Relaxing cosmological tensions with a sign switching cosmological constant

Abstract

Inspired by the recent conjecture originated from graduated dark energy that the Universe has recently transitioned from anti-de Sitter vacua to de Sitter vacua, we extend the $\Lambda$CDM model by a cosmological constant (${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}$) that switches sign at a certain redshift $z_{†}$, and we call this model ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}$CDM. We discuss the construction and theoretical features of this model and find out that, when the consistency of ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}$CDM with the CMB data is ensured, (i) $z_{†}\gtrsim 1.1$ is implied by the condition that the Universe monotonically expands, (ii) $H_0$ and $M_B$ (type Ia supernovae absolute magnitude) values are inversely correlated with $z_{†}$ and reach $H_0\approx 74.5\mathrm{km}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}\mathrm{Mp}{\mathrm{c}}^{-1}$ and $M_B\approx -19.2\mathrm{mag}$ for $z_{†}=1.5$, in agreement with the SH0ES measurements, and (iii) $H(z)$ presents an excellent fit to the Ly-$\alpha$ measurements provided that $z_{†}\lesssim 2.34$. We further investigate the model constraints by using the full Planck CMB data set, with and without BAO data. We find that the CMB data alone does not constrain $z_{†}$, but the CMB+BAO data set favors the sign switch of ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}$ providing the constraint: $z_{†}=2.44\pm 0.29$ (68% C.L.). Our analysis reveals that the lower and upper limits of $z_{†}$ are controlled by the Galaxy and Ly-$\alpha$ BAO measurements, respectively, and the larger $z_{†}$ values imposed by the Galaxy BAO data prevent the model from achieving the highest local $H_0$ measurements. In general, ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}$CDM (i) relaxes the $H_0$ tension while being fully consistent with the TRGB measurements, (ii) relaxes the $M_B$ tension, (iii) removes the discrepancy with the Ly-$\alpha$ measurements, (iv) relaxes the $S_8$ tension, and (v) finds a better agreement with the BBN constraints on the physical baryon density. [Abridged]

24 pages, 13 figures, 1 table; matches the version published in Physical Review D

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