Direct evidence of acceleration from distance modulus redshift graph

Abstract

The energy conditions give upper bounds on the luminosity distance. We apply these upper bounds to the 192 essence supernova Ia data to show that the Universe had experienced accelerated expansion. This conclusion is drawn directly from the distance modulus-reshift graph. In addition to be a very simple method, this method is also totally independent of any cosmological model. From the degeneracy of the distance modulus at low redshift, we argue that the choice of $w_0$ for probing the property of dark energy is misleading. One explicit example is used to support this argument.

use revtex,8 figures, JCAP in press, section 2 is re-organized. add more discussions on the dark energy parametrization

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