime measurements from extended Ly$\alpha$ nebulae at $z\sim 6$
• The Dawn of Black Holes
• Reconstructing patchy helium reionization using the cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure
• The impact of large-scale galaxy clustering on the variance of the Hellings-Downs correlation: numerical results
• Radio Scrutiny of the X-ray-Weak Tail of Low-Mass Active Galactic Nuclei: A Novel Signature of High-Eddington Accretion?
• Assessing the dark matter content of two quasar host galaxies at z~6 through gas kinematics
• Growth of A Massive Black Hole Via Tidal Disruption Accretion
• Self-consistent Solutions of Evolving Nuclear Star Clusters with Two-Dimensional Monte-Carlo Dynamical Simulations
• A compact symmetric ejection from the low mass AGN in the LINER galaxy NGC 4293
• Neutrinos from muon-rich ultra high energy electromagnetic cascades: The MUNHECA code
• Formation and Growth of the First Supermassive Black Holes in MOG
• High-redshift AGN population in radiation-hydrodynamics simulations
• Gravitational collapse at low to moderate Mach numbers: The relationship between star formation efficiency and the fraction of mass in the massive object
• Direct Collapse Accretion Disks Within Dark Matter Halos: Saturation of the Magnetorotational Instability and the Field Expulsion
• Clustering and Runaway Merging in a Primordial Black Hole Dominated Universe
• Resolving Individual Signals in the Presence of Stochastic Background in Future Pulsar Timing Arrays
• Triggered Population III star formation: the effect of H${}_2$ self-shielding
• Bright siren without electromagnetic counterpart by LISA-Taiji-TianQin network
• Detecting Intermediate-Mass Black Holes out to 20 Mpc with ELT/HARMONI: The Case of FCC 119
• Nucleosynthetic signatures of primordial origin around supermassive black holes
• Shedding the envelope: JWST reveals a kiloparsec-scale [OIII]-weak Balmer shell around a z=7.64 quasar
• Exploring the evolution of a dwarf spheroidal galaxy with SPH simulations: II. AGN feedback
• Accelerating lensed quasar discovery and modeling with physics-informed variational autoencoders
• Central Engine and Spectral Energy Distribution Properties of High Redshift Gamma Ray Blazars
• Probing the rapid formation of black holes and their galaxy hosts in QSOs
• H1821+643: The most X-ray and infrared luminous AGN in the Swift/BAT survey in the process of rapid stellar and supermassive black hole mass assembly
• Supercritical dusty BH growth in the early Universe
• Super-Eddington Growth Ceiling: Analytic Constraints on the Rapid Growth of Light-Seed Black Holes in Massive Clumps
• ALMA High-J CO Spectroscopy of High-Redshift Galaxies. II. 0.03" Resolution CO Kinematics Reveal Super-Eddington Accretion in a Dust-Obscured Galaxy at z=3.111
• The Cliff: A Metal-Poor Little Red Dot Hosting an Overmassive Black Hole at $z=3.55$
• Direct Collapse to Precursors of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds:Radiation-feedback-generated Outflows
• Subaru High-z Exploration of Low-Luminosity Quasars (SHELLQs). XIV. A Candidate Type-II Quasar at z=6.1292
• A first look at quasar-galaxy clustering at $z\simeq 7.3$
• The X-ray weakness of Little Red Dots and JWST-selected AGN: comparison with local AGN in different accretion regimes
• Direct Collapse Black Hole Candidates from Decaying Dark Matter
• Probing supermassive stars and massive black hole seeds through gravitational wave inspirals
• Radiation magnetohydrodynamics simulations of Population III star formation during the Epoch of Reionization
• Variability as a new discovery channel for Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in the Time Domain Era
• Mocking Faint Black Holes during Reionization
• Black hole merger rates for LISA and LGWA from semi-analytical modelling of light seeds
• Black Hole Cold Brew: Fermi Degeneracy Pressure
• FROST-CLUSTERS -- III. Metallicity-dependent intermediate mass black hole formation by runaway collisions in dense star clusters
• Neutrino masses, matter-antimatter asymmetry, dark matter, and supermassive black hole formation explained with Majorons
• NOCTURNE. I. The radio spectrum of narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxies
• First Light And Reionization Epoch Simulations (FLARES) -- XIX: Supermassive black hole mergers in the early Universe and their environmental dependence
• Tidal disruption event rates across cosmic time: forecasts for LSST, Roman, and JWST and their constraints on the supermassive black hole mass function
• New black hole mass calibrations and the fundamental plane of the broad-line region size, luminosity, and velocity
• The In Situ Growth of Stellar-mass "Light" Seed Black Holes in Nuclear Star Clusters
• Euclid: Discovery of 31 new quasars at $6.6<z<7.8$
• A Search for Wandering Black Holes in the Milky Way with Gaia and DECaLS
• Black-hole mass estimation through accretion disk spectral fitting for high-redshift blazars
• QUEST (Quasar Unsupervised Encoder and Synthesis Tool): A machine learning framework to generate quasar spectra
• The brightest X-ray AGNs at redshift $3\lesssim z\lesssim 6$
• Cosmological evolution of gas and supermassive black holes in idealized isolated halos
• Dynamics and merger rate of primordial black holes in a cluster
• Supermassive Dark Stars and their remnants as a possible solution to three recent cosmic dawn puzzles
• Revealing the formation histories of the first stars with the cosmic near-infrared background
• Supermassive black hole formation in the initial collapse of axion dark matter
• Prospects for Revealing Intermediate-Mass Black Holes in NGC 1399 using SKA
• Population III Star Formation in an X-ray background: I. Critical Halo Mass of Formation and Total Mass in Stars
• M31 nucleus: molecular and ionised gas content upper limits
• Signatures of Exploding Supermassive PopIII Stars at High Redshift in JWST, EUCLID and Roman Space Telescope
• Back to basics: Little Red Dots as galaxies and dust-obscured AGNs in a synthetic NIRCam sky simulated with L-GalaxiesBH
• Lensing in the Darkness: A Bayesian Analysis of 22 Chandra Sources at $z\gtrsim 6$ Shows No Evidence of Lensing
• A population of luminous globular clusters and stripped nuclei with elevated mass to light ratios around NGC 5128
• The X-ray statistical properties of dust-obscured galaxies detected by eROSITA
• Off-center black hole seed formation? Implications for high and low redshift massive black holes
• Effect of stochastic kicks on primordial black hole abundance and mass via the compaction function
• Massive black hole formation in dense stellar environments: Enhanced X-ray detection rates in high velocity dispersion nuclear star clusters
• Identification of Candidate Halos Hosting Massive Black Hole Seeds in the $\text{Renaissance}$ Simulations with Support Vector Machines
• Rapid sinking and efficient mergers of supermassive black holes in compact high-redshift galaxies
• Massive black holes in the first billion years with JWST
• Black Hole-Galaxy Correlations in Cluster Zoomed-in Simulations: GIZMO-SIMBA and TNG-Cluster
• Massive black holes and their galaxies
• Gravitational-Wave Signatures of Massive Black Hole Formation
• Modeling Cosmological Evolution of Jetted Seyfert Galaxies for z<10
• Black Holes and Baryon Number Violation: Unveiling the Origins of Early Galaxies and the Low-Mass Gap
• Self-gravitating isothermal sphere in an expanding background
• Source Confusion of Massive Black Hole Binaries for the Taiji Mission
• A novel sub-grid model for super-Eddington accretion of spinning black holes in galaxy-scale simulations
• Radiative feedback on supermassive star formation: the massive end of the Population III initial mass function
• An Estimate of the Impact of Reionization on Supermassive Black Hole Growth
• The Contribution of AGN Accretion Disks to Hydrogen Reionization
• Evaluating statistical significance for massive black hole binary mergers with space-based gravitational wave detectors
• Quasar clustering at redshift 6
• Estimating the spins of supermassive black holes in distant ultraluminous quasars
• Accretion of self-interacting dark matter onto supermassive black holes
• The Impact of Powerful Jets on the Far-infrared Emission of an Extreme Radio Quasar at z~6
• Insights for Early Massive Black Hole Growth from JWST Detection of the [Ne v] λ3427 Emission Line
• Direct Collapse Pre-supermassive Black Hole Objects as Ly$\alpha$ Emitters