High molecular gas fractions in normal massive star forming galaxies in the young Universe

Abstract

Stars form from cold molecular interstellar gas. Since this is relatively rare in the local Universe, galaxies like the Milky Way form only a few new stars per year. Typical massive galaxies in the distant Universe formed stars an order of magnitude more rapidly. Unless star formation was significantly more efficient, this difference suggests that young galaxies were much more gas rich. Molecular gas observations in the distant Universe have so far been largely restricted to very luminous, rare objects, including mergers and quasars. Here we report the results of a systematic survey of molecular gas in samples of typical massive star forming galaxies at <z>~1.2 and 2.3, when the Universe was 40% and 24% of its current age. Our measurements provide empirical evidence that distant star forming galaxies indeed were gas rich, and that the star formation efficiency is not strongly dependent on cosmic epoch. The average fraction of cold gas relative to total galaxy baryonic mass at z= 2.3 and z=1.2 is ~44% and 34%, three to ten times higher than in today's massive spiral galaxies. The slow decrease between z~2 and 1 probably requires a mechanism of semi-continuous replenishment of fresh gas to the young galaxies.

To Appear in Nature Feb 11, 2010; Supplementary Information included here

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• Connection Between Stellar Mass Distributions Within Galaxies and Quenching Since z =2
• An HST/WFC3-IR Morphological Survey of Galaxies at z = 1.5-3.6: II. The Relation between Morphology and Gas-Phase Kinematics
• The kinematics of ionized gas in Lyman-Break Analogs at z ~ 0.2
• Mapping the average AGN accretion rate in the SFR-M* plane for Herschel selected galaxies at 0<z<2.5
• Tidal dwarf galaxies in the nearby Universe
• Three Lyman-alpha emitting filaments converging to a massive galaxy group at z=2.91: discussing the case for cold gas infall
• Stars were born in significantly denser regions in the early Universe
• On the Evolution of the Velocity-Mass-Size Relations of Disk-Dominated Galaxies over the Past 10 Billion Years
• The SINFONI survey of powerful radio galaxies at z~2: Jet-driven AGN feedback during the Quasar Era
• Dust Attenuation, Star Formation, and Metallicity in z ~ 2-3 Galaxies from KBSS-MOSFIRE
• The origin of physical variations in the star formation law
• High Velocity Dispersion in A Rare Grand Design Spiral Galaxy at Redshift z=2.18
• Observational evidence of a slow downfall of star formation efficiency in massive galaxies during the last 10 Gyr
• Molecular gas reservoirs in cluster galaxies at z=1.46
• The far-infrared emitting region in local galaxies and QSOs: Size and scaling relations
• ALMA reveals starburst-like interstellar medium conditions in a compact star-forming galaxy at z ~ 2 using [CI] and CO
• Cold and Warm Atomic Gas around the Perseus Molecular Cloud. II. The Impact of High Optical Depth on the HI Column Density Distribution and Its Implication for the HI-to-H2 Transition
• Morphological evolution of galaxies from ultradeep HST WFC3 imaging: the Hubble sequence at z~2
• Mid-Infrared Determination of Total Infrared Luminosity and Star Formation Rates of Local and High-Redshift Galaxies
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Evolution of the molecular gas in CO-selected galaxies
• Strongly star-forming rotating disks in a complex merging system at z = 4,7 as revealed by ALMA
• The implications of the surprising existence of a large, massive CO disk in a distant protocluster
• Bulge Formation via Mergers in Cosmological Simulations
• The Molecular and Ionized Gas Phases of an AGN-driven Outflow in a Typical Massive Galaxy at z=2
• A Far-Infrared Spectroscopic Survey of Intermediate Redshift (Ultra) Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• On the self-regulation of intense star-formation in galaxies at z=1-3
• SHINING, A Survey of Far Infrared Lines in Nearby Galaxies. I: Survey Description, Observational Trends, and Line Diagnostics
• The art of modeling CO, [CI], and [CII] in cosmological galaxy formation models
• Towards a resolved Kennicutt-Schmidt law at high redshift
• Strong C+ emission in galaxies at z~1-2: Evidence for cold flow accretion powered star formation in the early Universe
• Nuclear Star Clusters from Clustered Star Formation
• Bulge growth through disk instabilities in high-redshift galaxies
• CO(1-0) line imaging of massive star-forming disc galaxies at z=1.5-2.2
• Disk Growth and Quenching
• One moment in time - modeling star formation in the Antennae
• Modelling CO emission from hydrodynamic simulations of nearby spirals, starbursting mergers, and high-redshift galaxies
• Constraints on the low-mass end of the mass-metallicity relation at z=1-2 from lensed galaxies
• High-redshift quasars and their host galaxies I: kinematical and dynamical properties and their tracers
• Neutral gas outflows in nearby [U]LIRGs via optical NaD feature
• Gas Accretion as a Dominant Formation Mode in Massive Galaxies from the GOODS NICMOS Survey
• The host galaxies of X-ray selected Active Galactic Nuclei to z=2.5: Structure, star-formation and their relationships from CANDELS and Herschel/PACS
• The role of mergers and interactions in driving the evolution of dwarf galaxies over cosmic time
• Minor vs Major Mergers: The Stellar Mass Growth of Massive Galaxies from z=3 using Number Density Selection Techniques
• Do We Expect Most AGN to Live in Disks?
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Stellar and gas misalignments and the origin of gas in nearby galaxies
• MOND simulation suggests the origin of some peculiarities in the Local Group
• The Relationship Between Molecular Gas, HI, and Star Formation in the Low-Mass, Low-Metallicity Magellanic Clouds
• NIHAO XIII: Clumpy discs or clumpy light in high redshift galaxies?
• Sub-mm Emission Line Deep Fields: CO and [CII] Luminosity Functions out to z = 6
• The Atlas3D project - V. The CO Tully-Fisher relation of early-type galaxies
• The Globular Cluster Mass Function as a Remnant of Violent Birth
• Well-Sampled Far-Infrared Spectral Energy Distributions of z ~ 2 Galaxies: Evidence for Scaled up Cool Galaxies
• The ALMA Redshift 4 Survey (AR4S): I. The massive end of the z=4 main sequence of galaxies
• Variations of the initial mass function in semi-analytical models: implications for the mass assembly and the chemical enrichment of galaxies in the GAEA model
• An extremely young massive clump forming by gravitational collapse in a primordial galaxy
• Spitzer and Herschel-based SEDs of 24um-bright z~0.3-3.0 starbursts and obscured quasars
• Dust and Gas in Star Forming Galaxies at z~3 - Extending Galaxy Uniformity to 11.5 Billion Years
• Seeds Don't Sink: Even Massive Black Hole "Seeds" Cannot Migrate to Galaxy Centers Efficiently
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) VIII. Discovery of a MgII emission halo probed by a quasar sightline
• The Giraffe Inner Bulge Survey (GIBS) II. Metallicity distributions and alpha element abundances at fixed Galactic latitude
• Molecular Gas in Lensed z>2 Quasar Host Galaxies and the Star Formation Law for Galaxies with Luminous Active Galactic Nuclei
• The Galaxy End Sequence
• Planck's dusty GEMS. VI. Multi-J CO excitation and interstellar medium conditions in dusty starburst galaxies at z=2-4
• High-resolution spectroscopic imaging of CO in a z=4.05 proto-cluster
• The Onset of Spiral Structure in the Universe
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: The nature of the faintest dusty star-forming galaxies
• Total Molecular Gas Masses of z~3 Lyman-Break Galaxies: CO(1-0) Emission in MS1512-cB58 and the Cosmic Eye
• Revealing the Stellar Mass and Dust Distributions of Submillimeter Galaxies at Redshift 2
• Detection of molecular gas in a distant submillimetre galaxy at z=4.76 with ATCA
• Cold molecular gas in massive disk galaxies at z=1.5
• Stellar Ages through the Corners of the Boxy Bulge
• Insights on the Formation, Evolution, and Activity of Massive Galaxies From Ultra-Compact and Disky Galaxies at z=2-3
• Deep CO(1-0) Observations of z=1.62 Cluster Galaxies with Substantial Molecular Gas Reservoirs and Normal Star Formation Efficiencies
• The EGNoG Survey: Molecular Gas in Intermediate-Redshift Star-Forming Galaxies
• Can AGN feedback-driven star formation explain the size evolution of massive galaxies?
• The ALMA Spectroscopic Survey in the HUDF: Nature and physical properties of gas-mass selected galaxies using MUSE spectroscopy
• Physical properties of z>4 submillimeter galaxies in the COSMOS field
• The Effect of Star Formation on the Redshift Evolution of Interstellar Metals, Atomic and Molecular Gas in Galaxies
• Enhanced [CII] emission in a z=4.76 submillimetre galaxy
• Star formation laws and thresholds from ISM structure and turbulence
• Wet Compaction to a Blue Nugget: a Critical Phase in Galaxy Evolution
• The Argo Simulation: II. The Early Build-up of the Hubble Sequence
• Confirming Herschel candidate protoclusters from ALMA/VLA CO observations
• Nuclear coups: dynamics of black holes in galaxy mergers
• A Magnified View of the Kinematics and Morphology of RCSGA 032727-132609: Zooming in on a Merger at z=1.7
• CO emission in distant galaxies on and above the main sequence
• MASSIV: Mass Assembly Survey with SINFONI in VVDS. IV. Fundamental relations of star-forming galaxies at 1<z< 1.6
• Gas dynamics of a luminous $z$ = 6.13 quasar ULAS J1319$+$0950 revealed by ALMA high resolution observations
• On the effect of cosmological inflow on turbulence and instability in galactic discs
• Quenching of star formation from a lack of inflowing gas to galaxies
• Major mergers are not significant drivers of star formation or morphological transformation around the epoch of peak cosmic star formation
• ALMA 26 Arcmin${}^2$ Survey of GOODS-S at One-millimeter (ASAGAO): Average Morphology of High-$z$ Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies is an Exponential-Disk ($n\simeq 1$)
• Supermassive black hole pairs in clumpy galaxies at high redshift: delayed binary formation and concurrent mass growth
• ALMA observations of cold molecular gas in AGN hosts at z~1.5 - Evidence of AGN feedback?
• Elliptical Galaxies and Bulges of Disk Galaxies: Summary of Progress and Outstanding Issues
• Deep observations of CO line emission from star-forming galaxies in a cluster candidate at z=1.5
• If it does not kill them, it makes them stronger: collisional evolution of star clusters with tidal shocks
• The role of major mergers in shaping galaxies at 2<z<4 in the VUDS and VVDS surveys
• The EDGE-CALIFA survey: the influence of galactic rotation on the molecular depletion time across the Hubble sequence
• Systematic difference between ionized and molecular gas velocity dispersion in $z\sim 1-2$ disks and local analogues
• The merger rates and sizes of galaxies across the peak epoch of star formation from the HiZELS survey
• Star Clusters in Evolving Galaxies
• The natural emergence of the correlation between H2 and star formation rate surface densities in galaxy simulations
• A search for cyclical sources of gamma-ray emission on the period range from days to years in the Fermi-LAT sky
• Galaxy Gas Fractions at High-Redshift: The Tension between Observations and Cosmological Simulations
• The quiescent phase of galactic disc growth
• Larson's scaling laws, and the gravitational instability of clumpy discs at high redshift
• The Molecular Gas Reservoirs of $z\sim 2$ Galaxies: A comparison of CO(1-0) and dust-based molecular gas masses
• A direct constraint on the gas content of a massive, passively evolving elliptical galaxy at z = 1.43
• Clusters of Small Clumps Can Explain The Peculiar Properties of Giant Clumps in High-Redshift Galaxies
• Large scale structure around a z=2.1 cluster
• The WFC3 Galactic Bulge Treasury Program: Relative Ages of Bulge Stars of High and Low Metallicity
• Testing Diagnostics of Nuclear Activity and Star Formation in Galaxies at z>1
• Asymmetries in Extragalactic Double Radio Sources: Clues from 3D Simulations of Jet - Disc Interaction
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: CO and [C II] Emission in the z=4.3 AzTEC J095942.9+022938 (COSMOS AzTEC-1)
• Normal black holes in bulge-less galaxies: the largely quiescent, merger-free growth of black holes over cosmic time
• Cosmological Zoom Simulations of z = 2 Galaxies: The Impact of Galactic Outflows
• The birth of a supermassive black hole binary
• The X-factor in Galaxies: II. The molecular hydrogen -- star formation relation
• Modelling neutral hydrogen in galaxies using cosmological hydrodynamical simulations
• GASP XXX. The spatially resolved SFR-Mass relation in stripping galaxies in the local universe
• High Resolution Imaging of PHIBSS z~2 Main Sequence Galaxies in CO J=1-0
• A panchromatic spatially resolved analysis of nearby galaxies -- II. The main sequence - gas relation at sub-kpc scale in grand-design spirals
• 3D kinematics through the X-shaped Milky Way bulge
• Star Formation from DLA Gas in the Outskirts of Lyman Break Galaxies at z~3
• The structure of gravitationally unstable gas-rich disk galaxies
• Evolution of the Fraction of Clumpy Galaxies at 0.2<z<1.0 in the COSMOS field
• Dynamical Characterization of Galaxies at z~4-6 via Tilted Ring Fitting to ALMA [CII] Observations
• High resolution study of the cluster complexes in a lensed spiral at redshift ~1.5; constraints on the bulge formation and disk evolution
• Herschel-PACS spectroscopy of IR-bright galaxies at high redshift
• The interstellar medium in high-redshift submillimeter galaxies as probed by infrared spectroscopy
• Formation of Metal-Poor Globular Clusters in Lyman alpha Emitting Galaxies in the Early Universe
• The molecular gas content and fuel efficiency of starbursts at z ~ 1.6 with ALMA
• Local Analogs for High-redshift Galaxies: Resembling the Physical Conditions of the Interstellar Medium in High-redshift Galaxies
• Plateau de Bure High-z Blue-Sequence Survey 2 (PHIBSS2): Search for Secondary Sources, CO Luminosity Functions in the Field, and the Evolution of Molecular Gas Density through Cosmic Time
• The gas mass of star-forming galaxies at $z\approx 1.3$
• Investigating the Effect of Galaxy Interactions on AGN Enhancement at $0.5<z<3.0$
• Rapid early coeval star formation and assembly of the most massive galaxies in the universe
• Evolution of Quiescent and Star-Forming Galaxies Since z~1.5 as a Function of Their Velocity Dispersions
• Testing Star Formation Laws in a Starburst Galaxy At Redshift 3 Resolved with ALMA
• Clumpy galaxies seen in H-alpha: inflated observed clump properties due to limited spatial resolution and sensitivity
• The inferred evolution of the cold gas properties of CANDELS galaxies at 0.5 < z < 3.0
• Characterizing gravitational instability in turbulent multi-component galactic discs
• Rejuvenated galaxies with very old bulges at the origin of the bending of the main sequence and of the "green valley"
• Globular Cluster Formation at High Density: A model for Elemental Enrichment with Fast Recycling of Massive-Star Debris
• Molecular gas properties of a lensed star-forming galaxy at z~3.6: a case study
• The JCMT Nearby Galaxies Legacy Survey IV. Velocity Dispersions in the Molecular Interstellar Medium in Spiral Galaxies
• From cusps to cores: a stochastic model
• The specific star formation rate of high redshift galaxies: the case for two modes of star formation
• Evidence for feedback in action from the molecular gas content in the z~1.6 outflowing QSO XID2028
• Resolving CO (2-1) in z~1.6 Gas-Rich Cluster Galaxies with ALMA: Rotating Molecular Gas Disks with Possible Signatures of Gas Stripping
• A${}^3$COSMOS: A census on the molecular gas mass and extent of main-sequence galaxies across cosmic time
• The rise and fall of stellar discs across the peak of cosmic star formation history: mergers versus smooth accretion
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: energy sources of the turbulent velocity dispersion in spatially-resolved local star-forming galaxies
• Nature of H-alpha selected galaxies at z>2. II. Clumpy galaxies and compact star-forming galaxies
• Pathways to quiescence: SHARDS view on the Star Formation Histories of massive quiescent galaxies at 1.0 < z < 1.5
• The New Galaxy Evolution Paradigm Revealed by the Herschel Surveys
• Molecular Gas in Submillimetre-Faint, Star-Forming Ultraluminous Galaxies at z>1
• Newborn spheroids at high redshift: when and how did the dominant, old stars in today's massive galaxies form?
• Modeling Mid-Infrared Diagnostics of Obscured Quasars and Starbursts
• Evolutionary Description of Giant Molecular Cloud Mass Functions on Galactic Disks
• Radiation-MagnetoHydrodynamics simulations of cosmic ray feedback in disc galaxies
• The Dwarfs Beyond: The Stellar-to-Halo Mass Relation for a New Sample of Intermediate Redshift Low Mass Galaxies
• The Far-Infrared, UV and Molecular Gas Relation in Galaxies up to z=2.5
• Extremely Low Molecular Gas Content in a Compact, Quiescent Galaxy at z=1.522
• GOODS-Herschel A population of 24micron dropout sources at z < 2
• Black hole obscuration and duty cycles mediated by AGN feedback in high redshift galaxies
• Extreme gas fractions in clumpy, turbulent disk galaxies at z~0.1
• Angular Momenta, Dynamical Masses, and Mergers of Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• First results from the VIRIAL survey: the stellar content of $UVJ$-selected quiescent galaxies at $1.5<z<2$ from KMOS
• A simple model linking galaxy and dark matter evolution
• Submillimeter flux as a probe of molecular ISM mass in high-$z$ galaxies
• Millimeter mapping at z~1: dust-obscured bulge building and disk growth
• Empirical predictions for (sub-)millimeter line and continuum deep fields
• What drives the evolution of gas kinematics in star-forming galaxies?
• A diversity of starburst-triggering mechanisms in interacting galaxies and their signatures in CO emission
• Environmental effects in the interaction and merging of galaxies in zCOSMOS
• Herschel-ATLAS and ALMA: HATLAS J142935.3-002836, a lensed major merger at redshift 1.027
• The nature of the ISM in galaxies during the star-formation activity peak of the Universe
• The KMOS${}^{3D}$ Survey: rotating compact star forming galaxies and the decomposition of integrated line widths
• The CO-dark molecular gas mass in 30 Doradus
• The H-alpha luminosity-dependent clustering of star-forming galaxies from z~0.8 to z~2.2 with HiZELS
• DYNAMO II: Coupled Stellar and Ionized Gas Kinematics in Two Low Redshift Clumpy Disks
• The Evolving Interstellar Medium of Star-Forming Galaxies, as traced by $\text{Stardust}$
• Young and turbulent: the early life of massive galaxy progenitors
• Revealing the cosmic evolution of boxy/peanut-shaped bulges from HST COSMOS and SDSS
• GOODS-ALMA 2.0: Starbursts in the main sequence reveal compact star formation regulating galaxy evolution prequenching
• AGN feedback on molecular gas reservoirs in quasars at $z\sim$2.4
• Evolutionary phases of gas-rich galaxies in a galaxy cluster at z=1.46
• The limited role of galaxy mergers in driving stellar mass growth over cosmic time
• Properties of Submillimeter Galaxies in a Semi-analytic Model using the "Count Matching" Approach: Application to the ECDF-S
• Galaxy And Mass Assembly (GAMA): Gas Fuelling of Spiral Galaxies in the Local Universe I. - The Effect of the Group Environment on Star Formation in Spiral Galaxies
• An indirect measurement of gas evolution in galaxies at $0.5\le z\le 2.0$
• HST grism spectroscopy of z~3 massive quiescent galaxies: Approaching the metamorphosis
• Large gas reservoirs and free-free emission in two lensed star-forming galaxies at z=2.7
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: COOL BUDHIES I - a pilot study of molecular and atomic gas at z~0.2
• Probing the Interstellar Medium of z~1 Ultra-luminous Infrared Galaxies through Interferometric Observations of CO and Spitzer Mid-infrared Spectroscopy
• VALES: I. The molecular gas content in star-forming dusty H-ATLAS galaxies up to z=0.35
• Tadpole Galaxies in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field
• Multitracer cosmological line intensity mapping mock lightcone simulation
• The physical scale of the far-infrared emission in the most luminous submillimetre galaxies II: evidence for merger-driven star formation
• The ALMA REBELS Survey: The Cosmic HI Gas Mass Density in Galaxies at $z\approx 7$
• JADES + JEMS: A Detailed Look at the Buildup of Central Stellar Cores and Suppression of Star Formation in Galaxies at Redshifts 3 < z < 4.5
• The ionisation parameter of star-forming galaxies evolves with the specific star formation rate
• Low Angular Momentum in Clumpy, Turbulent Disk Galaxies
• Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies in the AKARI All Sky Survey
• SINFONI/VLT 3D spectroscopy of massive galaxies: Evidence of rotational support at z~1.4
• Studying the spatially resolved Schmidt-Kennicutt law in interacting galaxies: the case of Arp 158
• Nature of H-alpha selected galaxies at z>2. I. Main sequence and dusty star-forming galaxies
• The role of bars in AGN fueling in disk galaxies over the last seven billion years
• Extreme submillimetre starburst galaxies
• The Cosmic Evolution of the IMF Under the Jeans Conjecture with Implications for Bottom-Heavy Ellipticals
• Molecular Cloud-scale Star Formation in NGC 300
• Galaxy mergers up to z < 2.5 II: AGN incidence of merging galaxies at separations of 3-15 kpc
• Resolving a dusty, star-forming SHiZELS galaxy at z=2.2 with HST, ALMA and SINFONI on kiloparsec scales
• Galaxy Zoo: major galaxy mergers are not a significant quenching pathway
• Disk, merger, or outflow ? Molecular gas kinematics in two powerful obscured QSOs at z>3.4
• Environmental Effects on the Metal Enrichment of Low Mass Galaxies in Nearby Clusters
• Lessons from cosmic history: The case for a linear star formation -- H2 relation
• HI-to-H2 Transitions in the Perseus Molecular Cloud
• Structure and kinematics of a massive galaxy at z ~ 7
• The Role of Dissipation in the Scaling Relations of Cosmological Merger Remnants
• A Physical Approach to the Identification of High-z Mergers: Morphological Classification in the Stellar Mass Domain
• Cold gas in the inner regions of intermediate redshift clusters
• COMAP Early Science: V. Constraints and Forecasts at $z\sim 3$
• Investigating the Effect of Galaxy Interactions on Star Formation at 0.5<z<3.0
• A comparison of the morphological properties between local and z~1 infrared luminous galaxies. Are local and high-z (U)LIRGs different?
• Dust attenuation up to z~2 in the AKARI North Ecliptic Pole Deep Field
• Merger induced clump formation in distant infrared luminous starburst galaxies
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Observations of dust continuum and CO emission lines of cluster-lensed submillimetre galaxies at z=2.0-4.7
• From star-forming galaxies to AGN: the global HI content from a stacking experiment
• The role of gas fraction and feedback in the stability and evolution of galactic discs: implications for cosmological galaxy formation models
• Molecular gas in distant galaxies from ALMA studies
• Detection of a Substantial Molecular Gas Reservoir in a brightest cluster galaxy at z = 1.7
• Variations in the ${\Sigma }_{\mathrm{SFR}}-{\Sigma }_{\mathrm{mol}}-{\Sigma }_{\star }$ plane across galactic environments in PHANGS galaxies
• Similar Scaling Relations for the Gas Content of Galaxies across Environments to z ~ 3.5
• The effect of non-equilibrium metal cooling on the interstellar medium
• Galaxy mergers up to z<2.5 I : The star formation properties of merging galaxies at separations 3-15 kpc
• The cosmic abundance of cold gas in the local Universe
• Cosmic Evolution of Star-Formation Enhancement in Close Major-Merger Galaxy Pairs Since z = 1
• On the cosmic evolution of the specific star formation rate
• High Molecular-Gas to Dust Mass Ratios Predicted in Most Quiescent Galaxies
• The Fate of Gas rich Satellites in Clusters
• Pure iron grains are rare in the universe
• ALMA constraints on star-forming gas in a prototypical z=1.5 clumpy galaxy: the dearth of CO(5-4) emission from UV-bright clumps
• From large-scale environment to CGM angular momentum to star forming activities -- I: star-forming galaxies
• Quasar Sightline and Galaxy Evolution (QSAGE) Survey - I. The Galaxy Environment of OVI Absorbers up to z=1.4 around PKS 0232-04
• The kiloparsec-scale gas kinematics in two star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.47$ seen with ALMA and VLT-SINFONI
• Dust-Enshrouded AGN can Dominate Host-Galaxy-Scale Cold-Dust Emission
• Origins of Scatter in the Relationship Between HCN 1-0 and Dense Gas Mass in the Galactic Center
• The Kinematics and Dark Matter Fractions of TNG50 Galaxies at z=2 from an Observational Perspective
• The Star Formation Rate Efficiency of Neutral Atomic-dominated Hydrogen Gas in the Outskirts of Star Forming Galaxies from z~1 to z~3
• The variation in molecular gas depletion time among nearby galaxies: II the impact of galaxy internal structures
• Cross-calibration of CO- vs dust-based gas masses and assessment of the dynamical mass budget in Herschel-SDSS Stripe82 galaxies
• CO Emission, Molecular Gas, and Metallicity in Main-Sequence Star-Forming Galaxies at $z\sim 2.3$
• Clump Survival and Migration in VDI Galaxies: an Analytic Model versus Simulations and Observations
• Physical conditions of the interstellar medium in star-forming galaxies at z~1.5
• Simulating the H2 content of high-redshift galaxies
• The role of massive halos in the Star Formation History of the Universe
• The Kennicutt-Schmidt Star Formation Relation at z~2
• VINTERGATAN IV: Cosmic phases of star formation in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Planck's dusty GEMS. V. Molecular wind and clump stability in a strongly lensed star-forming galaxy at z=2.2
• The Tully-Fisher Relation of COLD GASS Galaxies
• PHIBSS: Exploring the Dependence of the CO-H${}_2$ Conversion Factor on Total Mass Surface Density at $z<1.5$
• A Model Connecting Galaxy Masses, Star Formation Rates, and Dust Temperatures Across Cosmic Time
• CO observations of high-z radio galaxies MRC 2104-242 and MRC 0943-242: spectral-line performance of the Compact Array Broadband Backend
• A CO-rich merger shaping a powerful and hyper-luminous infrared radio galaxy at z=2: the Dragonfly Galaxy
• Optical and near-infrared observations of the SPT2349-56 proto-cluster core at z = 4.3
• Star formation and quenching among the most massive galaxies at z~1.7
• A decrease of the gas exchanges between galaxies and the IGM, from 12 to 6 billion years ago
• Molecular Gas Inflows and Outflows in Ultraluminous Infrared Galaxies at $z\sim 0.2$ and one QSO at $z=6.1$
• A deep search for molecular gas in two massive Lyman break galaxies at z=3 and 4: vanishing CO-emission due to low metallicity?
• The 2nd Generation z(Redshift) and Early Universe Spectrometer Part I: First-light observation of a highly lensed local-ULIRG analog at high-z
• The evolving AGN duty cycle in galaxies since z$\sim$3 as encoded in the X-ray luminosity function
• Metallicity distributions of halo stars: do they trace the Galactic accretion history?
• SHARP -- VI. Evidence for CO (1-0) molecular gas extended on kpc-scales in AGN star forming galaxies at high redshift
• Was the Milky Way Bulge Formed From The Buckling Disk Instability, Hierarchical Collapse, Accretion of Clumps, or All of the Above?
• The interstellar medium and feedback in the progenitors of the compact passive galaxies at z~2
• ALMA observations of a metal-rich damped Lyα absorber at z = 2.5832: evidence for strong galactic winds in a galaxy group
• The Dust-to-Gas Ratio and the Role of Radiation Pressure in Luminous, Obscured Quasars
• Compact Star-Forming Galaxies as Old Starbursts Becoming Quiescent
• Star formation in galaxy interactions and mergers
• CO emission in optically obscured (type-2) quasars at redshifts z=0.1-0.4
• ALMA detection of [CII] 158 micron emission from a strongly lensed z=2 star-forming galaxy
• The BOSS Emission-Line Lens Survey V. Morphology and Substructure of Lensed Lyman-$\alpha$ Emitters at redshift $z\approx 2.5$ in the BELLS GALLERY
• Multiply lensed star forming clumps in the A521-sys1 galaxy at redshift 1
• A Molecular gas rich GRB host galaxy at the peak of cosmic star formation
• Properties of the Interstellar Medium in Star-Forming Galaxies at z~1.4 revealed with ALMA
• Blind millimeter line emitter search using ALMA data toward gravitational lensing clusters
• The ISM Properties and Gas Kinematics of a Redshift 3 Massive Dusty Star-forming Galaxy
• Evidence for Impact of Galaxy Mergers on Stellar Kinematics of Early-type Galaxies
• Redshift evolution of stellar mass versus gas fraction relation in 0<z<2 regime: observational constraint for galaxy formation models
• Black hole -- galaxy scaling relations in FIRE: the importance of black hole location and mergers
• The EGNoG Survey: Gas Excitation in Normal Galaxies at z~0.3
• No More Active Galactic Nuclei in Clumpy Disks Than in Smooth Galaxies at z~2 in CANDELS / 3D-HST
• A gas-rich AGN near the centre of a galaxy cluster at z ~ 1.4
• S2COSMOS: Evolution of Gas Mass with Redshift Using Dust Emission
• Probing AGN triggering mechanisms through the starburstiness of the host galaxies
• Hyper-Eddington Black Hole Growth in Star-Forming Molecular Clouds and Galactic Nuclei: Can It Happen?
• The AT-LESS CO(1-0) survey of submillimetre galaxies in the Extended Chandra Deep Field South: First results on cold molecular gas in galaxies at z ~ 2
• Deviations from the Schmidt-Kennicutt relations during early galaxy evolution
• From haloes to galaxies -- II. The fundamental relations in star formation and quenching
• Gas Content and Kinematics in Clumpy, Turbulent Star-forming Disks
• Coevolution of metallicity and star formation in galaxies to z=3.7: II. A theoretical model
• Molecular and atomic line surveys of galaxies II: unbiased estimates of their star formation mode
• Dust-Obscured Galaxies in the Local Universe
• A resolved map of the infrared excess in a Lyman Break Galaxy at z=3
• Nebular and global properties of the gravitationally lensed galaxy "the 8 o'clock arc"
• Molecular gas in type 2 quasars at z~0.2-0.3
• C+/H2 Gas in Star-Forming Clouds and Galaxies
• ALMA reveals the molecular gas properties of 5 star-forming galaxies across the main sequence at 3 < z < 3.5
• ZFIRE: 3D Modeling of Rotation, Dispersion, and Angular Momentum of Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2
• A scenario for ultra-diffuse satellite galaxies with low velocity dispersions: the case of [KKS 2000]04
• PRUSSIC I - a JVLA survey of HCN/HCO+/HNC (1-0) emission in z$\sim$3 dusty galaxies: Low dense-gas fractions in high-redshift star-forming galaxies
• Neutral carbon and highly excited CO in a massive star-forming main sequence galaxy at z=2.2
• Active Disk Building in a local HI-Massive LIRG: The Synergy between Gas, Dust, and Star Formation
• The mass-metallicity relation as a ruler for galaxy evolution: insights from the James Webb Space Telescope
• The Bimodal Absorption System Imaging Campaign (BASIC) I. A Dual Population of Low-metallicity Absorbers at z $<1$
• The evolution of dusty torus covering factor in quasars
• Molecular Gas Content of HI Monsters and Implications to Cold Gas Content Evolution in Galaxies
• The GOGREEN Survey: Constraining the Satellite Quenching Timescale in Massive Clusters at $\mathbf{z}\gtrsim 1$
• The Spatial Extent and Distribution of Star Formation in 3D-HST Mergers at z~1.5
• Hierarchical fragmentation in high redshift galaxies revealed by hydrodynamical simulations
• Observations of neutral carbon in 29 high-z lensed dusty star forming galaxies and the comparison of gas mass tracers
• Dust, gas, and metal content in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 3.3$ revealed with ALMA and Near-IR spectroscopy
• Dense-gas tracers and carbon isotopes in five 2.5<z<4 lensed dusty star forming galaxies from the SPT SMG sample
• Evolution of the Milky Way in Semi-Analytic Models: Detecting Cold Gas at z=3 with ALMA and SKA
• Structure and stability of high-redshift galaxies in cosmological simulations
• The Obscured Fraction of Quasars at Cosmic Noon
• Simulations Find Our Accounting of Dust-Obscured Star Formation May Be Incomplete
• The gas inflow and outflow rate in star-forming galaxies at $z\sim 1.4$
• Early Science with the Large Millimeter Telescope: Exploring the Effect of AGN Activity on the Relationships Between Molecular Gas, Dust, and Star Formation
• SMBH accretion properties of radio-selected AGN out to z~4
• Formation and evolution of molecular hydrogen in disk galaxies with different masses and Hubble types
• Bulge formation inside quiescent lopsided stellar disks: connecting accretion, star formation and morphological transformation in a z ~ 3 galaxy group
• Measuring space-time variation of the fundamental constants with redshifted submillimetre transitions of neutral carbon
• High resolution spectral imaging of CO(7-6), [CI](2-1) and continuum of three high-z lensed dusty star-forming galaxies using ALMA
• Dynamics and Metallicity of Far-IR Selected Galaxies
• Herschel and Hubble study of a lensed massive dusty starbursting galaxy at $z\sim 3$
• The "Red Radio Ring": Ionised and Molecular Gas in a Starburst/Active Galactic Nucleus at $z\sim 2.55$
• Measuring the average molecular gas content of star-forming galaxies at $z=3-4$
• Dissecting Nearby Galaxies with piXedfit: II. Spatially Resolved Scaling Relations Among Stars, Dust, and Gas
• Environmental Effect on the Interstellar Medium in Galaxies across the Cosmic Web at z=0.73
• Regulating Star Formation in Nearby Dusty Galaxies: Low Photoelectric Efficiencies in the Most Compact Systems
• A search for HI and OH absorption in z > 3 CO emitters
• Evolution of the infrared Tully-Fisher relation up to z=1.4
• The GLEAMing of the First Supermassive Black Holes
• Measuring the Heating and Cooling of the Interstellar Medium at High redshift: PAH and [C II] Observations of the Same Star Forming Galaxies at z~2
• A hyper luminous starburst at z=4.72 magnified by a lensing galaxy pair at z=1.48
• Rapid formation of a very massive star >50000 $M_{\odot }$ and subsequently an IMBH from runaway collisions. Direct N-body and Monte Carlo simulations of dense star clusters
• Spatially Resolved Spectroscopy of Sub-mm Galaxies at z~2
• CO Tully-Fisher Relation of Star-forming Galaxies at z=0.05-0.3
• Fast Molecular Cloud Destruction Requires Fast Cloud Formation
• Dissecting the Mid-Infrared Heart of M83 with JWST
• The Ratio of CO to Total Gas Mass in High Redshift Galaxies
• Molecular gas properties of UV-luminous star-forming galaxies at low redshift
• MMTF Discovery of Giant Ionization Cones in MR 2251-178: Implications for Quasar Radiative Feedback
• ISM conditions in z~0.2 Lyman-Break Analogs
• Giant Star Forming Complexes in High-z Main Sequence Galaxy Analogues: The Internal Structure of Clumps in DYNAMO Galaxies
• Multiscale mass transport in z~6 galactic discs: fueling black holes
• Dust Attenuation in Clumpy, Star-Forming Galaxies at 0.07 < z < 0.14
• Clumps as multiscale structures in cosmic noon galaxies
• The ALMA-CRISTAL survey: Resolved kinematic studies of main sequence star-forming galaxies at 4<z<6
• On the Onset of Secondary Stellar Generations in Giant Star Forming Regions and Massive Star Clusters
• Dynamical modelling and origin of gas turbulence in z $\sim$ 4.5 galaxies
• VALES VII: Molecular and ionized gas properties in pressure balanced interstellar medium of starburst galaxies at z ~ 0.15
• A large-scale kinematic study of molecular gas in high-z cluster galaxies: Evidence for high levels of kinematic asymmetry
• Finite Resolution Deconvolution of Multi-Wavelength Imaging of 20,000 Galaxies in the COSMOS Field: The Evolution of Clumpy Galaxies Over Cosmic Time
• The Mass-Radius Relation for Star-Forming Galaxies at z ~ 1.5-3.0
• Explaining the enhanced star formation rate of Jellyfish galaxies in galaxy clusters
• A giant galaxy in the young Universe with a massive ring
• A Joint Model Of X-ray And Infrared Backgrounds. II. Compton-Thick AGN Abundance
• A physical model for the origin of the diffuse cosmic infrared background
• ALMA CO Observations of the Host Galaxies of Long-duration Gamma-ray Bursts. I: Molecular Gas Scaling Relations
• Conditions for Clump Survival in High-z Disc Galaxies
• The nature and descendants of Lyman-break galaxies in the LambdaCDM cosmology
• The `Cosmic Seagull': a highly magnified disk-like galaxy at z~2.8 behind the Bullet Cluster
• The stellar, molecular gas and dust content of the host galaxies of two z~2.8 dust obscured quasars
• Dynamical cooling of galactic discs by molecular cloud collisions -- Origin of giant clumps in gas-rich galaxy discs
• Observational limits on the gas mass of a z=4.9 galaxy
• Cosmic evolution of the H2 mass density and the epoch of molecular gas
• The Strong Gravitationally Lensed Herschel Galaxy HLock01: Optical Spectroscopy Reveals a Close Galaxy Merger with Evidence of Inflowing Gas
• The two regimes of the cosmic sSFR evolution are due to spheroids and discs
• Compact Galaxies at Intermediate Redshifts Quench Faster than Normal-sized Galaxies
• The quenched mass portion of star-forming galaxies and the origin of the star formation sequence slope
• Molecular gas in distant brightest cluster galaxies
• Stellar feedback in a clumpy galaxy at $z\sim$ 3.4
• Extinction and nebular line properties of a Herschel-selected lensed dusty starburst AT z=1.027
• Outflow and metallicity in the broad-line region of low-redshift active galactic nuclei
• A Comparison of Star-Forming Clumps and Tidal Tails in Local Mergers and High Redshift Galaxies
• Obscured AGN enhancement in galaxy pairs at cosmic noon: evidence from a probabilistic treatment of photometric redshifts
• Impact of Galaxy Mergers on Stellar Population Profiles of Early-type Galaxies
• The Evolution of Molecular Gas Fraction Traced by the CO Tully-Fisher Relation
• Molecular gas and dust in the highly magnified z = 2.8 galaxy behind the Bullet Cluster
• Life after AGN switchoff: evolution and properties of fossil galactic outflows
• Starbursts and High-Redshift Galaxies are Radioactive: High Abundances of ${}^{26}$Al and Other Short Lived Radionuclides
• What triggers star formation in galaxies?
• SEEDisCS I. Molecular gas in galaxy clusters and their large scale structure: the case of CL1411.1$-$1148 at $z\sim 0.5$
• The Spatially Resolved Dynamics of Dusty Starburst Galaxies in a z ~ 0.4 Cluster: Beginning the Transition from Spirals to S0s
• COLDz: Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array discovery of a gas-rich galaxy in COSMOS
• Effect of finite disk-thickness on swing amplification of non-axisymmetric perturbations in a sheared galactic disk
• Molecular Gas Properties in the Host Galaxy of GRB080207
• Probing galaxy evolution from $z=0$ to $z\simeq 10$ through galaxy scaling relations in three L-Galaxies flavours
• Influence of star-forming galaxy selection on the galaxy main sequence
• Multi-wavelength lens reconstruction of a $\text{Planck}$ $\&$ $\text{Herschel}$-detected star-bursting galaxy
• Cosmic evolution of the incidence of Active Galactic Nuclei in massive clusters: Simulations versus observations
• MusE GAs FLOw and Wind (MEGAFLOW) VII. A NOEMA pilot program to probe molecular gas in galaxies with measured circumgalactic gas flows
• High dense gas fraction in a gas-rich star-forming galaxy at z = 1.2
• HSC-CLAUDS survey: The star formation rate functions since z ~ 2 and comparison with hydrodynamical simulations
• HYACINTH: HYdrogen And Carbon chemistry in the INTerstellar medium in Hydro simulations
• Observations of [OI]63micron line emission in main-sequence galaxies at z~1.5
• A Tale of Two Clump Masses: A New Way to Study Clump Formation in Simulations
• On the Kennicutt-Schmidt scaling law of submillimetre galaxies
• On the Functional Form of the Universal Star Formation Law
• J-PLUS: the impact of bars on quenching time-scales in nearby green valley disc galaxies
• CO and Fine-Structure Lines Reveal Low Metallicity in a Stellar-Mass-Rich Galaxy at z ~ 1?
• The Star Formation Laws of Eddington-Limited Star-Forming Disks
• The Space Density of Intermediate Redshift, Extremely Compact, Massive Starburst Galaxies
• SEEDisCS II. Molecular gas in galaxy clusters and their large scale structure: low gas fraction galaxies, the case of CL1301.7$-$1139
• Constraint on the inflow/outflow rates in star-forming galaxies at z~1.4 from molecular gas observations
• Evolution of Cosmic Molecular Gas Mass Density From z ~ 0 to z = 1 -1.5
• Forming disc galaxies in major mergers II. The central mass concentration problem and a comparison of GADGET3 with GIZMO
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star formation efficiency from giant molecular clouds to galactic scale in high-redshift starbursts
• The influence of galaxy surface brightness on the mass-metallicity relation
• Star Formation during Galaxy Formation
• SQuIGG$\vec{L}$E: Observational Evidence of Low Ongoing Star Formation Rates in Gas-Rich Post-Starburst Galaxies
• M31 circum-nuclear region: a molecular survey with the IRAM-interferometer
• The evolution of baryonic mass function of galaxies to z=3
• Can galaxy growth be sustained through HI-rich minor mergers?
• Kinematic imprint of clumpy disk formation on halo objects
• Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation - IX. Economics of reionizing galaxies
• Explaining the formation of bulges with MOND
• Effect of the environment on star formation activity and stellar mass for star-forming galaxies in the COSMOS field
• A SCUBA-2 Selected Herschel-SPIRE Dropout and the Nature of this Population
• CO Excitation in High-z Main Sequence Analogues: Resolved CO(4-3)/CO(3-2) Line Ratios in DYNAMO Galaxies
• Milky Way-Like Gas Excitation in an Ultrabright Submillimeter Galaxy at $z=1.6$
• Ammonia in the interstellar medium of a starbursting disc at z=2.6
• Gas-to-dust ratio in massive star-forming galaxies at z~1.4
• Constraint on the Gas-to-Dust Ratio in Massive Star-Forming Galaxies at z~1.4
• A Bayesian chemical evolution model of the DustPedia Galaxy M74
• Resolving a merger in a hyper-luminous submillimeter galaxy at z=2.82
• Gaseous Dynamical Friction: a Numerical Study of Extended Perturbers
• Dust Properties of Clumpy Disc Galaxies at z~1.3 with Herschel-SPIRE
• Galaxy Manifold: Characterizing and understanding galaxies with two parameters
• IllustrisTNG and S2COSMOS: possible conflicts in the evolution of neutral gas and dust
• The inflow and outflow rate evolution of local Milky Way-mass star-forming galaxies since z=1.3
• Globular cluster orbital decay in dwarf galaxies with MOND and CDM: Impact of supernova feedback
• Galaxy formation hydrodynamics: From cosmic flows to star-forming clouds
• The origin of galaxy colour bimodality in the scatter of the Stellar-to-Halo Mass Relation
• The First Detection of Neutral Hydrogen in Emission in a Strong Spiral Lens
• ALMA survey of a massive node of the Cosmic Web at $z\sim 3$. II. A dynamically cold and massive disk galaxy in the proximity of a hyperluminous quasar
• Extragalactic magnetism with SOFIA (SALSA Legacy Program) -- IV: Program overview and first results on the polarization fraction
• Low-redshift analogues of cosmic noon galaxies as laboratories for clumpy star formation
• Simultaneously Modelling Dusty Star Forming Galaxies and Massive Quiescents: A Calibration Framework for Galaxy Formation Models
• The magnetic fields of the dusty nuclei and molecular outflows of Arp 220
• Cosmic evolution of gas content and accretion
• Tracing nitrogen enrichment across cosmic time with JWST
• The Connection between Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies and the First Massive Quenched Galaxies
• Direct detection of cool molecular gas in a star-forming galaxy at $z=7.31$
• DEIMOS Observations of WISE-Selected, Optically Obscured AGNs
• 3D spectroscopic surveys: Exploring galaxy evolution mechanisms
• The Evolution of Gas and Star Formation from z=3 to z=0
• GRB host galaxies with strong H${}_2$ absorption: CO-dark molecular gas at the peak of cosmic star formation
• Characterizing CO Emitters in the SSA22-AzTEC26 Field
• The baryonic self similarity of dark matter
• The LEGA-C and SAMI Galaxy Surveys: Quiescent Stellar Populations and the Mass-Size Plane across 6 Gyr
• Measuring the HI content of individual galaxies out to the epoch of reionization with [CII]
• The major merger-active galactic nucleus connection up to the cosmic noon
• MUSE-ALMA Haloes XIII. Molecular gas in $z\sim 0.5$ HI-selected galaxies
• Molecular gas in galaxies at all redshifts
• Now you see it, now you don't: Star formation truncation precedes the loss of molecular gas by ~100 Myr in massive post-starburst galaxies at z~0.6
• Rapidly Star-forming Galaxies At High Redshifts
• Star Formation Efficiency at Intermediate Redshift
• Radio studies of galaxy formation: Dense Gas History of the Universe
• Challenges and Techniques for Simulating Line Emission
• Large Molecular Gas Reservoirs in Ancestors of Milky Way-Mass Galaxies 9 Billion Years Ago
• The SED of the nearby HI-massive LIRG HIZOA J0836-43: from the NIR to the radio domain
• The interstellar medium content of galaxies in the ALMA era
• Future prospects in observational galaxy evolution: towards increased resolution