Selection bias in dynamically-measured super-massive black hole samples: its consequences and the quest for the most fundamental relation

Abstract

We compare the set of local galaxies having dynamically measured black holes with a large, unbiased sample of galaxies extracted from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. We confirm earlier work showing that the majority of black hole hosts have significantly higher velocity dispersions sigma than local galaxies of similar stellar mass. We use Monte-Carlo simulations to illustrate the effect on black hole scaling relations if this bias arises from the requirement that the black hole sphere of influence must be resolved to measure black hole masses with spatially resolved kinematics. We find that this selection effect artificially increases the normalization of the Mbh-sigma relation by a factor of at least ~3; the bias for the Mbh-Mstar relation is even larger. Our Monte Carlo simulations and analysis of the residuals from scaling relations both indicate that sigma is more fundamental than Mstar or effective radius. In particular, the Mbh-Mstar relation is mostly a consequence of the Mbh-sigma and sigma-Mstar relations, and is heavily biased by up to a factor of 50 at small masses. This helps resolve the discrepancy between dynamically-based black hole-galaxy scaling relations versus those of active galaxies. Our simulations also disfavour broad distributions of black hole masses at fixed sigma. Correcting for this bias suggests that the calibration factor used to estimate black hole masses in active galaxies should be reduced to values of fvir~1. Black hole mass densities should also be proportionally smaller, perhaps implying significantly higher radiative efficiencies/black hole spins. Reducing black hole masses also reduces the gravitational wave signal expected from black hole mergers.

arXiv comment24 pages, 11 Figures, two Appendices. Replaced with accepted version in MNRAS. Minor revisions. A press release of the Royal Astronomical Society can be found at http://www.ras.org.uk/news-and-press/2861-black-holes-and-the-prospects-for-measuring-gravitational-waves

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• Searching for Intermediate Mass Black Holes in galaxies with Low Luminosity AGN: A multiple-method approach
• X-ray properties of dust-obscured galaxies with broad optical/UV emission lines
• Detection of faint broad emission lines in type 2 AGN: III. On the $M_{BH}-{\sigma }_{\star }$ relation of type 2 AGN
• Ultramassive black holes in the most massive galaxies: $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-\sigma$ versus $M_{\mathrm{BH}}-R_{\mathrm{b}}$
• Building robust AGN mock catalogs to unveil black hole evolution and for survey planning
• LeMMINGs IV: The X-ray properties of a statistically-complete sample of the nuclei in active and inactive galaxies from the Palomar sample
• The miniJPAS survey: AGN & host galaxy co-evolution of X-ray selected sources
• Revisiting the Rates and Demographics of Tidal Disruption Events: Effects of the Disk Formation Efficiency
• Studying the [OIII]$\lambda$5007A emission-line width in a sample of $\sim$80 local active galaxies: A surrogate for ${\sigma }_{\star }$?
• WISDOM project -- VI. Exploring the relation between supermassive black hole mass and galaxy rotation with molecular gas
• LOFAR MSSS: Discovery of a 2.56 Mpc giant radio galaxy associated with a disturbed galaxy group
• The Rapidly Spinning Intermediate-Mass Black Hole 3XMM J150052.0+015452
• The IBISCO survey: I. Multiphase discs and winds in the Seyfert galaxy Markarian 509
• Morphological evolution of supermassive black hole merger hosts and multimessenger signatures
• Accretion History of AGN III: Radiative Efficiency and AGN Contribution to Reionization
• Testing the evolutionary pathways of galaxies and their supermassive black holes and the impact of feedback from Active Galactic Nuclei via large multiwavelength datasets
• BASS. XXXVI. Constraining the Local Supermassive Black Hole - Halo Connection with BASS DR2 AGN
• Invoking the virial theorem to understand the impact of (dry) mergers on the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$\sigma$ relation
• The supermassive black hole masses of reverberation-mapped active galactic nuclei
• NGC 1275: an outlier of the black hole-host scaling relations
• The Black Hole Mass Function Across Cosmic Times II. Heavy Seeds and (Super)Massive Black Holes
• Setting firmer constraints on the evolution of the most massive, central galaxies from their local abundances and ages
• The Chandra COSMOS Legacy Survey: clustering dependence of Type 2 AGN on host galaxy properties
• Probing the Merger Rates of Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxies with Gravitational Waves
• The Relative Growth of Black Holes and of the Stellar Components of Galaxies
• The XXL Survey XIX. A realistic population of simulated X-ray AGN: Comparison of models with observations
• The galaxy's gas content regulated by the dark matter halo mass results in a super-linear M${}_{\mathrm{BH}}$-M${}_{\star }$ relation
• Using Real and Simulated Measurements of the Thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich Effect to Constrain Models of AGN Feedback
• Dark-ages reionization and galaxy formation simulation -- XVIII. The high-redshift evolution of black holes and their host galaxies
• TiDES: The 4MOST Time Domain Extragalactic Survey
• Splitting the lentils: Clues to galaxy/black hole coevolution from the discovery of offset relations for non-dusty versus dusty (wet-merger-built) lenticular galaxies in the $M_{\mathrm{bh}}$-$M_{\ast ,\mathrm{spheroid}}$ diagram
• Quashing a suspected selection bias in galaxy samples having dynamically-measured supermassive black holes
• Do you see what I see? Exploring the consequences of luminosity limits in black hole-galaxy evolution studies
• Exploring black-hole scaling relations via the ensemble variability of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Black hole mass measurement using molecular gas kinematics: what ALMA can do
• Demographics of Tidal Disruption Events with L-Galaxies: I. Volumetric TDE rates and the abundance of Nuclear Star Clusters
• Properties of the narrow line Seyfert 1 galaxies revisited
• Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback in an Elliptical Galaxy with the Most Updated AGN Physics: Parameter Explorations
• [OIII] 5007A Emission Line Width as a Surrogate for stellar dispersion in Type 1 AGNs?
• Probing supermassive black hole growth and its dependence on stellar mass and star-formation rate in low-redshift galaxies
• The weak dependence of velocity dispersion on disk fractions, mass-to-light ratio and redshift: Implications for galaxy and black hole evolution
• X-ray AGN in Boötes: The lack of growth of the most massive black holes since z=4
• Discovery of a Planar Black Hole Mass Scaling Relation for Spiral Galaxies
• Dark matter halos and the M-σrelation for supermassive black holes
• Outflows in the Gaseous Discs of Active Galaxies and their impact on Black Hole Scaling Relations
• Assessing indirect methods to determine black hole masses using NGC 4151
• On the Mean Radiative Efficiency of Accreting Massive Black Holes in AGNs And QSOs
• COSMOS2020: Investigating the AGN-obscured accretion phase at $z\sim 1$ via [NeV] selection
• Co-Evolution vs. Co-existence: The Effect of Accretion Modelling on the Evolution of Black Holes and Host Galaxies
• On the detectability of massive black hole merger eventsby LISA
• The Average Soft X-ray Spectra of eROSITA Active Galactic Nuclei
• Probing the link between quenching and morphological evolution
• An Eddington ratio-driven origin for the ${\mathrm{L}}_{\mathrm{X}}-{\mathrm{M}}_{\ast }$ relation in quiescent and star forming active galaxies
• Evolution of black hole and galaxy growth in a semi-numerical galaxy formation model
• On The Role of Supermassive Black Holes in Quenching Star Formation in Local Central Galaxies
• The influence of mergers and ram-pressure stripping on black hole-bulge correlations
• WISE2MBH: A scaling-based algorithm for probing supermassive black hole masses through WISE catalogues
• On the Structure of the AGN Torus through the Fraction of Optically-Selected Type 1 AGNs
• Multiple AGN activity during the BCG assembly of XDCPJ0044.0-2033 at z~1.6
• Black Hole Scaling Relations in the Dwarf-galaxy Regime with $Gaia$-Sausage/Enceladus and $\omega$Centauri
• The role of scatter and satellites in shaping the large-scale clustering of X-ray AGN as a function of host galaxy stellar mass
• Causal Discovery in Astrophysics: Unraveling Supermassive Black Hole and Galaxy Coevolution
• Stringent limits on the masses of the supermassive black holes in seven nearby galaxies
• Massive Black Hole Mergers
• Inferring Mbh-Mbulge Evolution from the Gravitational Wave Background
• A catalogue of nuclear stellar velocity dispersions of nearby galaxies from H$\alpha$ STIS spectra to constrain supermassive black hole masses
• Constraining black hole-galaxy scaling relations from the large-scale clustering of Active Galactic Nuclei and implied mean radiative efficiency
• The Galaxy Activity, Torus, and Outflow Survey (GATOS). Black hole mass estimation using machine learning
• Coevolution (Or Not) of Supermassive Black Holes and Host Galaxies: Black Hole Scaling Relations Are Not Biased by Selection Effects
• A note on the interpretation of the statistical analysis of the $M_{\bullet }-M_G{\sigma }^2$ scaling relation
• AGN in the ULIRG HE 0435-5304
• HARMONI view of the host galaxies of active galactic nuclei around cosmic noon: Resolved stellar morpho-kinematics and the M${}_{BH}$-${\sigma }_{\star }$ relation
• Past, present and Future of the Scaling Relations of Galaxies and Active Galactic Nuclei
• AGN with massive black holes have closer galactic neighbors: k-Nearest-Neighbor statistics of an unbiased sample of AGN at z~0.03
• Supermassive black holes in a mass-limited galaxy sample
• Large-scale environments of star-forming active galactic nuclei: How black hole mass, accretion rate, and luminosity connect to dark matter halos
• AGILE: an end-to-end Rubin-LSST simulation of AGNs, galaxies, and stars I. Software description and first data release
• Black Hole-Galaxy Correlations in Cluster Zoomed-in Simulations: GIZMO-SIMBA and TNG-Cluster
• The role of AGN activity in the building up of the BCG at z~1.6
• The nature of the X-ray sources in dwarf galaxies in nearby clusters from the KIWICS
• Black hole mass, host galaxy mass, and dark matter halos: Testing the environmental connection
• Gravitational Wave Measurement of the $M_{\mathrm{BH}}$-$M_{\mathrm{bulge}}$ Intrinsic Scatter at High Redshift
• Using Unreal Engine to Visualize a Cosmological Volume
• Massive black holes and their galaxies