Mapping the Phases of Quantum Chromodynamics with Beam Energy Scan

Abstract

We review the present status of the search for a phase transition and critical point as well as anomalous transport phenomena in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD), with an emphasis on the Beam Energy Scan program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider at Brookhaven National Laboratory. We present the conceptual framework and discuss the observables deemed most sensitive to a phase transition, QCD critical point, and anomalous transport, focusing on fluctuation and correlation measurements. Selected experimental results for these observables together with those characterizing the global properties of the systems created in heavy ion collisions are presented. We then discuss what can be already learned from the currently available data about the QCD critical point and anomalous transport as well as what additional measurements and theoretical developments are needed in order to discover these phenomena.

Review article on the physics of beam energy scan in relativistic nuclear collisions, updated version-2 matching the published paper [Physics Reports 853 (2020) pp. 1-87]

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• Lattice QCD Thermodynamics with Physical Quark Masses
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• Strangeness production time and the K+/pi+ horn
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• Mapping the QCD phase diagram with statistics friendly distributions
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• Fluctuating fluid dynamics for the QGP in the LHC and BES era
• Effect of magnetic fields on pairs of oppositely charged particles in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Description of 158Er at ultrahigh spin in nuclear density functional theory
• Stopped nucleons in configuration space
• Mass Effect on Axial Charge Dynamics
• Higher moment fluctuations of identified particle distributions from ALICE
• Azimuthal angle dependence of the charge imbalance from charge conservation effects
• Multiplicity fluctuations of identified hadrons in p+p interactions at SPS energies
• Multiplicity fluctuations near the QCD critical point
• Collective Excitations in Hot QCD Plasma
• Monopoles, Instantons and Confinement
• Strangeness and threshold of phase changes
• System size dependence of particle-ratio fluctuations in Pb+Pb collisions at 158$A$ GeV
• On final conditions in high energy heavy ion collisions
• Pseudorapidity dependence of multiplicity and transverse momentum fluctuations in pp collisions at SPS energies
• PHENIX results on fluctuations and Bose-Einstein correlations in Au+Au collisions from the RHIC Beam Energy Scan

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• Reconstructing particle number distributions with convoluting volume fluctuations
• The quantum kinetic equation and dynamical mass generation in 2+1 Dimensions
• Collision energy dependence of the critical end point from baryon number fluctuations in the Linear Sigma Model with quarks
• From imaginary to real chemical potential QCD with functional methods
• Finite-volume effects in baryon number fluctuations around the QCD critical endpoint
• Locating the QCD critical point through contours of constant entropy density
• Specific heat and its high-order moments in relativistic heavy-ion collisions from a multiphase transport model
• Momentum dependence of light nuclei production in pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
• Effects of the $\alpha$-cluster structure and the intrinsic momentum component of nuclei on the longitudinal asymmetry in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Towards constraining QCD phase transitions in neutron star interiors: Bayesian Inference with TOV linear response analysis
• Stochastic hydrodynamics and hydro-kinetics: Similarities and differences
• Collision centrality and system size dependences of light nuclei production via dynamical coalescence mechanism
• Phase diagram determination at fivefold nuclear compression
• Machine learning phase transitions of the three-dimensional Ising universality class
• Far-off-equilibrium expansion trajectories in the QCD phase diagram
• Phase transition and nuclear symmetry energy from neutron star observations: Constraints in light of PSR J0614--3329
• Spectral functions of heavy quarkonia in a bulk-viscous quark gluon plasma
• When cold, dense quarks in 1+1 and 3+1 dimensions are not a Fermi liquid
• Pileup Correction on Higher-order Cumulants with Unfolding Approach
• Probing the incompressibility of dense hadronic matter near QCD phase transition in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Thermodynamic approach to proton number fluctuations in baryon-rich heavy-ion matter created at moderate collision energies
• Cooper-Frye sampling with short-range repulsion
• Thermodynamic properties of interacting bosons with zero chemical potential
• Anatomy of critical fluctuations in hadronic matter
• Dynamical development of proton cumulants and correlation functions in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$ GeV from a multiphase transport model
• Molecular dynamics analysis of particle number fluctuations in the mixed phase of a first-order phase transition
• Nonextensive effects on QCD chiral phase diagram and baryon-number fluctuations within Polyakov-Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model
• Factorial cumulants from global baryon number conservation
• Machine learning study to identify collective flow in small and large colliding systems
• Probing the boundary of phase transition of nuclear matter using proton flows in heavy-ion collisions at 2-8 GeV/nucleon
• Dynamical critical fluctuations near the QCD critical point with hydrodynamic cooling rate
• Langevin dynamics of heavy quarks in a soft-hard factorized approach
• Coordinate versus momentum cuts and effects of collective flow on critical fluctuations
• Entropic destruction of heavy quarkonium in a rotating hot and dense medium from holography
• The QCD critical point from the Nambu-Jona-Lasino model with a scalar-vector interaction
• Efficiency corrections for factorial moments and cumulants of overlapping sets of particles
• Factorial cumulants from short-range correlations and global baryon number conservation
• Lévy walk of pions in heavy-ion collisions
• Response of a baryon-charged medium to energetic partons
• Locating Critical Points Using Ratios of Lee-Yang Zeros
• Production characteristics of light (anti-)nuclei from (anti-)nucleon coalescence in heavy ion collisions at energies employed at the RHIC beam energy scan
• Effects of centrality fluctuation and deuteron formation on proton number cumulant in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 3 GeV from JAM model
• Chiral symmetry breaking in accelerating and rotating frames
• Characteristic momentum of Hydro+ and a bound on the speed of sound near the QCD critical point
• The BEST framework for the search for the QCD critical point and the chiral magnetic effect
• Dilepton production from moaton quasiparticles
• N-particle irreducible actions for stochastic fluids
• Density correlations under global and local charge conservation
• "QM19 summary talk": Outlook and future of heavy-ion collisions
• Collective Excitation in High-Energy Nuclear Collisions -- In Memory of Professor Lianshou Liu
• A method for probing the formation of quark matter
• Far From Equilibrium Hydrodynamics and the Beam Energy Scan
• A Gaussian Process Generative Model for QCD Equation of State
• Anti-flow of Mesons in the High Baryon Density Region
• Bulk medium properties of heavy-ion collisions from the beam energy scan with a multistage hydrodynamic model
• Letter of Intent: the NA60+ experiment
• Centrality determination with a forward detector in the RHIC Beam Energy Scan
• Effect of finite volume on thermodynamics of quark-hadron matter
• Multimessenger study of baryon-charged QCD matter in heavy-ion collisions
• Acceptance dependence of factorial cumulants, long-range correlations, and the antiproton puzzle
• Eliminating $volume$ fluctuations in fixed-target heavy-ion experiments
• Bulk viscosity in strong and electroweak matter
• Photon and dilepton emission anisotropy for a magnetized quark-gluon plasma
• Gravitating anisotropic merons and squashed spheres in the three-dimensional Einstein-Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons theory
• An Augmented QCD Phase Portrait: Mapping Quark-Hadron Deconfinement for Hot, Dense, Rotating Matter under Magnetic Field
• Measurements of charged-particle multiplicity dependence of higher-order net-proton cumulants in $p$+$p$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=$ 200 GeV from STAR at RHIC
• Information entropy for central ${}^{197}$Au+${}^{197}$Au collisions with the ultrarelativistic quantum molecular dynamics model
• Measurement of Intermittency for Charged Particles in Au + Au Collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$ = 7.7-200 GeV from STAR
• Nonuniform-temperature effects on the phase transition in an Ising-like model
• Critical exponents and transport properties near the QCD critical endpoint from the statistical bootstrap model
• Signatures of an $\alpha$ + core structure in ${}^{44}$Ti + ${}^{44}$Ti collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV by a multiphase transport model
• Scalar boson emission from a magnetized relativistic plasma
• Hierarchy of kinetic freeze-out parameters in low energy heavy-ion collisions
• Multiparticle azimuthal cumulants from transverse momentum conservation and collective flow
• Azimuthal dependence of two-particle transverse momentum current correlations
• Study on higher moments of net-charge multiplicity distributions using a multiphase transport model
• Probing fluctuations and correlations of strangeness by net-kaon cumulants in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=7.7$ GeV
• The elliptic flow difference between baryons and anti-baryons in heavy collision with SMASH Model
• Examination of background effects on light-nuclei yield ratio in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Particle Ratios within EPOS, UrQMD and Thermal Models at AGS, SPS and RHIC Energies
• Investigations into the characteristics and influences of nonequilibrium evolution
• Efficiency corrections for mutually inclusive variables and particle identification effect for mixed-cumulants in heavy-ion collisions
• Search for the QCD Critical Point in High Energy Nuclear Collisions: A Status Report
• Dynamical and finite-size effects on the criterion of first-order phase transition
• Investigating the excitation function of HBT radii for Lévy-stable sources
• Cosmic QCD transition-from quark to strangeon and nucleon
• Cumulants from fluctuating width of rapidity distribution
• Universality, Lee-Yang singularities and series expansions
• Transport-based initial conditions for heavy-ion collisions at finite densities
• Measurement of Kaon Directed Flow in Au+Au Collisions in the High Baryon Density Region
• Challenges in locating the QCD critical point via constant entropy density contours
• Enhancement of photon emission rate near QCD critical point
• Constraining the hadronic spectrum and repulsive interactions in a hadron resonance gas via fluctuations of conserved charges
• A Centrality-independent Framework for Revealing Genuine Higher-Order Cumulants in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Chiral phase transition: effective field theory and holography
• Corrections to the hadron resonance gas from lattice QCD and their effect on fluctuation-ratios at finite density
• Probing the QCD phase structure using event-by-event fluctuations
• Physics of Collectivity and EOS from the RHIC Beam Energy Scan Program
• Transport-model investigation of scaling of the number of constituent quarks and the hadronic-partonic transition in Au + Au collisions
• Dynamics of the conserved net-baryon density near QCD critical point within inhomogeneous quark-gluon plasma profile
• Beam Energy Dependence of Fifth and Sixth-Order Net-proton Number Fluctuations in Au+Au Collisions at RHIC
• Testing the collectivity in large and small colliding systems with test particles
• Thermal fluctuations on the freeze-out surface of heavy-ion collisions and their impact on particle correlations
• Production characteristics of light nuclei, hypertritons and $\Omega$-hypernuclei in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.02$ TeV
• Soft-hard factorization of heavy-quark transport in QCD matter at finite chemical potential
• Cumulants from short-range correlations and baryon number conservation - next-to-leading order
• Study of neutron density fluctuation and neutron-proton correlation in Au+Au collisions using PYTHIA8/Angantyr
• Proton number fluctuations in partial chemical equilibrium
• Finite-size effects and scaling properties of chiral and baryon-number fluctuations
• Dynamic modeling for heavy-ion collisions
• Dynamic density correlations in a baryon rich fluid using Mori-Zwanzig-Nakjima projection operator method
• Critical endpoint of QCD in a finite volume
• Efficient calculation of thermodynamic properties of baryon-rich QCD matter from heavy-ion transport models
• Critical point particle number fluctuations from molecular dynamics
• Split of the pseudo-critical temperatures of chiral and confine/deconfine transitions by temperature gradient
• Cosmology from Strong Interactions
• Generation of gravitating solutions with Baryonic charge from Einstein-Scalar-Maxwell seeds
• Lattice-based equation of state with a critical point from constant entropy contours and its comparison to effective QCD approaches
• Intermittency of charged particles in the hybrid UrQMD+CMC model at energies available at the BNL Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
• Light Nuclei and Hyper Nuclei Collectivity Measurements at High Baryon Density Region
• Transport coefficients of dense nucleon matter at low temperature
• Identifying weak critical fluctuations of intermittency in heavy-ion collisions with topological machine learning
• Ratio of baryon and electric-charge cumulants at second order with acceptance corrections
• Flow fluctuations and kinetic freeze-out of identified hadrons at energies available at the CERN Super Proton Synchrotron
• Fluid Acceleration in Heavy-Ion Collisions
• Optimal Observables for the Chiral Magnetic Effect from Machine Learning
• Accessing proton number fluctuations in limited regions of phase space
• Intermittency analysis in relativistic heavy-ion collisions
• Particle spectra in the integrated hydrokinetic model at RHIC Beam-Energy-Scan energies
• Observation of universal non-Gaussian statistics of the order parameter across a continuous phase transition
• Medium modifications of $1P$-wave charmonia ${\chi }_{cJ}(1P)$ in cold nuclear matter
• Phase transitions at high and low densities for a rotating QCD matter from holography
• Fermi-liquid view of viscosity in cold and dense nucleon matter
• Open charm production and ${\Lambda }_c^{+}/D^0$ ratio in pp and Au+Au collisions at the RHIC
• Isentropic thermodynamics across the hadron-quark mixed phase in a two-phase model with a PNJL quark description
• Kinematic and dynamical origins of mean-$p_T$ fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions
• Existence of a supersymmetric extension of the gauged non-linear $\Sigma$-model and the transition from integrability to chaos
• Rotation induced color confinement
• Fluctuations of conserved charges in hydrodynamics and molecular dynamics
• Finite-size behavior of higher-order cumulant ratios near criticality in two-dimensional Potts models
• Viscous Gubser flow with conserved charges to benchmark fluid simulations
• Holographic bottomonium formation in a cooling strong-interaction medium at finite baryon density
• Quantum fluctuation energies over a spatially inhomogeneous field background in a chiral soliton model
• High-order fluctuations of temperature in hot QCD matter