Most Supermassive Black Holes must be Rapidly Rotating

Abstract

We use the integrated spectrum of the X-ray background and quasars Spectral Energy Distribution to derive the contribution of quasars to the energy output of the Universe. We find a lower limit for the energy from accretion onto black holes of 6%, of the total luminosity of the Universe and probably more, with 15% quite possible. Comparing these values with the masses of black holes in the center of nearby galaxies we show that the accretion process must be on average very efficient: at least 15% of the accreted mass must be transformed into radiated energy. This further implies that most supermassive black holes are rapidly rotating.

8 Pages, Astrophysical Journal Letters, in press

References in corpus (2)

• A Long-Wavelength View on Galaxy Evolution from Deep Surveys by the Infrared Space Observatory
• The ROSAT Deep Survey: VI. X-ray sources and Optical identifications of the Ultra Deep Survey

Cited by in corpus (194)

• Observational Evidence of AGN Feedback
• Quasinormal modes of black holes and black branes
• A Unified, Merger-Driven Model for the Origin of Starbursts, Quasars, the Cosmic X-Ray Background, Supermassive Black Holes and Galaxy Spheroids
• Local Supermassive Black Holes, Relics of Active Galactic Nuclei and the X-ray Background
• An Observational Determination of the Bolometric Quasar Luminosity Function
• A Physical Model for the Co-evolution of QSOs and of their Spheroidal Hosts
• Observational constraints on growth of massive black holes
• Cosmological simulations of the growth of supermassive black holes and feedback from active galactic nuclei: method and tests
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes by Direct Collapse in Pregalactic Halos
• Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Nuclei: Past, Present and Future Research
• Relativistic Jets in Active Galactic Nuclei
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes
• Magnetically Arrested Disk: An Energetically Efficient Accretion Flow
• A Measurement of the Electromagnetic Luminosity of a Kerr Black Hole
• Radio-Loudness of Active Galactic Nuclei: Observational Facts and Theoretical Implications
• Self-Consistent Models of the AGN and Black Hole Populations: Duty Cycles, Accretion Rates, and the Mean Radiative Efficiency
• Piecing Together the X-ray Background: Bolometric Corrections for Active Galactic Nuclei
• Deep Extragalactic X-ray Surveys
• Binary Black Hole Accretion From a Circumbinary Disk: Gas Dynamics Inside the Central Cavity
• Rapid growth of high redshift black holes
• The distribution and cosmic evolution of massive black hole spins
• Super-massive Black Hole Demography: the Match between the Local and Accreted Mass Functions
• Cosmological black hole spin evolution by mergers and accretion
• Unification of X-ray winds in Seyfert galaxies: from ultra-fast outflows to warm absorbers
• Black Hole Spin Evolution
• The evolution of massive black hole seeds
• The Radiative Efficiency of Accretion Flows in Individual AGN
• Testing black hole candidates with electromagnetic radiation
• Fueling Low-Level AGN Activity Through the Stochastic Accretion of Cold Gas
• Observational Constraints on Black Hole Spin
• The cosmic evolution of massive black holes in the Horizon-AGN simulation
• Total and Jet Blandford-Znajek Power in Presence of Accretion Disk
• Selection bias in dynamically-measured super-massive black hole samples: its consequences and the quest for the most fundamental relation
• Bulge mass is king: The dominant role of the bulge in determining the fraction of passive galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
• The HELLAS2XMM survey: IV. Optical identifications and the evolution of the accretion luminosity in the Universe
• Black Holes in Astrophysics
• Quasars: the characteristic spectrum and the induced radiative heating
• Cosmic Evolution of Quasar Clustering: Implications for the Host Haloes
• Spin, Accretion and the Cosmological Growth of Supermassive Black Holes
• Spin Flips and Precession in Black-Hole-Binary Mergers
• Black hole mass and spin coevolution by mergers
• Early Growth and Efficient Accretion of Massive Black Holes at High Redshift
• Radiative Transfer and Acceleration in Magnetocentrifugal Winds
• The anti-hierarchical growth of supermassive black holes
• The XMM-Newton wide-field survey in the COSMOS field: III. optical identification and multiwavelength properties of a large sample of X-ray selected sources
• Aborted jets and the X-ray emission of radio-quiet AGNs
• An HLLC Solver for Relativistic Flows -- II. Magnetohydrodynamics
• Black hole growth and activity in a LambdaCDM Universe
• Gas Metallicity in the Narrow-Line Regions of High-Redshift Active Galactic Nuclei
• The VIMOS Ultra Deep Survey: Nature, ISM properties, and ionizing spectra of CIII]1909 emitters at z=2-4
• The Distribution of Recoil Velocities from Merging Black Holes
• Hydrodynamic Simulations of Tilted Thick-Disk Accretion onto a Kerr Black Hole
• Astrophysical Violations of the Kerr Bound as a Possible Signature of String Theory
• Diagnostics for PopIII galaxies and Direct Collapse Black Holes in the early universe
• The impact of galactic properties and environment on the quenching of central and satellite galaxies: A comparison between SDSS, Illustris and L-Galaxies
• Modeling the cosmological co-evolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies: I. BH scaling relations and the AGN luminosity function
• Quasars Probing Quasars III: New Clues to Feedback, Quenching, and the Physics of Massive Galaxy Formation
• The 21 centimeter emission from the reionization epoch: extended and point source foregrounds
• Supermassive Seeds for Supermassive Black Holes
• Testing the Kerr black hole hypothesis
• The Co-Formation of Spheroids and Quasars Traced in their Clustering
• Modeling the cosmological co-evolution of supermassive black holes and galaxies: II. The clustering of quasars and their dark environment
• Calibration of [O IV] 26 micron as a Measure of Intrinsic AGN Luminosity
• Why X-ray--Selected AGN Appear Optically Dull
• How Much Mass do Supermassive Black Holes Eat in their Old Age?
• Black-hole binary simulations: the mass ratio 10:1
• Reasoning From Fossils: Learning From the Local Black Hole Population About the Evolution of Quasars
• The Chandra Multiwavelength Project: Optical Followup of Serendipitous Chandra Sources
• CANDELS: Elevated Black Hole Growth in the Progenitors of Compact Quiescent Galaxies at z~2
• Constraints on QSO models from a relation between the QSO luminosity function and the local black hole mass function
• Radiative efficiency and thermal spectrum of accretion onto Schwarzschild black holes
• A selection effect boosting the contribution from rapidly spinning black holes to the Cosmic X-ray Background
• Evidence for Rapidly Spinning Black Holes in Quasars
• The accretion history of the Universe with the SKA
• Chandra Survey of Radio-quiet, High-redshift Quasars
• Galaxy Zoo: Bulgeless Galaxies With Growing Black Holes
• Luminosity-Dependent Quasar Lifetimes: Reconciling the Optical and X-ray Quasar Luminosity Functions
• Where is the Radiation Edge in Magnetized Black Hole Accretion discs?
• The Spitzer mid-infrared AGN survey. II-the demographics and cosmic evolution of the AGN population
• Estimates of Black Hole Spin Properties of 55 Sources
• X-ray background synthesis: the infrared connection
• Faint AGN and the Ionizing Background
• The Parsec-scale Accretion Disk in NGC 3393
• A panchromatic view of AGN
• Can we measure the accretion efficiency of Active Galactic Nuclei?
• Toward precise constraints on growth of massive black holes
• The spin expansion for binary black hole merger: new predictions and future directions
• Observational constraints on the spin of the most massive black holes from radio observations
• Episodic Random Accretion and the Cosmological Evolution of Supermassive Black Hole Spins
• The $L_{\mathrm{x}}$-$L_{\mathrm{uv}}$-$L_{\mathrm{radio}}$ relation and corona-disk-jet connection in optically selected radio-loud quasars
• Mass without radiation: heavily obscured AGN, the X-ray Background and the Black Hole Mass Density
• XMM-Newton observations of the Lockman Hole: III. A relativistic Fe line in the mean X-ray spectra of type-1 and type-2 AGN
• The Discovery of Three New z>5 Quasars in the AGN and Galaxy Evolution Survey
• Constraining spins of supermassive black holes from TeV variability. II. fully general relativistic calculations
• Constraints on the black hole spin in the quasar SDSS J094533.99+100950.1
• Cosmological Evolution of the Duty Cycle of Quasars
• Host galaxy-active galactic nucleus alignments in the SDSS-DR7
• Discovery of Water Maser Emission in Five AGN and a Possible Correlation Between Water Maser and Nuclear 2-10 keV Luminosities
• The distribution of absorption in AGN detected in the XMM-Newton observations of the CDFS
• EPOCHS VII: Discovery of high redshift ($6.5<z<12$) AGN candidates in JWST ERO and PEARLS data
• High redshift quasars and the supermassive black hole mass budget: constraints on quasar formation models
• Growth of massive black holes by super-Eddington accretion
• Cosmological Evolution of Supermassive Black Holes. II. Evidence for Downsizing of Spin Evolution
• Constraining the supermassive black holes evolution through the continuity equation
• On the X-ray spectra of luminous, inhomogeneous accretion flows
• Average Fe K-alpha emission from distant AGN
• Towards the use of the most massive black hole candidates in AGN to test the Kerr paradigm
• Constraint on the quadrupole moment of super-massive black hole candidates from the estimate of the mean radiative efficiency of AGN
• On the Feedback Efficiency of Active Galactic Nuclei
• Accretion rates and accretion efficiency in AGNs
• Jet enhanced accretion growth of supermassive black holes
• Three-Dimensional Hydrodynamic Simulations of Accretion Tori in Kerr Spacetimes
• On variability and spectral distortion of the fluorescent iron lines from black-hole accretion discs
• X-Ray Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei and Hierarchical Galaxy Formation
• Accretion, Growth of Supermassive Black Holes, and Feedback in Galaxy Mergers
• Moderate-Luminosity Growing Black Holes From 1.25 < z < 2.7: Varied Accretion In Disk-Dominated Hosts
• Supermassive black holes in disk-dominated galaxies outgrow their bulges and co-evolve with their host galaxies
• On the hard X-ray spectra of radio-loud active galaxies
• Can we constrain the maximum value for the spin parameter of the super-massive objects in galactic nuclei without knowing their actual nature?
• Ultraviolet variability of quasars: dependence on the accretion rate
• Constraints on light bending and reflection from the hard X-ray background
• Can an astrophysical black hole have a topologically non-trivial event horizon?
• On the co-evolution of supermassive black holes and their host galaxies since z = 3
• Modelling Galaxy and AGN Evolution in the IR: Black Hole Accretion versus Star-Formation Activity
• Obscured GOODS AGN and Their Host Galaxies at z < 1.25: The Slow Black Hole Growth Phase
• Secularly powered outflows from AGN: the dominance of non-merger driven supermassive black hole growth
• The local supermassive black hole mass density: corrections for dependencies on the Hubble constant
• Magnetized Kerr/CFT Correspondence
• Forming supermassive black holes by accreting dark and baryon matter
• Evidence for an Untruncated Accretion Disk in the Broad-Line Radio Galaxy 4C+74.26
• The local black hole mass function derived from the M_{BH}-P and the M_{BH}-n relations
• Kiloparsec-scale AGN Outflows and Feedback in Merger-Free Galaxies
• The cosmological consequence of an obscured AGN population on the radiation efficiency
• Super-spinning compact objects generated by thick accretion disks
• X-ray emission from the nuclear region of Arp 220
• Formation of Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic Bulges: A Rotating Collapse Model Consistent with the $\mbh-σ$ Relation
• Active Galactic Nuclei as seen by the Spitzer Space Telescope
• A Correlation Between the Ionization State of the Inner Accretion Disk and the Eddington Ratio of Active Galactic Nuclei
• On Constraining the Growth History of Massive Black Holes via Their Distribution on the Spin-Mass Plane
• Massive Black Hole Science with eLISA
• The Accretion Geometry in Radio-Loud Active Galaxies
• On the efficiency of jet production in FR II radio galaxies and quasars
• Kinetically Dominated FRII Radio Sources
• Gravitational-wave background from compact objects embedded in AGN accretion disks
• Optical and infrared properties of active galactic nuclei in the Lockman Hole
• Chandra observations of X-ray weak Quasars
• Constraints on radiatively inefficient accretion history of active galactic nuclei from hard cosmological X-ray background
• Faint COSMOS AGN at z~3.3 - I. Black Hole Properties and Constraints on Early Black Hole Growth
• Massive Black Holes: formation and evolution
• Observational signatures from horizonless black shells imitating rotating black holes
• Placing LOFAR-detected quasars in CIV emission space: implications for winds, jets and star formation
• Evidence of the Dynamics of Relativistic Jet Launching in Quasars
• Iron-Line Emission as a Probe of Bardeen-Petterson Accretion Disks
• On the diversity of the jet production efficiency in Swift/BAT AGNs
• Capture of a Red Giant by the Black Hole Sagittarius A* as a Possible Origin for the TeV Gamma Rays from the Galactic Center
• A practical guide to the massive black hole cosmic history
• A general study of regular and singular black hole solutions in Einstein's conformal gravity
• Cosmological growth and feedback from supermassive black holes
• Radio Properties of Low Redshift Broad Line Active Galactic Nuclei Including Extended Radio Sources
• The Extreme Ultraviolet Variability of Quasars
• On The Dark Side of Quasar Evolution
• Growth of massive black holes during radiatively inefficient accretion phases
• A physical model for the origin of the diffuse cosmic infrared background
• The AT20G view of Swift/BAT selected AGN: high-frequency radio waves meet hard X-rays
• The transition from quasar radio-loud to radio-quiet state in the framework of the black hole scalability hypothesis
• ROSAT Blank Field Sources I: Sample Selection and Archival Data
• Locating positions of γ-ray--emitting regions in blazars
• Re-examining the stability of rotating horizonless black shells mimicking Kerr black holes
• On the Mean Radiative Efficiency of Accreting Massive Black Holes in AGNs And QSOs
• SMBH growth parameters in the early Universe of Millennium and Millennium-II simulations
• Testing the Completeness of the SDSS Colour Selection for Ultramassive, Slowly Spinning Black Holes
• Optical variability modeling of newly identified blazar candidates behind Magellanic Clouds
• Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays from ultra-fast outflows of active galactic nuclei
• Growth of massive black holes at their late stage
• Captures of Red Giant Stars by Black Holes in Elliptical Galaxies: Feedback to the Hot Gas
• Theory of disk accretion onto supermassive black holes
• Radio-loudness of Active Galaxies and the Black Hole Evolution
• Evolution of supermassive black holes
• Relativistic Accretion Mediated by Turbulent Comptonization
• 3C 216: A Powerful FRII Seyfert 1 Galaxy
• Resolving the radio loud/radio quiet dichotomy without thick disks
• Constraining Dynamical Dark Energy Models through the Abundance of High-Redshift Supermassive Black Holes
• Hot Settling Accretion Flow onto a Spinning Black Hole
• Relativistic effects on the observed AGN luminosity distribution
• Evidence for radio loud to radio quiet evolution from red and blue quasars
• Ratio of energies radiated in the universe through accretive processes and nucleosynthesis
• Evolutionary Tracks of Individual Quasars in the Mass-Luminosity Plane
• Superluminal Motion and Jet Parameters in the Gamma-ray-Emitting Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxy TXS 1206+549
• The disk-torus system in active galactic nuclei: possible evidence of highly spinning black holes
• Black Holes at Work
• The implications of overmassive black holes at $z>5$ for quasar and black hole growth
• Quasar Mass Functions Across Cosmic Time
• Intrinsic electromagnetic variability in celestial objects containing rapidly spinning black holes
• Massive black holes and their galaxies