Dynamics of dark energy

Abstract

In this paper we review in detail a number of approaches that have been adopted to try and explain the remarkable observation of our accelerating Universe. In particular we discuss the arguments for and recent progress made towards understanding the nature of dark energy. We review the observational evidence for the current accelerated expansion of the universe and present a number of dark energy models in addition to the conventional cosmological constant, paying particular attention to scalar field models such as quintessence, K-essence, tachyon, phantom and dilatonic models. The importance of cosmological scaling solutions is emphasized when studying the dynamical system of scalar fields including coupled dark energy. We study the evolution of cosmological perturbations allowing us to confront them with the observation of the Cosmic Microwave Background and Large Scale Structure and demonstrate how it is possible in principle to reconstruct the equation of state of dark energy by also using Supernovae Ia observational data. We also discuss in detail the nature of tracking solutions in cosmology, particle physics and braneworld models of dark energy, the nature of possible future singularities, the effect of higher order curvature terms to avoid a Big Rip singularity, and approaches to modifying gravity which leads to a late-time accelerated expansion without recourse to a new form of dark energy.

93 pages, 26 figures, Invited Review to be submitted to International Journal of Modern Physics D; comments are welcome; Additional references included in response to over 60 comments received. Rewriting of sub-sections on anthropic principle and gravitational backreaction. New subsections added

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• Cosmic Evolution with Early and Late Acceleration Inspired by Dual Nature of the Ricci Scalar Curvature
• Modified Theories of Gravity: Traversable Wormholes
• Colliding Branes and Formation of Spacetime Singularities
• Some characteristics of three exact solutions of Einstein equations minimally coupled to a Quintessence field
• Thick DGP braneworlds
• Potential for the slow-roll inflation, mass scale hierarchy and Dark Energy from the Type IIA supergravity
• APSIS - an Artificial Planetary System in Space to probe extra-dimensional gravity and MOND
• A simple toy model for a unified picture of dark energy, dark matter, and inflation
• Future singularity free accelerating expansion with the modified Poisson brackets
• Global dynamics of cosmological scalar fields -- Part II
• Reconstructing the f(R) gravity from the holographic principle
• Holographic unification of dark matter and dark energy
• Colliding branes and formation of spacetime singularities in string theory
• Cosmic microwave background constraints on a decaying cosmological term related to the thermal evolution
• Can MONDian vector theories explain the cosmic speed up ?
• Current observational constraints on holographic dark energy model
• Orbifold Branes in the $M_D\times M_{d^{+}}\times M_{d^{-}}$ Compactification of type II string on $S^1/Z_2$ and their cosmological applications
• Acceleration and Deceleration in Curvature Induced Phantom Model of the Late and Future Universe, Cosmic Collapse as Well as its Quantum Escape
• Dark Energy and Tracker Solution- A Review
• Critical state of phantom universe
• Cosmic Acceleration Data and Bulk-Brane Energy Exchange
• Scalar-field quintessence by cosmic shear: CFHT data analysis and forecasts for DUNE
• New type scalar fields for cosmic acceleration
• The Riches of the Elementary Fluxbrane Solution
• Cosmological constraints on a dark energy model with a non-linear scalar field
• Towards physical cosmology: geometrical interpretation of Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Inflation without fundamental sources
• Two non-commutative parameters and regular cosmological phase transition in the semi-classical dilaton cosmology
• Particle mixing as possible explanation of the dark energy conundrum
• Dark Energy and Dark Matter, Mirror World and E_6 Unification
• Theory Challenges of the Accelerating Universe
• Revisiting the modified Starobinsky model with cosmological constant
• The holographic principle and the cosmological constant
• Several Action and Action Deformation Proposals in f(R) Variable G Modified Gravities and a Brief Expose on Variable G Ontology
• Dark Energy in Global Brane Universe
• Rotating dark matter solution admitting dark fluid
• The Friedman Universe with the stochastic cosmological constant
• Very Light Cosmological Scalar Fields from a Tiny Cosmological Constant
• A Modified Mass Concept could explain both the Dark Matter and the Dark Energy Phenomenon
• A cyclic cosmological model based on the f(ρ) modified theory of gravity
• Vacuum energy reduction through destabilization: a unification of quintessence and a dynamical approach?
• Aspects of a supersymmetric Brans-Dicke theory
• A note on dark energy induced by D-brane motion
• A Classification of the Fundamental 3+1+1 Forces