Quantization of Four-form Fluxes and Dynamical Neutralization of the Cosmological Constant

Abstract

A four-form gauge flux makes a variable contribution to the cosmological constant. This has often been assumed to take continuous values, but we argue that it has a generalized Dirac quantization condition. For a single flux the steps are much larger than the observational limit, but we show that with multiple fluxes the allowed values can form a sufficiently dense `discretuum'. Multiple fluxes generally arise in M theory compactifications on manifolds with non-trivial three-cycles. In theories with large extra dimensions a few four-forms suffice; otherwise of order 100 are needed. Starting from generic initial conditions, the repeated nucleation of membranes dynamically generates regions with a cosmological constant in the observational range. Entropy and density perturbations can be produced.

30 pages, 1 figure. v2: minor changes, references added

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• The Cosmological Constant
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• Preference for a Vanishingly Small Cosmological Constant in Supersymmetric Vacua in a Type IIB String Theory Model
• Minimal string-scale unification of gauge couplings
• Effective String Tension and Renormalizability: String Theory in a Noncommutative Space
• More Exact Tunneling Solutions in Scalar Field Theory
• Inflation without Inflaton(s)
• Some Remarks on Anthropic Approaches to the Strong CP Problem
• Three-forms, Supersymmetry and String Compactifications
• A Quantum-Mechanical Mechanism for Reducing the Cosmological Constant
• Anthropic predictions for vacuum energy and neutrino masses in the light of WMAP-3
• 1+1 Dimensional Compactifications of String Theory
• The Scale of Inflation in the Landscape
• Gauge sector statistics of intersecting D-brane models
• The Cosmological Constant in the Quantum Multiverse
• Three-form multiplet and supersymmetry breaking
• Perturbative Stability along the Supersymmetric Directions of the Landscape
• Topological Eternal Hilltop Inflation and the Swampland Criteria
• Hidden Variables of Gravity and Geometry and the Cosmological Constant Problem
• Brane realization of q-theory and the cosmological constant problem
• Bubble, Bubble, Flow and Hubble: Large Scale Galaxy Flow from Cosmological Bubble Collisions
• Distance Conjecture and De-Sitter Quantum Gravity
• Supersymmetry Breaking and the Cosmological Constant
• Strings, Branes and Cosmology: What can we hope to learn?
• An Observational Test for the Anthropic Origin of the Cosmological Constant
• Arbitrarily coupled $p-$forms in cosmological backgrounds
• Axion Landscape Cosmology
• Inflation Expels Runaways
• Pseudo-redundant vacuum energy
• The Overshoot Problem in Inflation after Tunneling
• Initial conditions for slow-roll inflation in a random Gaussian landscape
• Hessian eigenvalue distribution in a random Gaussian landscape
• Relaxation of Higgs mass and cosmological constant with four-form fluxes and reheating
• Higher derivative three-form gauge theories and their supersymmetric extension
• A Supersymmetry Model of Leptons
• AdS and dS Entropy from String Junctions
• Eternal Inflation, Global Time Cutoff Measures, and a Probability Paradox
• Anisotropic inflation with coupled $\mathbf{p}$-forms
• Reheating-volume measure for random-walk inflation
• Embedding Flipped SU(5) into SO(10)
• Environmentally Selected WIMP Dark Matter with High-Scale Supersymmetry Breaking
• Superpotentials in IIA compactifications with general fluxes
• Transitions Between Flux Vacua
• The F-Landscape: Dynamically Determining the Multiverse
• Stability of flux vacua in the presence of charged black holes
• Realization of Minimal Supergravity
• Inherent Holography In Fuzzy Spaces and An N-tropic Approach To The Cosmological Constant Problem
• Compactifying de Sitter Naturally Selects a Small Cosmological Constant
• Lower Bound on the Garvitino Mass $m_{3/2}>O(100)$ TeV in $R$-Symmetry Breaking New Inflation
• Black holes and thermodynamics - The first half century
• A Seesaw Mechanism in the Higgs Sector
• A Fly in the SOUP
• Multi-Stream Inflation in a Landscape
• Analytic Coleman-De Luccia Geometries
• Is Noncommutative Eternal Inflation Possible?
• Deforming, revolving and resolving - New paths in the string theory landscape
• Universal Properties of Type IIB and F-theory Flux Compactifications at Large Complex Structure
• Solving the SUSY CP problem with flavor breaking F-terms
• Effective actions for dual massive (super) p-forms
• Coincident brane nucleation and the neutralization of Λ
• Designing dark energy afterglow experiments
• Kink Collisions in Curved Field Space
• Predictions of the Quantum Landscape Multiverse
• A Renormalization Group Approach to the Cosmological Constant Problem
• On the dynamical origin of parameters in $\mathcal{N}=2$ Supersymmetry
• On the Limits of Effective Quantum Field Theory: Eternal Inflation, Landscapes, and Other Mythical Beasts
• Cosmology from String Theory
• Kahler Moduli Stabilization and the Propagation of Decidability
• Singular 7-manifolds with G_2 holonomy and intersecting 6-branes
• Decay of False Vacuum via Fuzzy Monopole in String Theory
• LHC SUSY and WIMP dark matter searches confront the string theory landscape
• The fine-tuning problems of particle physics and anthropic mechanisms
• Early-Time Measure in Eternal Inflation
• Dynamic cancellation of a cosmological constant and approach to the Minkowski vacuum
• Lower Bound for the Multi-Field Bounce Action
• Axionic Band Structure of the Cosmological Constant
• Statistical Predictions From Anarchic Field Theory Landscapes
• A Smooth Landscape: Ending Saddle Point Inflation Requires Features to be Shallow
• A local self-tuning mechanism for the cosmological constant
• Supersymmetry for Fermion Masses
• Linking Light Scalar Modes with A Small Positive Cosmological Constant in String Theory
• Higgsino dark matter in partly supersymmetric models
• Theories for the Fermi Scale
• Towards a complete mass spectrum of type-IIB flux vacua at large complex structure
• de Sitter Bubbles and the Swampland
• Implication of island for inflation and primordial perturbations
• On the Scarcity of Weak Coupling in the String Landscape
• A signature of anisotropic bubble collisions
• Higgs Boson Mass From Orbifold GUTs
• Reheating-volume measure in the landscape
• Flux-induced Soft Terms on Type IIB/F-theory Matter Curves and Hypercharge Dependent Scalar Masses
• An Approach to the Cosmological Constant Problem(s)
• Radiative natural supersymmetry emergent from the string landscape
• Big bang as a topological quantum phase transition
• Higher Forms and Membranes in 4D Supergravities
• Vacuum Sampling in the Landscape during Inflation
• Probing the Dark Dimension with Auger data
• Catalytic Creation of Baby Bubble Universe with Small Positive Cosmological Constant
• Cosmic 21-cm Fluctuations as a Probe of Fundamental Physics
• Asymptotic states of the bounce geometry
• Vanishing of cosmological constant and fully localized gravity in a Brane World with extra time(s)
• Anthropic prediction for a large multi-jump landscape
• IIB Soliton Spectra with All Fluxes Activated
• Inflation, phase transitions and the cosmological constant
• $\mathcal{O}(10)M_{\odot }$ primordial black holes and string axion dark matter
• Axionic Landscape for Higgs Near-Criticality
• Type IIB Flux Vacua from M-theory via F-theory
• Global Electroweak Symmetric Vacuum
• D-brane realizations of runaway behavior and moduli stabilization
• Why trust a theory? Some further remarks (part 1)
• A landscape for the cosmological constant and the Higgs mass
• Probabilities in the Arkani-Hamed-Dimopolous-Kachru landscape
• de Sitter Harmonies: Cosmological Spacetimes as Resonances
• Three-forms and Fayet-Iliopoulos terms in Supergravity: Scanning Planck mass and BPS domain walls
• Measures for a Transdimensional Multiverse
• Mirage mediation from the landscape
• On the Search for Low $W_0$
• Searches for other vacua I: bubbles in our universe
• Non-Gaussianity from false vacuum inflation: Old curvaton scenario
• Gif Lectures on Cosmic Acceleration
• Dynamical SUSY Breaking in Intersecting Brane Models
• de Sitter decay through goldstino evaporation
• String Phenomenology and the Cosmological Constant
• Fubini instantons in curved space
• Propagating q-field and q-ball solution
• The cosmological constant in the brane world of string theory on $S^1/Z_2$
• Devaluation: a dynamical mechanism for a naturally small cosmological constant
• ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}$CDM cosmology from a type-II minimally modified gravity
• Dark matter and dark radiation from the early universe with a modulus coupled to the PQMSSM
• Holomorphic Couplings In Non-Perturbative String Compactifications
• dS${}_2$ as excitation of AdS${}_2$
• Monodromy inflation and an emergent mechanism for stabilising the cosmological constant
• Hunting long-lived gluinos at the Pierre Auger Observatory
• Statistical Distribution of the Vacuum Energy Density in Racetrack Kähler Uplift Models in String Theory
• Power of Black Hole Physics: Seeing through the Vacuum Landscape
• A Note on Membrane Interactions and the Scalar potential
• Dynamical Higgs potentials with a landscape
• The Scales of Brane Nucleation Processes
• Spontaneous Creation of the Brane World and Direction of the Time Arrow
• Probability of the Standard Model Appearance from a Matrix Model
• The CMB and the measure of the multiverse
• Constraints on LVS Compactifications of IIB String Theory
• Restrictions on infinite sequences of type IIB vacua
• Inflation in Random Landscapes with two energy scales
• Irrational Monodromies of Vacuum Energy
• Lectures on Physics Beyond the Standard Model
• New developments on embedding inflation in gauge theory and particle physics
• Flux Compactifications on $(S_2{)}^N$
• Gravity in the dynamical approach to the cosmological constant
• The Measure for the Multiverse and the Probability for Inflation
• Bayesian Reasoning in Eternal Inflation: A Solution to the Measure Problem
• Particle Production during Inflation in Light of PLANCK
• de Sitter Space Decay and Cosmological Constant Relaxation in Unimodular Gravity with Charged Membranes
• Cascades and Collapses, Great Walls and Forbidden Cities: Infinite Towers of Metastable Vacua in Supersymmetric Field Theories
• Hadronic production and decays of Charginos and Neutralinos in Split Supersymmetry
• Landscape Higgs and sparticle mass predictions from a logarithmic soft term distribution
• No-Bang Quantum State of the Cosmos
• Late transient acceleration of the universe in string theory on $S^1/Z_2$
• Tensor modes on the string theory landscape
• Asymptotic safety, quantum gravity, and the swampland: a conceptual assessment
• Entanglement negativity in de Sitter biverse from Stringy Axionic Bell pair: An analysis using Bunch-Davies vacuum
• The Gravitino Swampland Conjecture
• Long String Dynamics in Pure Gravity on AdS${}_3$
• Dyonic Catalysis in the KPV Vacuum Decay
• On finiteness of Type IIB compactifications: Magnetized branes on elliptic Calabi-Yau threefolds
• Emergently Thermalized Islands in the Landscape
• Fine-tuned vs. natural supersymmetry: what does the string landscape predict?
• Is the magnitude of the Peccei-Quinn scale set by the landscape?
• The end of locked inflation
• Quantum corrections to vacuum energy sequestering (with monodromy)
• The String Landscape: On Formulas for Counting Vacua
• Limits on Entanglement Effects in the String Landscape from Planck and BICEP/Keck Data
• Quantum Fluctuations in Cosmology and How They Lead to a Multiverse
• 1/R multidimensional gravity with form-fields: stabilization of extra dimensions, cosmic acceleration and domain walls
• Gauge Fields, Scalars, Warped Geometry, and Strings
• Thoughts on Defining the Multiverse
• Why did the Universe Start from a Low Entropy State?
• A Megaxion at 750 GeV as a First Hint of Low Scale String Theory
• Dynamical systems of eternal inflation: A possible solution to the problems of entropy, measure, observables and initial conditions
• Orientiholes
• Applications of an exact counting formula in the Bousso-Polchinski Landscape
• Testing typicality in multiverse cosmology
• Distribution of supersymmetry mu parameter and Peccei-Quinn scale f_a from the landscape
• Constraints on $N_c$ in Extensions of the Standard Model
• Minimal Grand Unification Model in an Anthropic Landscape
• String Landscape and Fermion Masses
• The Cosmological Constant and the Electroweak Scale
• Supermassive gravitinos, dark matter, leptogenesis and flat direction baryogenesis
• Pure Gravity Mediation and Chaotic Inflation in Supergravity
• IIA moduli stabilization with badly broken supersymmetry
• A Simple System For Coleman-De Luccia Transitions
• The String Origin of SUSY Flavor Violation
• Split Supersymmetry in Unified Models
• Cosmological perturbations in the $\Lambda$CDM-like limit of a polytropic dark matter model
• Sleptonic SUSY: From UV Framework to IR Phenomenology
• Gravity waves from cosmic bubble collisions
• Can Compactifications Solve the Cosmological Constant Problem?
• The Grand Canonical Multiverse and the Small Cosmological Constant
• Signals of Inflation in a Friendly String Landscape
• Cosmological thinking: cultural heritage and challenge
• A Cosmological Constant That is Too Small
• Chaotic inflation with four-form couplings
• From Cosmos to Intelligent Life: The Four Ages of Astrobiology
• Vacuum fluctuations in an ancestor vacuum: A possible dark energy candidate
• Dynamical Cobordisms in General Relativity and String Theory
• Cosmological Constant Seesaw in Quantum Cosmology
• High-scale SUSY from an R-invariant New Inflation in the Landscape
• From Analogue Models to Gravitating Vacuum
• Hawking-Moss Tunneling in Noncommutative Eternal Inflation
• Towards a non-anthropic solution to the cosmological constant problem
• QCD, Flavor, and the de Sitter Swampland
• Summary of ICHEP 2004
• A Local Wheeler-DeWitt Measure for the String Landscape
• Generating Functionals for Quantum Field Theories with Random Potentials
• Surviving in a Metastable de Sitter Space-Time
• Catalytic Creation of Bubble Universe Induced by Quintessence in Five Dimensions
• Lower limit on the gravitino mass in low-scale gauge mediation with $m_H\simeq 125$GeV
• A natural theory of dark energy
• Fine Tuning Problem of the Cosmological Constant in a Generalized Randall-Sundrum Model
• Path Integral for Stochastic Inflation: Non-Perturbative Volume Weighting, Complex Histories, Initial Conditions and the End of Inflation
• Accelerating universe emergent from the landscape
• On Stringy de Sitter Spacetimes
• The universe formation by a space reduction cascade with random initial parameters
• $\Lambda$CDM cosmology with a quiescent anisotropy in a higher dimensional steady state universe
• Effective cosmological constant from TeV-scale physics: Simple field-theoretic model
• Probing Particle Physics with Gravitational Waves
• New Scale Factor Measure
• General soft terms from Supergravity including D-terms
• Exploring a simple sector of the Einstein-Maxwell landscape
• D/antiD Dark Energy in String Warped Compactification
• Chiral Fermions and Quadratic Divergences
• Baryon as Impurity for Phase Transition in String Landscape
• Birth of the Universe from the Multiverse, MG13
• Linking the Supersymmetric Standard Model to the Cosmological Constant
• The Distribution of Vacua in Random Landscape Potentials
• Brane cosmology in the Horava-Witten heterotic M-Theory on $S^1/Z_2$
• Predictive Supersymmetry from Criticality
• The grainy multiverse
• A Model of Dark Matter and Energy
• Phenomenology from the Landscape of String Vacua
• A supersymmetric model of gamma ray bursts
• Populating the landscape in an inhomogeneous universe
• Lattice Simulation of Multi-Stream Inflation
• Gravitational lensing by traversable wormholes supported by three-form fields
• Higgs in Nilpotent Supergravity: Vacuum Energy and Festina Lente
• Early Universes with Effective Discrete Time
• Hitchhiker's Guide to the Swampland: The Cosmologist's Handbook to the string-theoretical Swampland Programme
• A geometric-probabilistic method for counting low-lying states in the Bousso-Polchinski Landscape
• Riding Gravity Away from Doomsday
• The Selfish Higgs and Reheating
• Initial Systematic Investigations of the Landscape of Low Layer NAHE Extensions
• Relaxation of vacuum energy in q-theory
• Horizon Complementarity and Casimir Violations of the Null Energy Condition
• Dark Energy Density in SUGRA models and degenerate vacua
• New Local Duals in Eternal Inflation
• Diluting SUSY flavour problem on the Landscape
• Random values of the physical parameters
• Lectures on Naturalness, String Landscape and Multiverse
• Consequences of moduli stabilization in the Einstein-Maxwell landscape
• New Inflation in the Landscape and Typicality of the Observed Cosmic Perturbation
• Electric Field Decay Without Pair Production: Lattice, Bosonization and Novel Worldline Instantons
• Emergent Spacetime and Cosmic Inflation
• The Higgs field and the resolution of the Cosmological Constant Paradox in the Weyl geometrical Universe
• Multiverse rate equation including bubble collisions
• Probability of Vacuum Stability in Type IIB Multi-Kähler Moduli Models
• Q-field from a 4D-brane: Cosmological constant cancellation and Minkowski attractor
• Vacuum statistics and parameter tuning for F-term supersymmetry breaking
• Cosmological Constant Seesaw in String/M-Theory
• Brown-Teitelboim Instantons and the First Law of Thermodynamics of (Anti) de Sitter Space
• Physics Beyond the Multiverse - Naturalness and the Quest for a Fundamental Theory
• Canonical Gauge Coupling Unification in the Standard Model with High-Scale Supersymmetry Breaking
• Gravity and strings
• No-Scale Multiverse Blueprints at the LHC
• Spectra of conditionalization and typicality in the multiverse
• Effective Actions for Regge Piecewise Flat Quantum Gravity
• Hierarchy from Baryogenesis
• Vacuum Selection on the String Landscape
• Growth of a susy bubble: inhomogeneity effects
• The Universe as a Set of Topological Fluids with Hierarchy and Fine Tuning of Coupling Constants in Terms of Graph Manifolds
• Cosmological Constant in a Quantum Gravity Theory for a Piecewise-linear Spacetime
• Anthropic Origin of the Neutrino Mass from Cooling Failure
• Non-linearities in the quantum multiverse
• Ab Initio Estimates of the Size of the Observable Universe
• Strongly Warped BPS Domain Walls
• Quantum Bias Cosmology: Acceleration from Holographic Information Capacity
• The Virtues of Frugality - Why cosmological observers should release their data slowly
• Flux-mediated Dark Matter
• Sparticle and Higgs boson masses from the landscape: dynamical versus spontaneous supersymmetry breaking
• Environmental selection of the cosmological constant and electroweak scales
• On the role of torsion and higher forms in off-shell supergravity
• Aspects of time evolution in $p$-form field theories
• Why $w\ne -1$? Anthropic Selection in a $\Lambda$ + Axion Dark Energy Model
• O(16)$\times$O(16) heterotic theory on $Ad{S}_3\times S^3\times T^4$
• Investigating the Stability of a Nonsupersymmetric Landscape
• Resolving the observer reference class problem in cosmology
• Quantum Mechanics, Gravity, and the Multiverse
• Phenomenological aspects of dark energy dominated cosmologies
• New Non-Trivial Vacuum Structures in Supersymmetric Field Theories
• Double Trace Deformations, Infinite Extra Dimensions and Supersymmetry Breaking
• The nucleation of false vacuum bubbles with compact geometries
• The Spirit of Unification: The Wei of Physics
• AP Theory III: Cone-like Graded SUSY, Dynamic Dark Energy and the YM Millenium Problem
• Precision Cosmology and the Landscape
• Topological Ghosts: the Teeming of the Shrews
• Preferred hierarchy scales from the product landscape
• Cosmology and matter induced branes
• Brane Inflation and Fine Tuning
• Dark Matter Annihilations in the Causal Diamond
• The Dark Dimension, the Swampland, and the Dark Matter Fraction Composed of Primordial Black Holes
• The Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind
• Linking the Baum-Hawking-Coleman Mechanism with Unimodular Gravity and Vilenkin's Probability Flux
• Wormholes, Void Bubbles and Vacuum Energy Suppression
• Symmetric Points in the Landscape as Cosmological Attractors
• Exploring the self-tuning of the cosmological constant from Planck mass variation
• Solitons and instantons in vacuum stability: physical phenomena
• Smooth tensionful higher-codimensional brane worlds with bulk and brane form fields
• Cosmic Acceleration Caused by the Extra-Dimensional Evolution in a Generalized Randall-Sundrum Model
• Toward solving the cosmological constant problem by embedding
• Observational signatures of dark energy produced in an ancestor vacuum: Forecast for galaxy surveys
• On the Habitability of Our Universe
• Warped Vacuum Statistics
• D branes in background fluxes and Nielsen-Olesen instabilities
• Zen and the Art of Space-Time Manufacturing
• Tuning the Cosmological Constant, Broken Scale Invariance, Unitarity
• Lectures on Warped Compactifications and Stringy Brane Constructions
• Living Near de Sitter Bubble Walls
• The No-Scale Multiverse at the LHC
• d = 11 Supergravity on almost flat R^4 times a compact hyperbolic 7-manifold, and the dip and bump seen in ATLAS-CONF-2010-088
• Joseph Polchinski: A Biographical Memoir
• A Computational Anthropic Principle: Where is the Hardest Problem in the Multiverse?
• The Utility of Quantum Field Theory
• Improvement of a provisional solution of the quantum-corrected field equations of d = 11 supergravity on flat R^4 times a compact hyperbolic 7-manifold, and modes that decay along the beam line outside the interaction region at the LHC
• The Observer Class Hypothesis
• Aspects of moduli stabilization in type IIB string theory
• PhD Thesis: String theory in the early universe
• Comments on the Transplanckian Censorship Conjecture
• From Algebraic Geometry to Machine Learning
• Statistical consistency of sign-switching vacuum energy with cosmological observations
• Gravitational Waves and Primordial Black Holes produced by Dark Meta Stable Vacuum Decay
• Extended symmetry of the Maxwell theory with a gauge coupling constant as a conserved charge
• Holography for de Sitter bubble geometries
• Turbulent aspects of BMN membrane dynamics
• Some physical consequences of an exact vacua distribution in the Bousso-Polchinski Landscape
• A note on brane/flux annihilation and dS vacua in string theory
• Universe Decay, Inflation and the Large Eigenvalue of the Cosmological Constant Seesaw
• Observe the open universe in the sky?
• Coleman de Luccia geometry reconsidered and ADS/CFT
• The Emperor's Last Clothes?
• Anthropic Estimates for Many Parameters of Physics and Astronomy
• Manifestations of String Theory in Astrophysical Data and at the LHC
• The Compactification Problems of Additional Dimensions in Multidimensional Cosmological Theories
• Four-form field versus fundamental scalar field
• Cosmological aspects of gauge mediated supersymmetry breakdown
• A brief history of the multiverse