The First Stars

Abstract

We review recent theoretical results on the formation of the first stars in the universe, and emphasize related open questions. In particular, we discuss the initial conditions for Population III star formation, as given by variants of the cold dark matter cosmology. Numerical simulations have investigated the collapse and the fragmentation of metal-free gas, showing that the first stars were predominantly very massive. The exact determination of the stellar masses, and the precise form of the primordial initial mass function, is still hampered by our limited understanding of the accretion physics and the protostellar feedback effects. We address the importance of heavy elements in bringing about the transition from an early star formation mode dominated by massive stars, to the familiar mode dominated by low mass stars, at later times. We show how complementary observations, both at high redshifts and in our local cosmic neighborhood, can be utilized to probe the first epoch of star formation.

38 pages, 10 figures, draft version for 2004 Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics, high-resolution version available at http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/~vbromm/

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• The R136 star cluster hosts several stars whose individual masses greatly exceed the accepted 150 Msun stellar mass limit
• SN 2006gy: Discovery of the most luminous supernova ever recorded, powered by the death of an extremely massive star like Eta Carinae
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• Super-luminous supernovae: 56Ni power versus magnetar radiation
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• Simulations of Cosmic Chemical Enrichment
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• Two populations of metal-free stars in the early Universe
• HD 140283: A Star in the Solar Neighborhood that Formed Shortly After the Big Bang
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• Dark Stars: A Review
• The Cosmic Near Infrared Background: Remnant Light from Early Stars
• Seeds Don't Sink: Even Massive Black Hole "Seeds" Cannot Migrate to Galaxy Centers Efficiently
• Chemical Enrichment in the Carbon-enhanced Damped Lyman $\alpha$ System
• The First Generation of Star-Forming Haloes
• Robust Velocity-induced Acoustic Oscillations at Cosmic Dawn
• The influence of magnetic fields on the thermodynamics of primordial star formation
• Galactic Chemical Evolution
• High-z Quasars in the R_h=ct Universe
• Dark Matter Capture in the First Stars: a Power Source and Limit on Stellar Mass
• Search for Extremely Metal-poor Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (II): high electron temperature objects
• Reviving old controversies: is the early Galaxy flat or round? Investigations into the early phases of the Milky Way formation through stellar kinematics and chemical abundances
• Merger rate density of binary black holes through isolated Population I, II, III and extremely metal-poor binary star evolution
• Multidimensional Simulations of Rotating Pair Instability Supernovae
• A metal rich molecular cloud surrounds GRB 050904 at redshift 6.3
• Scaling relations between black holes and their host galaxies: comparing theoretical and observational measurements, and the impact of selection effects
• Star formation at very low metallicity. II: On the insignificance of metal-line cooling during the early stages of gravitational collapse
• Probing the Epoch of Reionization with Milky Way Satellites
• A Standard Ruler at Cosmic Dawn
• The impact of nebular emission on the broadband fluxes of high-redshift galaxies
• Carbon-Enhanced Hyper-metal-poor Stars and the Stellar IMF at Low Metallicity
• Extinction curves expected in young galaxies
• The observational signature of the first H II regions
• Seeding Black Holes in Cosmological Simulations
• Dark Stars: a new look at the First Stars in the Universe
• Gravitational instability in protostellar disks at low metallicities
• Exploring HeII$\lambda$1640 emission line properties at $z\sim 2-4$
• Detection and extraction of signals from the epoch of reionization using higher order one-point statistics
• MaNGA AGN dwarf galaxies (MAD) -- I. A new sample of AGN in dwarf galaxies with spatially resolved spectroscopy
• A New View of the Super Star Clusters in the Low-Metallicity Galaxy SBS 0335-052
• On the formation of very metal-poor stars: The case of SDSS J1029151+172927
• Gravitational wave backgrounds and the cosmic transition from Population III to Population II stars
• Evolution of Low- and Intermediate-Mass Stars with [Fe/H] <= -2.5
• Testing the universal stellar IMF on the metallicity distribution in the bulges of the Milky Way and M31
• The formation of massive Pop III stars in the presence of turbulence
• Radiation-driven winds of hot luminous stars. XVI. Expanding atmospheres of massive and very massive stars and the evolution of dense stellar clusters
• Gravitational Wave Astronomy With TianQin
• The Cosmic Reionization History as Revealed by the CMB Doppler--21-cm Correlation
• Magnetorotational collapse of very massive stars to black holes in full general relativity
• The Early Growth of the First Black Holes
• Star Formation at Very Low Metallicity. IV. Fragmentation Does Not Depend on Metallicity for Cold Initial Conditions
• Large-Scale Structure Formation: from the first non-linear objects to massive galaxy clusters
• The winds of the hot massive first stars
• Exploring the Galaxy's halo and very metal-weak thick disk with SkyMapper and Gaia DR2
• Fitting formulae for evolution tracks of massive stars under extreme metal poor environments for population synthesis calculations and star cluster simulations
• The role of HD cooling in primordial star formation
• How low does it go? Too few Galactic satellites with standard reionization quenching
• Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Lyman-Werner and Lyman-alpha Radiation Backgrounds
• An Effective Model for the Cosmic-Dawn 21-cm Signal
• Influence of primordial magnetic fields on 21 cm emission
• Detecting gravitationally lensed population III galaxies with the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope
• Supersonic Relative Velocity between Dark Matter and Baryons: A Review
• Chemical enrichment of Damped Lyman Alpha systems as a direct constraint on Population III star formation
• The structure and evolution of quasi-stars
• Heating of the Intergalactic Medium by Primordial Miniquasars
• Impact of Cosmic Rays on Population III Star Formation
• The Premature Formation of High Redshift Galaxies
• Light-cone anisotropy in 21cm fluctuations during the epoch of reionization
• Trapping of HII regions in Population III star formation
• The Number and Observability of Population III Supernovae at High Redshifts
• The earliest stars and their relics in the Milky Way
• The Cosmic Timeline Implied by the JWST High-redshift Galaxies
• The Magellanic Bridge cluster NGC 796: Deep optical AO imaging reveals the stellar content and initial mass function of a massive open cluster
• Following The Cosmic Evolution Of Pristine Gas I: Implications For Milky Way Halo Stars
• Extremely Metal-Poor Galaxies: The HI Content
• Pair-Instability Supernovae via Collision Runaway in Young Dense Star Clusters
• Detection of a population of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy
• Very metal-poor stars observed by the RAVE survey
• The Biggest Explosions in the Universe
• The Nature of CO Emission From z~6 Quasars
• Binary black hole mergers from Population III stars: uncertainties from star formation and binary star properties
• The Halo Occupation Distribution of Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Formation of Galaxies Hosting z~6 Quasars
• Impact of the Primordial Stellar Initial Mass Function on the 21-cm Signal
• A tale of two sites -- II: Inferring the properties of minihalo-hosted galaxies with upcoming 21-cm interferometers
• Multi-flavour SMBH seeding and evolution in cosmological environments
• The Impact of Lyman alpha Trapping on the Formation of Primordial Objects
• Closing the window on fuzzy dark matter with the 21cm signal
• Supermassive Dark Star candidates seen by JWST?
• On the nature of the sources of the cosmic infrared background
• Cool White Dwarfs Revisited -- New Spectroscopy and Photometry
• Dust formation, evolution, and obscuration effects in the very high-redshift universe
• The impact of reionization on the formation of supermassive black hole seeds
• The onset of star formation in primordial haloes
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds with Radiative Transfer: Isolated Halos
• Observing Dark Stars with JWST
• Lyman `bump' galaxies - II. A possible signature of massive extremely metal-poor or metal-free stars in z=3.1 Ly-alpha emitters
• Ultra-Luminous X-ray Source Populations in Normal Galaxies: a Preliminary Survey with Chandra
• Photodissociation feedback of Population III stars \\on their neighbor prestellar cores
• Supermassive Black Hole Seed Formation at High Redshifts: Long-Term Evolution of the Direct Collapse
• A study of low-metallicity DLAs at high redshift and C II* as a probe of their physical conditions
• The Relative Role of Galaxy Mergers and Cosmic Flows in Feeding Black Holes
• Black hole growth and AGN feedback under clumpy accretion
• Emission from Pair-Instability Supernovae with Rotation
• Chronography of the Milky Way's Halo System with Field Blue Horizontal-Branch Stars
• Dark stars: Implications and constraints from cosmic reionization and extragalactic background radiation
• The Habitable Epoch of the Early Universe
• Preheating of the Universe by cosmic rays from primordial supernovae at the beginning of cosmic reionization
• The R-Process Alliance: The Peculiar Chemical Abundance Pattern of RAVE J183013.5-455510
• The CubeSpec space mission. I. Asteroseismology of massive stars from time series optical spectroscopy: science requirements and target list prioritisation
• Primordial star clusters at extreme magnification
• The Lack of Gamma-Ray Bursts from Population III Binaries
• The Radio to Infrared Emission of Very High Redshift Gamma-Ray Bursts: Probing Early Star Formation through Molecular and Atomic Absorption Lines
• The effect of baryonic streaming motions on the formation of the first supermassive black holes
• XMM-Newton Observations of High Redshift Quasars
• Diffuse Cosmic Neutrino Background from Population III Stars
• 21cmEMU: an emulator of 21cmFAST summary observables
• A strong He II $\lambda$1640 emitter with extremely blue UV spectral slope at $z=8.16$: presence of Pop III stars?
• Lyalpha versus X-ray heating in the high-z IGM
• First stars and the extragalactic background light: How recent gamma-ray observations constrain the early universe
• Star and dust formation activities in AzTEC-3: A starburst galaxy at z = 5.3
• The Chemical Evolution Of High Z Galaxies From The Relative Abundances Of N, Si, S, And Fe In Damped Lyman Alpha Systems
• The First Stars: formation under X-ray feedback
• Exploring the astrophysics of dark atoms
• The effects of Population III stars and variable IMF on the chemical evolution of the Galaxy
• Planets in the Early Universe
• Formation History of Metal-Poor Halo Stars with Hierarchical Model and the Effect of ISM accretion on the Most Metal-Poor Stars
• Optical/near-infrared colours of early-type galaxies and constraints on their star formation histories
• Cosmic Infrared Background Fluctuations in Deep Spitzer IRAC Images: Data Processing and Analysis
• Influence of Population III stars on cosmic chemical evolution
• Probing Population III Stars in Galaxy IOK-1 at z = 6.96 through He II Emission
• A gravitational-wave limit on the Chandrasekhar mass of dark matter
• Fully-Coupled Simulation of Cosmic Reionization. I: Numerical Methods and Tests
• The RAVE Survey: Rich in Very Metal-Poor Stars
• Chemical Abundances in the Secondary Star of the Neutron Star Binary Centaurus X-4
• The photometric variability of massive stars due to gravity waves excited by core convection
• Solar and Stellar Photospheric Abundances
• The earliest galaxies seen in 21 cm line absorption
• Measurement of the core-collapse progenitor mass distribution of the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Extinction curves flattened by reverse shocks in supernovae
• Suppression of accretion onto low-mass Population III stars
• The Active Fraction of Massive Black Holes in Dwarf Galaxies
• The Epoch of Reionization in the R_h=ct Universe
• Black hole clustering and duty cycles in the Illustris simulation
• Distribution of the very first PopIII stars and their relation to bright z~6 quasars
• How much metals did the first stars provide to the ultra-faint dwarfs?
• Quasar Clustering in Cosmological Hydrodynamic Simulations: Evidence for mergers
• The impact of thermodynamics on gravitational collapse: filament formation and magnetic field amplification
• Fast-rotating massive Population~III stars as possible sources of extreme N-enrichment in high-redshift galaxies
• The Impact of Feedback in Massive Star Formation. II. Lower Star Formation Efficiency at Lower Metallicity
• The Mutual Interaction Between Population III Stars and Self-Annihilating Dark Matter
• Multi-Dimensional Simulations of Pair-Instability Supernovae
• Massive binary black holes from Population II and III stars
• Pop. III stars from turbulent fragmentation at redshift ~ 11
• Physical Mechanism for the Intermediate Characteristic Stellar Mass in the Extremely Metal-poor Environments
• X-ray properties of He II 1640 emitting galaxies in VANDELS
• Early Black Holes in Cosmological Simulations: Luminosity Functions and Clustering Behaviour
• Potential of EBL and cosmology studies with the Cherenkov Telescope Array
• Convectively Driven Three Dimensional Turbulence in Massive Star Envelopes: I. A 1D Implementation of Diffusive Radiative Transport
• A new approach to determine optically thick H2 cooling and its effect on primordial star formation
• Early chemical enrichment of the universe and the role of very massive pop III stars
• Data availability and requirements relevant for the Ariel space mission and other exoplanet atmosphere applications
• Dust coagulation in star formation with different metallicities
• Transport on Adaptive Random Lattices
• Damped Lyα Absorption Systems in Semi-Analytic Models with Multiphase Gas
• Primordial star formation: relative impact of H2 three-body rates and initial conditions
• Circular polarization of the CMB: Foregrounds and detection prospects
• Chemistry of heavy elements in the Dark Ages
• Search for blue compact dwarf galaxies during quiescence II: metallicities of gas and stars, ages, and star-formation rates
• Probing the first galaxies with the SKA
• Dark Stars: Improved Models and First Pulsation Results
• Supermassive Black Holes in the Early Universe
• 21cm signal sensitivity to dark matter decay
• Mass-loss predictions for evolved very metal-poor massive stars
• Constraining Dark Matter properties with the first generation of stars
• Probing the initial mass function of the first stars with transients
• Blocking metal accretion onto population III stars by stellar wind
• Growth of Supermassive Black Hole Seeds in ETG Star-Forming Progenitors: Multiple Merging of Stellar Compact Remnants via Gaseous Dynamical Friction and Gravitational Wave Emission
• Formation of Galactic Systems in Light of the Magnesium Abundance in Field Stars: The Thick Disk
• Nuclear processes in Astrophysics: Recent progress
• Pair Correlations and Merger Bias
• Population III Star Clusters in the Reionized Universe
• Massive Black Hole Science with eLISA
• The HI content of extremely metal-deficient blue compact dwarf galaxies
• Modelling the cosmological Lyman-Werner background radiation field in the Early Universe
• Astrophysical S factor for the radiative capture 12N(p,gamma)13O determined from the 14N(12N,13O)13C proton transfer reaction
• Ultrafaint Dwarfs - Star Formation and Chemical Evolution in the Smallest Galaxies
• Gamma-ray bursts and Population III stars
• Intermediate-mass Black Holes on the Run from Young Star Clusters
• Studying Cosmic Dawn using redshifted HI 21-cm signal: A brief review
• Impact of an accurate modeling of primordial chemistry in high resolution studies
• Ultraluminous X-ray sources: three exciting years
• Molecular Chemistry for Dark Matter II: Recombination, Molecule Formation, and Halo Mass Function in Atomic Dark Matter
• Gravitational stability and fragmentation condition for discs around accreting supermassive stars
• Dark matter powered stars: Constraints from the extragalactic background light
• Mixing of Primordial Gas in Lyman Break Galaxies
• Gravitational-wave captures by intermediate-mass black holes in galactic nuclei
• The implications of dust for high-redshift protogalaxies and the formation of binary disks
• Chemical enrichment of stars due to accretion from ISM during the Galaxy's assembly
• The role of the H${}_2$ adiabatic index in the formation of the first stars
• Fragmentation in Dusty Low-Metallicity Star Forming Halos
• The Pristine survey -- XV. A CFHT ESPaDOnS view on the Milky Way halo and disc populations
• Hot Cores : Probes of High-Redshift Galaxies
• Gravitational wave probes of particle dark matter: a review
• Multicomponent multiscatter capture of Dark Matter
• CEMP stars: possible hosts to carbon planets in the early universe
• Potential signature of Population III pair-instability supernova ejecta in the BLR gas of the most distant quasar at z = 7.54
• Where can we really find the First Stars' Remnants today?
• The clustering properties of the first galaxies
• Growth of Early Supermassive Black Holes and the High-Redshift Eddington Ratio Distribution
• Mining S-PLUS for Metal-Poor Stars in the Milky Way
• Cold accretion in early galaxy formation and its Lyman-alpha signatures
• Cosmic evolution of metal densities: the enrichment of the Inter-Galactic Medium
• Impact of magnetic fields on Population III star formation
• Origin of metals in old Milky Way halo stars based on GALAH and Gaia
• Black Holes in our Galactic Halo: Compatibility with FGST and PAMELA Data and Constraints on the First Stars
• Properties and merger signatures of galaxies hosting LISA coalescing massive black hole binaries
• Probing the Pre-Reionization Epoch with Molecular Hydrogen Intensity Mapping
• SIEGE III: The formation of dense stellar clusters in sub-parsec resolution cosmological simulations with individual star feedback
• Photometric Properties of the Most Massive High-Redshift Galaxies
• Evidence of Pop~III stars' chemical signature in neutral gas at z~6. A study based on the E-XQR-30 spectroscopic sample
• 21cmFirstCLASS I. Cosmological tool for $\Lambda$CDM and beyond
• Extremely-Metal Poor Stars in the Milky Way: A Second Generation Formed after Reionization
• Probing Intermediate Mass Black Holes in M87 through Multi-Wavelength Gravitational Wave Observations
• An Observational Test for the Anthropic Origin of the Cosmological Constant
• Cosmological Impact of Population III Binaries
• Inferring the velocity of early massive stars from the abundances of extremely metal-poor stars
• Enhanced direct collapse due to Lyman alpha feedback
• The First Stars: formation under cosmic ray feedback
• On the operation of the chemothermal instability in primordial star-forming clouds
• An upper limit on the sulphur abundance in HE 1327-2326
• Dark Stars: A New Study of the FIrst Stars in the Universe
• The Age-Metallicity Relation in the Thin Disk of the Galaxy
• Sources for Metals in the Intergalactic Medium
• Can Population III stars be major origins of both merging binary black holes and extremely metal poor stars?
• Rapid formation of a very massive star >50000 $M_{\odot }$ and subsequently an IMBH from runaway collisions. Direct N-body and Monte Carlo simulations of dense star clusters
• Intermediate-mass black holes in dwarf galaxies: the case of Holmberg II
• Implications of primordial black holes on the first stars and the origin of the super--massive black holes
• The G-dwarf problem in the Galaxy
• Candidate X-ray-Emitting OB Stars in the MYStIX Massive Star-Forming Regions
• The central engine of the highest redshift blazar
• Cosmic Chemical Evolution with an Early Population of Intermediate Mass Stars
• Metal Pollution of Low-Mass Population III Stars through Accretion of Interstellar Objects like `Oumuamua
• A chemical signature from fast-rotating low-metallicity massive stars: ROA 276 in omega Centauri
• Multiscale mass transport in z~6 galactic discs: fueling black holes
• Determination of astrophysical 12N(p,g)13O reaction rate from the 2H(12N, 13O)n reaction and its astrophysical implications
• Feedback from Multiple Supernova Explosions inside a Wind-Blown Bubble
• First stars as a possible origin for the helium-rich population in omega Centauri
• The Stars of the HETDEX Survey. I. Radial Velocities and Metal-Poor Stars from Low-Resolution Stellar Spectra
• Constraining the cosmic merger history of intermediate-mass black holes with gravitational wave detectors
• Formation of Compact Stellar Clusters by High-Redshift Galaxy Outflows II: Effect of Turbulence and Metal-Line Cooling
• The effect of diffuse background on the spatially-resolved Schmidt relation in nearby spiral galaxies
• Search for Extremely Metal-Poor Stars with GEMINI-N/GRACES I. Chemical-Abundance Analysis
• Footprints of population III stars in the gravitational-wave background
• The Cosmic Evolution of Fast Radio Bursts Inferred from the CHIME/FRB Baseband Catalog 1
• GRBs and fundamental physics
• The effect of dark matter resolution on the collapse of baryons in high redshift numerical simulations
• Effect of Population III Multiplicity on Dark Star Formation
• The First Billion Years in Seconds: An Effective Model for the 21-cm Signal with Population III Stars
• The Halo Occupation Distribution of Black Holes: Dependence on Mass
• Calibrating the binary black hole population in nuclear star clusters through tidal disruption events
• Constraining HeII Reionization Detection Uncertainties via Fast Radio Bursts
• Impact of Rotation on Neutrino Emission and Relic Neutrino Background from Population III Stars
• Hunting intermediate-mass black holes with LISA binary radial velocity measurements
• Gas Accretion and Star Formation Rates
• Impact of H${}_2$-driven star formation and stellar feedback from low-enrichment environments on the formation of spiral galaxies
• Black Hole Formation and Explosion from Rapidly Rotating Very Massive Stars
• The first spectral line surveys searching for signals from the Dark Ages
• Intermediate-mass black hole binary parameter estimation with next-generation ground-based detector networks
• The X-ray Properties of the Cometary Blue Compact Dwarf galaxies Mrk 59 and Mrk 71
• Observational nuclear astrophysics: neutron-capture element abundances in old, metal-poor stars
• Supermassive black hole seeds from sub-keV dark matter
• The role of 3-body H${}_2$ formation in the fragmentation of primordial gas
• Dust Production Factories in the Early Universe: Formation of Carbon Grains in Red-supergiant Winds of Very Massive Population III Stars
• Multiscatter capture of superheavy dark matter by Pop. III stars
• Connecting the Cosmic Star Formation Rate with the Local Star Formation
• Direct Collapse to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Comparing the AMR and SPH Approaches
• Dark Stars and Boosted Dark Matter Annihilation Rates
• The S-PLUS Ultra-Short Survey: first data release
• The inhomogenous reionization of the inter-galactic medium by metal-poor globular clusters
• Compact Objects in close orbits as Gravitational Wave Sources: Formation Scenarios and Properties
• The EDGES measurement disfavors an excess radio background during the cosmic dawn
• The Science Case for PILOT II: the Distant Universe
• State-resolved rotational cross sections and thermal rate coefficients for ortho-/para-H2+HD at low temperatures and HD+HD elastic scattering
• Effects of feedback-free starburst galaxies on the 21-cm signal and reionization history
• Formation of metal-free binaries: Impact of H${}_2$ line cooling and CIE cooling
• Very metal-poor stars in the solar vicinity: age determination
• The early phases of Milky Way's chemical evolution
• Reassessing Dust's Role in Forming the CMB
• Astrophysical Explosions: From Solar Flares to Cosmic Gamma-ray Bursts
• Does the chemothermal instability have any role in the fragmentation of primordial gas
• On the effects of rotation in primordial star-forming clouds
• J1342+0928 Supports the Timeline in the R_h=ct Cosmology
• Do fragmentation and accretion affect the stellar Initial Mass Function?
• Detectability of Supermassive Dark Stars with the Roman Space Telescope
• Early formation of supermassive black holes from the collapse of strongly self-interacting dark matter
• Downsizing of Star-Forming Galaxies by Gravitational Processes
• Chemodynamical Properties and Ages of Metal-Poor Stars in S-PLUS
• Progenitors of Long-Duration Gamma-ray Bursts
• Applications of Stellar Population Synthesis in the Distant Universe
• A search for Population III galaxies in CLASH. I. Singly-imaged candidates at high redshift
• HD molecule and search for early structure-formation signatures in the Universe
• Stellar Evolution at Low Metallicity
• Analytic Approximations for the Velocity Suppression of Dark Matter Capture
• An Empirical Calibration of the Helium Abundance in HII Regions based in Literature and CALIFA Survey data
• The formation of the first galaxies and the transition to low-mass star formation
• Coronal Properties of Low-mass Population III Stars and the Radiative Feedback in the Early Universe
• Cosmological X-ray Scattering from Intergalactic Dust
• Resistive Heating Induced by Streaming Cosmic Rays Around a Galaxy in the Early Universe
• Contribution of the first galaxies to the cosmic far-infrared/sub-millimeter background - I. Mean background level
• Joint 21-cm and CMB Forecasts for Constraining Self-Interacting Massive Neutrinos
• Menus for Feeding Black Holes
• Synthetic Spectra of Pair-Instability Supernovae in 3D
• Quasi-star jets as unidentified gamma-ray sources
• Mapping the Distant and Metal-Poor Milky Way with SDSS-V
• The Low-Mass Stellar Initial Mass Function in Nearby Ultrafaint Dwarf Galaxies
• A chemodynamical analysis of bright metal-poor stars from the HESP-GOMPA survey -- Indications of a non-prevailing site for light r-process elements
• Open questions in the study of population III star formation
• Understanding Galaxy Formation and Evolution
• Formation of the First Galaxies: Theory and Simulations
• The Masses of Supernova Remnant Progenitors in M33
• The effects of convection criteria on the evolution of population III stars and the detectability of their supernovae
• First Stars. I. Evolution without mass loss
• Atomic Modeling of Photoionization Fronts in Nitrogen Gas
• Geoastronomy: Rocky planets as the Lavosier-Lomonosov Bridge from the non-living to the living world
• Probing Long-Range Forces Between Neutrinos with Cosmic Structures
• Metal Enrichment and Reionization Constraints on Early Star Formation
• Probing the physics and history of cosmic reionization with the Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect
• The influence of baryons on low-mass haloes
• A Pop III generated dust screen at z~16
• Simulating the collapse of rotating primordial gas clouds to study the survival possibility of Pop III protostars
• The impact of wind mass loss on nucleosynthesis and yields of very massive stars at low metallicity
• Chemical Evolution of the Juvenile Universe
• Holography, large scale structure, supermassive black holes, and minimum stellar mass
• Impact of accretion-induced chemically homogeneous evolution on stellar and compact binary populations
• First Star Survivors as Metal-Rich Halo Stars that Experienced Supernova Explosions in Binary Systems
• Spherically symmetric NLTE model atmospheres of hot hydrogen-helium first stars
• Fluorine abundances in CEMP stars at the lowest metallicity: Hints on the nature of the first stars
• Understanding Stellar Mass-Metallicity and Size Relations in Simulated Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies
• Detection for Intermediate-mass Binary Black Holes in Population III Star Clusters with TianQin
• Cosmic microwave background constraints on a decaying cosmological term related to the thermal evolution
• Central Engine and Spectral Energy Distribution Properties of High Redshift Gamma Ray Blazars
• Metal Enrichment of the Intergalactic Medium and Production of Massive Black Holes
• Hierarchical Object Formation in the Peculiar Velocity Field
• Redshift Horizon for Detecting the First Galaxies in Far-Infared Surveys
• Spatial Correlation of Massive Black Hole Mergers: Probing the Formation Mechanism and Reionization
• Angular momentum distribution during the collapse of primordial star-forming clouds
• Supernovae at the cosmic dawn
• The Halo Mass Function Redshift Dependence
• Searching for Pop III stars and galaxies at high redshift
• Cosmic Bandits: Exploration versus Exploitation in CMB B-Mode Experiments
• Impact of Population III stars on the astrophysical gravitational-wave background
• Zero Metallicity with Zero CPU Hours: Masses of the First Stars on the Laptop
• Reconstructing the star formation rate for compact binary populations with the Einstein telescope
• Estimating the evolution of gas in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy from its star formation history: an illustrative example
• Detectability of Population III stellar remnants as X-ray binaries from tidal captures in the local Universe
• Formation and Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes
• Large-scale variability in macroturbulence driven by pulsations in the rapidly rotating massive star Zeta Oph from high-cadence ESPRESSO spectroscopy and TESS photometry
• CHEERS: Future perspectives for abundance measurements in clusters with XMM-Newton
• Discovery of three new near-pristine absorption clouds at $z=2.6$-4.4
• Understanding the IMF
• The Anomalous 21-cm Absorption at High Redshifts
• Complexity in small-scale dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Star Formation for Predictive Primordial Galaxy Formation
• Supermassive Dark Stars and their remnants as a possible solution to three recent cosmic dawn puzzles
• HE0144-4657: A Carbon-Enhanced Ultra Metal-Poor Star ([Fe/H] ~ -4.1) from the Helmi Stream Disrupted Dwarf Galaxy
• Dark Stars: Dark Matter in the First Stars leads to a New Phase of Stellar Evolution
• Revealing the formation histories of the first stars with the cosmic near-infrared background
• Implications of the cosmic infrared background excess for the cosmic star formation
• Observing the influence of growing black holes on the pre-reionization IGM
• Very Massive Close Binaries and the Puzzling Temporal Evolution of 14N in the Solar Neighbourhood
• First Stars. II. Evolution with mass loss
• The First Stars
• Merger rates of intermediate-mass black hole binaries in nuclear star clusters
• Early Cosmic Chemical Evolution: Relating the Origin of a Diffuse Intergalactic Medium and the First Long-Lived Stars
• Dark-Matter-Powered Population III Evolution: Lifetimes, Rotation, and Quasi-Homogeneity in massive Stars
• Radio Spectral Energy Distributions for Single Massive Star Winds with Free-Free and Synchrotron Emission
• Studying The Effect of Radiation Pressure on Evolution of a Population III Stellar Cluster
• The Effect of Environment on Massive Star Formation
• Observations of r- and s-process elements in Population II stars
• Off-center black hole seed formation? Implications for high and low redshift massive black holes
• Imprint of first stars era in the cosmic infrared backround fluctuations
• The symphony of pulsations and binarity among massive stars using HERMES spectroscopy and TESS photometry
• Direct N-body simulations of rotating and extremely massive Population III star clusters
• First Light: Switching on Stars at the Dawn of Time
• LYRA II: Cosmological dwarf galaxy formation with inhomogeneous Population III enrichment
• Simulations of Early Galaxy Formation
• Space Project for Astrophysical and Cosmological Exploration (SPACE), an ESA stand-alone mission and a possible contribution to the Origins Space Telescope