Finite-time Cosmological Singularities and the Possible Fate of the Universe

Abstract

Singularities in any physical theory are either remarkable indicators of the unknown underlying fundamental theory, or indicate a change in the description of the physical reality. In General Relativity there are three fundamental kinds of singularities that might occur, firstly the black hole spacelike crushing singularities, e.g. in the Schwarzschild case and two cosmological spacelike singularities appearing in finite-time, namely, the Big Bang singularity and the Big Rip singularity. In the case of black hole and Big Bang singularity, the singularity indicates that the physics is no longer described by the classical gravity theory but some quantum version of gravity is probably needed. The Big Rip is a future singularity which appears in the context of General Relativity due to a phantom scalar field needed to describe the dark energy era. Apart from the Big Rip singularity, a variety of finite-time future singularities, such as, sudden singularity, Big Freeze singularity, generalized sudden singularity, $w$-singularity and so on, are allowed in various class of cosmological models irrespective of their origin. The occurrence of these finite-time singularities has been intensively investigated in the context of a variety of dark energy, modified gravity, and other alternative cosmological theories. These singularities suggest that the current cosmological scenario is probably an approximate version of a fundamental theory yet to be discovered. In this review we provide a concrete overview of the cosmological theories constructed in the context of Einstein's General Relativity and modified gravity theories that may lead to finite-time cosmological singularities. We also discuss various approaches suggested in the literature that could potentially prevent or mitigate finite-time singularities within the cosmological scenarios.

arXiv commentInvited Review Article from Physics Reports; Published version; 138 pages including 7 tables, 1 figure and the references

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• Modified cosmology from the thermodynamics of apparent horizon
• Exact solutions for Big Bounce in loop quantum cosmology
• Constraints on Scalar-Field Dark Energy from the Cosmic Lens All-Sky Survey Gravitational Lens Statistics
• On $R+\alpha R^2$ Loop Quantum Cosmology
• Cosmic acceleration without dark energy: Background tests and thermodynamic analysis
• Cluster abundance in chameleon $f(R)$ gravity I: toward an accurate halo mass function prediction
• Dynamics of Quintom and Hessence Energies in Loop Quantum Cosmology
• Aspects of Axion $F(R)$ Gravity
• Cosmological constant, brane tension and large hierarchy in a generalized Randall-Sundrum braneworld scenario
• Cosmological models from quintessence
• Inflation and dark energy from f(R) gravity
• Quantum cosmology and late-time singularities
• Constraints on interacting dark energy models from time-delay cosmography with seven lensed quasars
• Testing the quasi-static approximation in $f(R)$ gravity simulations
• Effective loop quantum cosmology as a higher-derivative scalar-tensor theory
• Realistic simulations of galaxy formation in f(R) modified gravity
• The Integrated Sachs-Wolfe effect in $f(R)$ gravity
• A simple $F(\mathcal{R},\varphi )$ deformation of Starobinsky inflationary model
• Dynamical Analysis of an Integrable Cubic Galileon Cosmological Model
• A novel braneworld model with a bulk scalar field
• Unimodular-Mimetic Cosmology
• Viability of the matter bounce scenario in Loop Quantum Cosmology from BICEP2 last data
• How far is it to a sudden future singularity of pressure?
• Dynamics and cosmological evolution in Λ-varying cosmology
• Implications of the possible 21-cm line excess at cosmic dawn on dynamics of interacting dark energy
• Large-scale (in-) stability Analysis of an Exactly Solved Coupled Dark-Energy Model
• Speeding up $N$-body simulations of modified gravity: Chameleon screening models
• $w$-cosmological singularities
• Testing the equation of state for viscous dark energy
• Spherically symmetric brane in a bulk of f(R) and Gauss-Bonnet Gravity
• Avoiding the Big-Rip Jeopardy in a Quintom Dark Energy Model with Higher Derivatives
• Turning Big Bang into Big Bounce: I. Classical Dynamics
• Did the Universe Experienced a Pressure non-Crushing Type Cosmological Singularity in the Recent Past?
• A New Approach to Cosmological Bulk Viscosity
• From Big to Little Rip in modified F(R,G) gravity
• Phantom dark energy as an effect of bulk viscosity
• Interacting 3-form dark energy models: distinguishing interactions and avoiding the Little Sibling of the Big Rip
• Stability of the Kasner Universe in f(T) Gravity
• Modelling and testing the equation of state for (Early) dark energy
• Effective field equation on m-brane embedded in n-dimensional bulk of Einstein and f(R) gravity
• Observational constraints of a new unified dark fluid and the $H_0$ tension
• Fine Tuning in Quintessence Models with Exponential Potentials
• Understanding the phenomenology of interacting dark energy scenarios and their theoretical bounds
• Quintessential inflation in Palatini $f(R)$ gravity
• Flat FRW Cosmologies with Adiabatic Matter Creation: Kinematic tests
• Holographic Ricci dark energy in Randall-Sundrum braneworld: Avoidance of big rip and steady state future
• Solar system constraints on alternative gravity theories
• Variety of cosmic acceleration models from massive $F(R)$ bigravity
• Kinematics and Dynamics of $f(R)$ Theories of Gravity
• Probing the imprints of generalized interacting dark energy on the growth of perturbations
• Gravitationally induced adiabatic particle production: From Big Bang to de Sitter
• Dynamical Dark sectors and Neutrino masses and abundances
• Bulk scalar field in the braneworld can mimic the 4D inflaton dynamics
• An interacting scalar field and the recent cosmic acceleration
• Stability analysis of de Sitter solutions in models with the Gauss-Bonnet term
• Screening of cosmological constant for De Sitter Universe in non-local gravity, phantom-divide crossing and finite-time future singularities
• Sudden singularities survive massive quantum particle production
• Does loop quantum cosmology replace the big rip singularity by a non-singular bounce?
• Autonomous Dynamical System Approach for Inflationary Gauss-Bonnet Modified Gravity
• Tachyon cosmology, supernovae data and the Big Brake singularity
• Casimir Effects Near the Big Rip Singularity in Viscous Cosmology
• Inflation in mimetic f(G) gravity
• Unimodular Mimetic $F(R)$ Inflation
• Non-singular models of universes in teleparallel theories
• On the dynamics of a dark sector coupling
• Classical and Quantum Solutions in Brans-Dicke Cosmology with a Perfect Fluid
• Interacting dark sector with variable vacuum energy
• Observational constraints on cosmological models with Chaplygin gas and quadratic equation of state
• Deflection angle and lensing signature of covariant f(T) gravity
• Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff Equations in Modified Gauss-Bonnet Gravity
• New test on general relativity and $f(T)$ torsional gravity from galaxy-galaxy weak lensing surveys
• Observational constraints on cosmological future singularities
• A Dynamical System Analysis of $f(R,T)$ Gravity
• Type I singularities and the Phantom Menace
• Quantifying the impacts of future gravitational-wave data on constraining interacting dark energy
• $\nu$Galileon: modified gravity with massive neutrinos as a testable alternative to $\Lambda$CDM
• Cosmic acceleration and crossing of $\omega =-1$ in non-minimal modified Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Closed System of Equations on a Brane
• A Study of Finite-time Singularities of Loop Quantum Cosmology Interacting Multifluids
• Power-law and intermediate inflationary models in f(T)-gravity
• The interrelation between the generation of large-scale electric fields and that of large-scale magnetic fields during inflation
• Can Holographic dark energy models fit the observational data?
• Cosmological Evolution and Exact Solutions in a Fourth-order Theory of Gravity
• Fast full N-body simulations of generic modified gravity: conformal coupling models
• Is the continuous matter creation cosmology an alternative to $\Lambda$CDM?
• Theoretical and observational bounds on some interacting vacuum energy scenarios
• Little Rip, $\Lambda$CDM and singular dark energy cosmology from Born-Infeld-$f(R)$ gravity
• Chameleon field and the late time acceleration of the universe
• Constraints on a $\varphi$CDM model from strong gravitational lensing and updated Hubble parameter measurements
• Non-singular modified gravity unifying inflation with late-time acceleration and universality of viscous ratio bound in F(R) theory
• Kinetic Axion $F(R)$ Gravity Inflation
• Reconstruction of k-essence model
• Confronting dark energy models mimicking $\Lambda$CDM epoch with observational constraints: future cosmological perturbations decay or future Rip?
• Exploration of interacting dynamical dark energy model with interaction term including the equation-of-state parameter: alleviation of the $H_0$ tension
• Cosmological singularities in Born-Infeld determinantal gravity
• No evidence for modifications of gravity from galaxy motions on cosmological scales
• Geodesics at Sudden Singularities
• Gravitational lensing in braneworld gravity: formalism and applications
• Logamediate Inflation in f(T) Teleparallel Gravity
• Cosmological dynamics of fourth order gravity with a Gauss-Bonnet term
• Generalized dark energy interactions with multiple fluids
• Cosmological tests of sudden future singularities
• Observational constraints and predictions of the interacting dark sector with field-fluid mapping
• The imprint of $f(R)$ gravity on weak gravitational lensing II : Information content in cosmic shear statistics
• Duality extended Chaplygin cosmologies with a big rip
• The quantum realm of the "Little Sibling" of the Big Rip singularity
• A general framework to test gravity using galaxy clusters I: Modelling the dynamical mass of haloes in $f(R)$ gravity
• Resolution of type IV singularities in quantum cosmology
• Parameters of cosmological models and recent astronomical observations
• Observational Constraints on $f(T)$ Gravity from Model-Independent Data
• Inhomogeneous viscous fluids in FRW universe and finite-future time singularities
• Braneworld gravitational collapse from a radiative bulk
• Cosmological singularities in interacting dark energy models with an $\omega (q)$ parametrization
• Fast full $N$-body simulations of generic modified gravity: derivative coupling models
• Non-parametric reconstruction of interaction in the cosmic dark sector
• Singular cosmological evolution using canonical and phantom scalar fields
• A general framework to test gravity using galaxy clusters II: A universal model for the halo concentration in $f(R)$ gravity
• Statefinder diagnosis for holographic dark energy in the DGP braneworld
• Phase space of modified Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Effects of Quantized Scalar Fields in Cosmological Spacetimes with Big Rip Singularities
• Revising the Hubble constant, spatial curvature and dark energy dynamics with the latest observations of quasars
• Dark Energy Interacting with Dark Matter in Classical Einstein and Loop Quantum Cosmology
• Analytical solutions in $R+q{R}^n$ cosmology from singularity analysis
• Thermodynamical aspects of relativistic hydrodynamics in f(R,G) gravity
• Extended phase-space analysis of the Horava-Lifshitz cosmology
• Transcending Big Bang in Loop Quantum Cosmology: Recent Advances
• Late-Time Cosmology of Scalar-Coupled $f(R,\mathcal{G})$ Gravity
• Modified Gravity and the Radiation Dominated Epoch
• Phantom Inflation in Little Rip
• Stability of accelerating cosmology in two scalar-tensor theory: Little Rip versus de Sitter
• Braneworld in $f(T)$ Gravity Theory with Noncanonical Scalar Matter Field
• Nonlinear bulk viscosity and the stability of accelerated expansion in FRW spacetime
• Structure formation on the brane: A mimicry
• Tracking quintessence: a dynamical systems study
• Generalized Brans-Dicke Theory: A Dynamical Systems Analysis
• Dynamical Systems analysis of an interacting dark energy model in the Brane Scenario
• Grand Rip and Grand Bang/Crunch cosmological singularities
• Cosmological evolution, future singularities, Little Rip and Pseudo-Rip in viable f(R) theories and their scalar-tensor counterpart
• IWDM: The fate of an interacting non-cold dark matter $-$ vacuum scenario
• Reconstruction of $f(R)$ gravity models for an accelerated universe using Raychaudhuri equation
• Future singularities if the universe underwent Starobinsky inflation in the past
• Simulating galaxy formation in f(R) modified gravity: Matter, halo, and galaxy-statistics
• Is $\Lambda$CDM an effective CCDM cosmology?
• Modified gravity models for inflation: In conformity with observations
• Interacting quintessence in light of Generalized Uncertainty Principle: Cosmological perturbations and dynamics
• Physical constraints on interacting dark energy models
• New integrable models and analytical solutions in $f(R)$~cosmology with an ideal gas
• Quantum fields and "Big Rip" expansion singularities
• Cosmological model involving an interacting van der Waals fluid
• Bounces, turnarounds and singularities in bimetric gravity
• de Sitter branes with a bulk scalar
• Viscous Generalized Chaplygin Gas as a Unified Dark Fluid: Including Perturbation of Bulk Viscosity
• Do we need soft cosmology?
• Archimedean-type force in a cosmic dark fluid: III. Big Rip, Little Rip and Cyclic solutions
• Notes on interacting holographic dark energy model in a closed universe
• Perturbations in a scalar field model with virtues of $\Lambda$CDM
• (Compactified) black branes in four dimensional f(R)-gravity
• A late time acceleration of the universe with two scalar fields : many possibilities
• On thermodynamics second law in the modified Gauss Bonnet gravity
• Alternative mechanism of avoiding the big rip or little rip for a scalar phantom field
• Constraining interacting dark energy models with the halo concentration-mass relation
• Galaxy-galaxy weak gravitational lensing in $f(R)$ gravity
• Dynamical system analysis for DBI dark energy interacting with dark matter
• Dynamical Systems Analysis of K-essence Model
• Exact spherically symmetric solutions in modified Gauss-Bonnet gravity from Noether symmetry approach
• A general framework to test gravity using galaxy clusters IV: Cluster and halo properties in DGP gravity
• f(R) gravity on non-linear scales: The post-Friedmann expansion and the vector potential
• Brane singularities and their avoidance
• On the growth of perturbations in interacting dark energy and dark matter fluids
• Future singularity avoidance in phantom dark energy models
• Future dynamics in f(R) theories
• Distinguishing general relativity and $f(R)$ gravity with the gravitational lensing Minkowski functionals
• Gravitationally influenced particle creation models and late-time cosmic acceleration
• Rip/singularity free cosmology models with bulk viscosity
• Generic f(R) theories and classicality of their scalarons
• Little Rip cosmological models with time-dependent equation of state
• Dynamical System Analysis for a phantom model
• Braneworld solutions for modified theories of gravity with non-constant curvature
• Kinetic theory for nongeodesic particle motion: Selfinteracting equilibrium states and effective viscous fluid pressures
• Early Modified Gravity: Implications for Cosmology
• Dissipative Universe-Inflation with Soft Singularity
• Doomsdays in a modified theory of gravity: A classical and a quantum approach
• Cosmological model with time varying deceleration parameter in $F(R,G)$ gravity
• Inflation in mimetic $f(R,T)$ gravity
• Chaplygin gas may prevent big trip
• Observational constraints on the interacting dark energy - dark matter (IDM) cosmological models
• A general framework to test gravity using galaxy clusters III: Observable-mass scaling relations in $f(R)$ gravity
• Sudden singularities in generalized hybrid metric-Palatini cosmologies
• $f\left(R,{\nabla }_{{\mu }_1}R,\dots ,{\nabla }_{{\mu }_1}\dots {\nabla }_{{\mu }_n}R\right)$ theories of gravity in Einstein frame: A higher order modified Starobinsky inflation model in the Palatini approach
• Bouncing cosmology in $f(R,\mathcal{G})$ gravity by order reduction
• Stability and Space Phase Analysis in f(R) theory with Generalized Exponential model
• Updating constraints on phantom crossing $f(T)$ gravity
• Scalar perturbations in cosmological models with dark energy - dark matter interaction
• Stability of Hyperbolic and Matter-Dominated Bounce Cosmologies From F(R,G) Modified Gravity at Late Evolution Stages
• The fate of bound systems through Sudden Future Singularities
• Observational constraints on soft dark energy and soft dark matter: challenging $\Lambda$CDM
• Inflation and Bounce from Classical and Loop Quantum Cosmology Imperfect Fluids
• Finite time future singularities in the interacting dark sector
• Brane-like singularities with no brane
• A thermodynamic characterization of future singularities?
• Scalar field cosmological models with finite scale factor singularities
• Structure formation in dark energy cosmologies described by PADE parameterization
• Shocks and finite-time singularities in Hele-Shaw flow
• Complete cosmic scenario in the Randall-Sundrum braneworld from the dynamical systems perspective
• Revisiting the screening mechanism in $f(R)$ gravity
• Holographic dark energy interacting with dark matter in a Closed Universe
• Semi-classical gravity phenomenology under the causal-conditional quantum measurement prescription
• Emergent Universe in the Braneworld Scenario
• Conservation laws and Exact Solutions in Brans-Dicke Cosmology with a Scalar Field
• Vanishing Cosmological Constant in Modified Gauss-Bonnet Gravity with Conformal Anomaly
• Stability of a modified Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory in the dilatonic frame
• Singularity formation in asymptotically safe cosmology with inhomogeneous equation of state
• Inflationary model in minimally modified gravity theories
• Singular Accelerated Evolution in Massive $F(R)$ Bigravity
• Constraining Alternative Gravity Theories Using The Solar Neutrino Problem
• Extended analysis for the Evolution of the Cosmological history in Einstein-aether Scalar Field theory
• Initial directional singularity in inflationary models
• Dark sector unifications: dark matter-phantom energy, dark matter -- constant $w$ dark energy, dark matter-dark energy-dark matter
• Covariant action for bouncing cosmologies in modified Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Constraints on modified Gauss-Bonnet gravity during big bang nucleosynthesis
• Note on "Continuous matter creation and the acceleration of the universe: the growth of density fluctuations"
• Cosmological models with bulk viscosity in presence of adiabatic matter creation and with G, c and Lambda variables
• Observational constraints on finite scale factor singularities
• Holographic dark energy and validity of the generalized second law of thermodynamics in the dgp brane world
• Holographic energy density, dark energy sound speed, and tensions in cosmological parameters: $H_0$ and $S_8$
• Analytic solutions in Einstein-aether scalar field cosmology
• Deflationary Models Driven by Matter Creation
• Gravitationally Induced Particle Production and its Impact on the WIMP Abundance
• $f(T)$ Cosmology with Nonzero Curvature
• Similarity solutions for the Wheeler-DeWitt equation in $f\left(R\right)$-cosmology
• Van der Waals Universe with Adiabatic Matter Creation
• Exploring bulk viscous unified scenarios with Gravitational Waves Standard Sirens
• Effective dark matter power spectra in $f(R)$ gravity
• Brane cosmology, Weyl fluid, and density perturbations
• Geometry of deformations of branes in warped backgrounds
• Sudden singularities in semiclassical gravity
• Multiple $\Lambda$CDM cosmology with string landscape features and future singularities
• Alternative approach to the Starobinsky model for inflation scenarios
• Emergent Universe in Brane World Scenario
• Late-time acceleration driven by shift-symmetric Galileon in the presence of Torsion
• Inflation with explicit parametric connection between General Relativity and Scalar-Tensor gravity
• Brane Cosmology and Motion of Test Particles in Five-Dimensional Warped Product Spacetimes
• Gravitational waves in Modified Gauss-Bonnet Gravity
• Generalizing thawing dark energy models: the standard vis-à-vis model independent diagnostics
• No "big trips" for the universe
• Modified Equations of State for Dark Energy and Observational Limitations
• The Dapor-Liegener model of Loop Quantum Cosmology: A dynamical analysis
• Einstein-aether theory in Weyl integrable geometry
• A general framework to test gravity using galaxy clusters VI: Realistic galaxy formation simulations to study clusters in modified gravity
• Closed and open FRW cosmologies with matter creation: Kinematic tests
• New futures for cosmological models
• Entropic force, running gravitational coupling and future singularities
• A general framework to test gravity using galaxy clusters V: A self-consistent pipeline for unbiased constraints of $f(R)$ gravity
• Universal procedure to cure future singularities of dark energy models
• Integrability and Cosmological Solutions in Einstein-aether-Weyl theory
• Cyclic Cosmology from the Little Rip
• Bigravity and Horndeski gravity connected by a disformal coupling
• Is a Topology Change After a Big Rip Possible?
• Sudden Future Singularities in Quintessence and Scalar-Tensor Quintessence Models
• $w$-singularities in cosmological models
• Exact inflationary solutions in exponential gravity
• Cosmological Singularities in Conformal Weyl Gravity
• Evolving Cosmic Scenario in Modified Chaplygin Gas with Adiabatic Matter Creation
• Future soft singularities, Born-Infeld-like fields and particles
• New Anisotropic Sudden Singularities and Dimensional Reduction
• Bouncing Braneworld with Born-Infeld and Gauss-Bonnet
• Generalized second law of thermodynamics on the apparent horizon in modified Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Cosmological future singularities in massive gravity and massive bigravity
• Eternal vs singular observers in interacting dark energy-dark matter models
• Type V singularities with inhomogeneous equations of state
• Multipole analysis for linearized $f(R)$ gravity with irreducible Cartesian tensors
• Thawing vs. Tracker Solutions: A Dynamical Systems Approach
• Modified Brans-Dicke cosmology with Minimum Length Uncertainty
• Brane world solutions of perfect fluid in the background of a bulk containing dust or cosmological constant
• Multipole analysis for linearized $f(R,\mathcal{G})$ gravity with irreducible Cartesian tensors
• Spintessence: a possible candidate as a driver of the late time cosmic acceleration
• Finite scale factor and future singularities
• Interacting dark fluid in the universe bounded by event horizon : A non-equilibrium prescription
• Regularizing future cosmological singularities with varying speed of light

Cited by in corpus (44)

• The CosmoVerse White Paper: Addressing observational tensions in cosmology with systematics and fundamental physics
• Quasi-static evolution of axially and reflection symmetric large-scale configuration
• Combining pre- and post-recombination new physics to address cosmological tensions: case study with varying electron mass and sign-switching cosmological constant
• Thermodynamic topology of black Holes in f(R) gravity
• Transition dynamics in the ${\Lambda }_{\mathrm{s}}$CDM model: Implications for bound cosmic structures
• Fractional Holographic Dark Energy
• III. Interacting Dark Energy: Summary of Models, Pathologies, and Constraints
• Cosmological model with linear equation of state parameter in f(R, Lm) gravity
• Conformal Killing cosmology -- Geometry, dark sector, growth of structures, and big rip
• Tsallis holographic dark energy with power law ansatz approach
• Primordial regular black holes as all the dark matter. III. Covariant canonical quantum gravity models
• Covariant Cubic Interacting Vertices for Massless and Massive Integer Higher Spin Fields
• Decay of $f(R)$ quintessence into dark matter: mitigating the Hubble tension?
• Reconstruction of the singularity-free $f(\mathcal{R})$ gravity via Raychaudhuri equations
• I. Linear Interacting Dark Energy: Analytical Solutions and Theoretical Pathologies
• A new approach to $P-V$ phase transitions: Einstein gravity and holographic type dark energy
• Anisotropic Born-Infeld-f(R) Cosmologies
• New perspectives on future rip scenarios with holographic dark energy
• Cosmology of unimodular Born-Infeld-$f(R)$ gravity
• A comprehensive data-driven odyssey to explore the equation of state of dark energy
• Gravitational Slip parameter and Gravitational Waves in Einstein-Cartan theory
• Gauge Invariant Lagrangian Formulations for Mixed Symmetry Higher Spin Bosonic Fields in AdS Spaces
• Observational constraints using Bayesian statistics and Deep Learning in $f(Q)$ gravity
• Rips and regular future scenario with Holographic Dark Energy: A comprehensive look
• An innovative black hole solution and thermodynamic properties in higher-order curvature gravity with a scalar field
• Solutions of Maxwell equations for admissible electromagnetic fields, in spaces with simply transitive four-parameter groups of motions
• Stability of Relativistic Spheres Powered by Energy Profile in Einstein Gauss-Bonnet Gravity
• Sudden cosmological singularities in Aether scalar-tensor theories
• Cosmological singularities in non-canonical models of dark energy
• Dynamical Systems Analysis of $f(R,L_m)$ Gravity Model
• Gauss-Bonnet entropy and thermal dynamics of RN-AdS black holes
• Reheating constraints and the $H_0$ tension in Quintessential Inflation
• Cosmological Singularities in Brane Gravity
• On rips and cosmological singularities in a universe merging with baby universes
• Again About Singularity Crossing In Gravitation And Cosmology
• Individual halo bias in models of $f(R)$ gravity
• Cosmological Implications of Thermodynamic Split Conjecture
• Crunching, Bouncing, and Cyclical Cosmologies from Dark Sector Interactions
• The $f(Q)$ gravity and affine EoS: Compatibility and observational constraints
• Singularity softening and avoidance by the action of thermal radiation in a generalized entropic cosmology
• Conformal structure of singularities in some varying fundamental constants bimetric cosmologies
• Fermionic quantum cosmology as a framework for resolving type IV singularities
• Towards Lagrangian dynamics for constrained mixed-symmetric interacting higher-spin fields
• Thermodynamic Split Conjecture and an Observational Test for Cosmological Entropy