Distribution of the Number of Generations in Flux Compactifications

Abstract

Flux compactification of string theory generates an ensemble with a large number of vacua called the landscape. By using the statistics of various properties of low-energy effective theories in the string landscape, one can therefore hope to provide a scientific foundation to the notion of naturalness. This article discusses how to answer such questions of practical interest by using flux compactification of F-theory. It is found that the distribution is approximately in a factorized form given by the distribution of the choice of 7-brane gauge group, that of the number of generations $N_{\mathrm{gen}}$ and that of effective coupling constants. The distribution of $N_{\mathrm{gen}}$ is approximately Gaussian for the range $|N_{\mathrm{gen}}|\lesssim 10$. The statistical cost of higher-rank gauge groups is also discussed.

arXiv comment4 pages, 2 tables; v2: improved discussion in Sect. 3A

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• Learning non-Higgsable gauge groups in 4D F-theory
• Tuned and Non-Higgsable U(1)s in F-theory
• Statistics of Flux Vacua for Particle Physics
• General F-theory models with tuned $(\mathrm{SU}(3)\times \mathrm{SU}(2)\times U(1))/{\mathbb{Z}}_6$ symmetry
• Gauge symmetry breaking with fluxes and natural Standard Model structure from exceptional GUTs in F-theory
• Towards natural and realistic $E_7$ GUTs in F-theory