Imaging Extrasolar Giant Planets

Abstract

High-contrast adaptive optics imaging is a powerful technique to probe the architectures of planetary systems from the outside-in and survey the atmospheres of self-luminous giant planets. Direct imaging has rapidly matured over the past decade and especially the last few years with the advent of high-order adaptive optics systems, dedicated planet-finding instruments with specialized coronagraphs, and innovative observing and post-processing strategies to suppress speckle noise. This review summarizes recent progress in high-contrast imaging with particular emphasis on observational results, discoveries near and below the deuterium-burning limit, and a practical overview of large-scale surveys and dedicated instruments. I conclude with a statistical meta-analysis of deep imaging surveys in the literature. Based on observations of 384 unique and single young ($\approx$5--300~Myr) stars spanning stellar masses between 0.1--3.0~\Msun, the overall occurrence rate of 5--13~\Mjup \ companions at orbital distances of 30--300~AU is 0.6${}_{-0.5}^{+0.7}$\% assuming hot-start evolutionary models. The most massive giant planets regularly accessible to direct imaging are about as rare as hot Jupiters are around Sun-like stars. Dividing this sample into individual stellar mass bins does not reveal any statistically-significant trend in planet frequency with host mass: giant planets are found around 2.8${}_{-2.3}^{+3.7}$\% of BA stars, $<$4.1\% of FGK stars, and $<$3.9\% of M dwarfs. Looking forward, extreme adaptive optics systems and the next generation of ground- and space-based telescopes with smaller inner working angles and deeper detection limits will increase the pace of discovery to ultimately map the demographics, composition, evolution, and origin of planets spanning a broad range of masses and ages.

PASP invited review, accepted

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• The properties of the T8.5p dwarf Ross 458C
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• An Adaptive Optics Search for Companions to Stars with Planets
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• Wide, Cool and Ultracool Companions to Nearby Stars from Pan-STARRS1
• Application of a damped Locally Optimized Combination of Images method to the spectral characterization of faint companions using an Integral Field Spectrograph
• Observations of Solids in Protoplanetary Disks
• Characterizing Rocky and Gaseous Exoplanets with 2-meter Class Space-based Coronagraphs
• Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters (SONYC) VI: The planetary-mass domain of NGC1333
• Hip 63510C, Hip 73786B, and nine new isolated high proper motion T dwarf candidates from UKIDSS DR6 and SDSS DR7
• Multiple mean motion resonances in the HR 8799 planetary system
• Collisional Evolution of Irregular Satellite Swarms: Detectable Dust around Solar System and Extrasolar Planets
• CFBDSIR J1458+1013B: A Very Cold (>T10) Brown Dwarf in a Binary System
• A Survey for Massive Giant Planets in Debris Disks with Evacuated Inner Cavities
• A new benchmark T8-9 brown dwarf and a couple of new mid-T dwarfs from the UKIDSS DR5+ LAS
• Near-Infrared Multi-Band Photometry of the Substellar Companion GJ 758 B
• Initial Results from the Palomar Adaptive Optics Survey of Young Solar-Type Stars: a Brown Dwarf and Three Stellar Companions
• A 5 Micron Image of beta Pictoris b at a Sub-Jupiter Projected Separation: Evidence for a Misalignment Between the Planet and the Inner, Warped Disk
• Orbital Architectures of Planet-Hosting Binaries: I. Forming Five Small Planets in the Truncated Disk of Kepler-444A
• High-Cadence, High-Contrast Imaging for Exoplanet Mapping: Observations of the HR 8799 Planets with VLT/SPHERE Satellite Spot-Corrected Relative Photometry
• The VAMPIRES instrument: Imaging the innermost regions of protoplanetary disks with polarimetric interferometry
• The origin and evolution of transition discs: successes, problems and open questions
• SDSS J111010.01+011613.1: A New Planetary-Mass T Dwarf Member of the AB Doradus Moving Group
• Multiple Star Formation to the Bottom of the IMF
• The Luminosities of the Coldest Brown Dwarfs
• Astrometric Confirmation and Preliminary Orbital Parameters of the Young Exoplanet 51 Eridani b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Variability in a Young, L/T Transition Planetary-Mass Object
• LBT observations of the HR 8799 planetary system: First detection of HR8799e in H band
• Low-rank plus sparse decomposition for exoplanet detection in direct-imaging ADI sequences. The LLSG algorithm
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: The Companion Detection Pipeline
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• First On-Sky High Contrast Imaging with an Apodizing Phase Plate
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• Deep Thermal Infrared Imaging of HR 8799 bcde: New Atmospheric Constraints and Limits on a Fifth Planet
• The Enigmatic Young Low-Mass Variable TWA 30
• Is the HR 8799 extrasolar system destined for planetary scattering?
• Discovery of a Young L Dwarf Binary, SDSS J224953.47+004404.6AB
• The Kappa Andromedae System: New Constraints on the Companion Mass, System Age & Further Multiplicity
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• WISEA J114724.10-204021.3: A Free-Floating Planetary Mass Member of the TW Hya Association
• New Evidence for a Substellar Luminosity Problem: Dynamical Mass for the Brown Dwarf Binary Gl 417BC
• High-Mass, Four-Planet Models for HR 8799: Constraining the Orbital Inclination and Age of the System
• An independent determination of Fomalhaut b's orbit and the dynamical effects on the outer dust belt
• Dissecting the Moth: Discovery of an off-centered ring in the HD 61005 debris disk with high-resolution imaging
• Deuterium burning in objects forming via the core accretion scenario - Brown dwarfs or planets?
• Likely Members of the Beta Pictoris and AB Doradus Moving Groups in the North
• The TRENDS High-Contrast Imaging Survey. V. Discovery of an Old and Cold Benchmark T-dwarf Orbiting the Nearby G-star HD 19467
• Multiplicity at the Stellar/Substellar Boundary in Upper Scorpius
• The LEECH Exoplanet Imaging Survey. Further constraints on the planet architecture of the HR 8799 system
• Spitzer/IRAC Limits to Planetary Companions of Fomalhaut and epsilon Eridani
• Correlations between the stellar, planetary and debris components of exoplanet systems observed by $\text{Herschel}$
• A search for new members of the beta Pic, Tuc-Hor and epsilon Cha moving groups in the RAVE database
• Direct Detection and Orbit Analysis of the Exoplanets HR 8799 bcd from Archival 2005 Keck/NIRC2 Data
• New Techniques for High-Contrast Imaging with ADI: the ACORNS-ADI SEEDS Data Reduction Pipeline
• Physical and orbital properties of Beta Pictoris b
• An ALMA Disk Mass for the Candidate Protoplanetary Companion to FW Tau
• Discovery of Seven Companions to Intermediate Mass Stars with Extreme Mass Ratios in the Scorpius-Centaurus Association
• Performance of the Near-infrared coronagraphic imager on Gemini-South
• GPI PSF subtraction with TLOCI: the next evolution in exoplanet/disk high-contrast imaging
• Exoplanet characterization with long slit spectroscopy
• Direct Imaging Search for Extrasolar Planets in the Pleiades
• Speckle Suppression with the Project 1640 Integral Field Spectrograph
• Sub-stellar Companions and Stellar Multiplicity in the Taurus Star-Forming Region
• Near-infrared integral-field spectra of the planet/brown dwarf companion AB Pic b
• The Coldest Brown Dwarf (Or Free Floating Planet)?: The Y Dwarf WISE 1828+2650
• Characterization of the gaseous companion κ Andromedae b: New Keck and LBTI high-contrast observations
• H band Image of a Planetary Companion around HR 8799 in 2002
• 51 Eri and GJ 3305: A 10-15 Myr old binary star system at 30 parsecs
• Near-Infrared Detection and Characterization of the Exoplanet HD 95086 b with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Dynamical Masses of Young M Dwarfs: Masses and Orbital Parameters of GJ 3305 AB, the Wide Binary Companion to the Imaged Exoplanet Host 51 Eri
• The VLT/NaCo large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs at wide orbits. III. The frequency of brown dwarfs and giant planets as companions to solar-type stars
• Substellar Objects in Nearby Young Clusters (SONYC) IX: The planetary-mass domain of Chamaeleon-I and updated mass function in Lupus-3
• Multiplicity Among Young Brown Dwarfs and Very Low Mass Stars
• Deep Keck adaptive optics searches for extrasolar planets in the dust of Epsilon Eridani and Vega
• Orbital and Evolutionary Constraints on the Planet Hosting Binary GJ 86 from the Hubble Space Telescope
• Characterization of Low-mass, Wide-separation Substellar Companions to Stars in Upper Scorpius: Near-infrared Photometry and Spectroscopy
• Sculpting the disk around T Cha: an interferometric view
• High-contrast Imaging with Spitzer: Deep Observations of Vega, Fomalhaut, and epsilon Eridani
• Unveiling new members in five nearby young moving groups
• First Scattered-Light Image of the Debris Disk around HD 131835 with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Constraints on the formation mechanism of the planetary mass companion of 2MASS 1207334-393254
• The Dawes Review 3: The Atmospheres of Extrasolar Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• MagAO: Status and on-sky performance of the Magellan adaptive optics system
• The Water Abundance of the Directly Imaged Substellar Companion κ And b Retrieved from a Near Infrared Spectrum
• The TRENDS High-Contrast Imaging Survey. III. A Faint White Dwarf Companion Orbiting HD 114174
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: The Orbit of the Young Exoplanet beta Pictoris b
• A First-Look Atmospheric Modeling Study of the Young Directly-Imaged Planet-Mass Companion, ROXs 42Bb
• A comprehensive examination of the Eps Eri system -- Verification of a 4 micron narrow-band high-contrast imaging approach for planet searches
• A lucky imaging multiplicity study of exoplanet host stars II
• FIRST, a fibered aperture masking instrument. I. First on-sky test results
• Polarized Light Imaging of the HD 142527 Transition Disk with the Gemini Planet Imager: Dust around the Close-in Companion
• Planets around stars in young nearby associations *** radial Velocity searches: a feasibility study, and first results
• A Data Cube Extraction Pipeline for a Coronagraphic Integral Field Spectrograph
• An HST Search for Substellar Companions in the Young Cluster IC 348
• Optimized Principal Component Analysis on Coronagraphic Images of the Fomalhaut System
• An Approach for Retrieving Temperatures and Abundances in Brown Dwarf Atmospheres
• The Mass-Luminosity Relation in the L/T Transition: Individual Dynamical Masses for the New J-Band Flux Reversal Binary SDSSJ105213.51+442255.7AB
• Pre-Discovery 2007 Image of the HR 8799 Planetary System
• Techniques for High Contrast Imaging in Multi-Star Systems I: Super-Nyquist Wavefront Control
• Adaptive optics imaging survey of the Tucana-Horologium association
• Discovery of a Low-Luminosity, Tight Substellar Binary at the T/Y Transition
• The Ultra Cool Brown Dwarf Companion of WD 0806-661: Age, Mass, and Formation Mechanism
• BANYAN. VI. Discovery of a companion at the brown dwarf/planet-mass limit to a Tucana-Horologium M dwarf
• Orbital Monitoring of the AstraLux Large M-dwarf Multiplicity Sample
• Further Evidence of the Planetary Nature of HD 95086 b from Gemini/NICI H-band Data
• A Multiplicity Census of Intermediate-Mass Stars in Scorpius-Centaurus
• Improving Signal to Noise in the Direct Imaging of Exoplanets and Circumstellar Disks
• An ultra-luminous quasar at z=5.363 with a ten billion solar mass black hole and a Metal-Rich DLA at z~5
• Using rotation, magnetic activity and lithium to estimate the ages of low mass stars
• A Candidate Protoplanet in the Taurus Star Forming Region
• Planetesimals To Brown Dwarfs: What is a Planet?
• Deep infrared imaging of close companions to austral A- and F-type stars
• Astrophysical false positives in direct imaging for exoplanets: a white dwarf close to a rejuvenated star
• The Age of the Directly-Imaged Planet Host Star $\kappa$ Andromedae Determined From Interferometric Observations
• Constraints on the architecture of the HD 95086 planetary system with the Gemini Planet Imager
• Coronagraphic observations of Fomalhaut at solar system scales
• Sirius B Imaged in the Mid-Infrared: No Evidence for a Remnant Planetary System
• Direct Exoplanet Detection with Binary Differential Imaging
• The Nearest Isolated Member of the TW Hydrae Association is a Giant Planet Analog
• A Keck LGS AO Search for Brown Dwarf and Planetary Mass Companions to Upper Scorpius Brown Dwarfs
• A Search for Companions to Brown Dwarfs in the Taurus and Chamaeleon Star Forming Regions
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: Asymmetries in the HD 141569 disc
• Fomalhaut b as a Cloud of Dust: Testing Aspects of Planet Formation Theory
• Deep L' and M-band Imaging for Planets Around Vega and epsilon Eridani
• A Spitzer/IRAC Search for Substellar Companions of the Debris Disk Star epsilon Eridani
• Direct Imaging Constraints on the Putative Exoplanet 14 Her c
• Adaptive Optics Observations of Vega: Eight Detected Sources and Upper Limits to Planetary-Mass Companions
• Discovery and Characterization of a Faint Stellar Companion to the A3V Star Zeta Virginis
• Thermal Infrared Constraint to a Planetary Companion of Vega with the MMT Adaptive Optics System
• An ALMA Constraint on the GSC 6214-210 B Circum-Substellar Accretion Disk Mass
• Formation and evolution of planetary systems: the impact of high angular resolution optical techniques
• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of 2M0441+2301 AabBab: A Quadruple System Spanning the Stellar to Planetary Mass Regimes
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign
• The initial physical conditions of Kepler-36 b & c
• Point Source Polarimetry with the Gemini Planet Imager: Sensitivity Characterization with T5.5 Dwarf Companion HD 19467 B
• Very deep images of the innermost regions of the beta Pictoris debris disc at Lp
• Sequential Covariance Calculation for Exoplanet Image Processing
• NACO-SDI direct imaging search for the exoplanet Eps Eri b
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). V. Age-Dating Low-Mass Companions to Members and Interlopers of Young Moving Groups
• VLT/NACO astrometry of the HR8799 planetary system. L'-band observations of the three outer planets
• SPOTS: The Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars. I. Survey description and first observations
• Kiloparsec-Scale Simulations of Star Formation in Disk Galaxies III. Structure and Dynamics of Filaments and Clumps in Giant Molecular Clouds
• The Lyot Project Direct Imaging Survey of Substellar Companions: Statistical Analysis and Information from Nondetections
• The optical-UV emissivity of quasars: dependence on black hole mass and radio loudness
• A nearby young M dwarf with a wide, possibly planetary-mass companion
• Searching for Planets in Holey Debris Disks with the Apodizing Phase Plate
• Direct Spectrum of the Benchmark T dwarf HD 19467 B
• The Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign: The Offset Ring of HR 4796 A
• High-Contrast 3.8 Micron Imaging Of The Brown Dwarf/Planet-Mass Companion to GJ 758
• Early Results from VLT-SPHERE: Long-Slit Spectroscopy of 2MASS 0122-2439B, a Young Companion Near the Deuterium Burning Limit
• Infrared and kinematic properties of the substellar object G 196-3B
• Search for cool giant exoplanets around young and nearby stars - VLT/NaCo near-infrared phase-coronagraphic and differential imaging
• The Cornell High-order Adaptive Optics Survey for Brown Dwarfs in Stellar Systems-I: Observations, Data Reduction, and Detection Analysis
• Characterizing the Atmospheres of the HR8799 Planets with HST/WFC3
• Discovery of a low-mass companion around HR3549
• The Geneva Reduction and Analysis Pipeline for High-contrast Imaging of planetary Companions
• MMT/AO 5 micron Imaging Constraints on the Existence of Giant Planets Orbiting Fomalhaut at ~13-40 AU
• Discovery of a Low-Mass Companion to the F7V star HD 984
• Characterizing the AB Doradus Moving Group Via High Resolution Spectroscopy and Kinematic Traceback
• A debris disk under the influence of a wide planetary mass companion: The system of HD106906
• An L0 dwarf companion in the brown dwarf desert, at 30 AU
• Independent confirmation of β Pictoris b imaging with NICI
• The LEECH Exoplanet Imaging Survey: Orbit and Component Masses of the Intermediate Age, Late-Type Binary NO UMa
• Imaging search for the unseen companion to Eps Ind A -- Improving the detection limits with 4 micron observations
• S4: A Spatial-Spectral model for Speckle Suppression
• New Spatially Resolved Observations of the T Cha Transition Disk and Constraints on the Previously Claimed Substellar Companion
• The effects of viewing angle on the mass distribution of exoplanets
• The Cornell High-order Adaptive Optics Survey for Brown Dwarfs in Stellar Systems-II: Results from Monte Carlo Population Analyses
• Near-IR imaging of T Cha: evidence for scattered-light disk structures at solar system scales
• HD 77407 and GJ 577: two new young stellar binaries detected with the Calar Alto Adaptive Optics system ALFA
• MagAO Imaging of Long-period Objects (MILO). I. A Benchmark M Dwarf Companion Exciting a Massive Planet around the Sun-like Star HD 7449
• Piercing the Glare: Direct Imaging Search for Planets in the Sirius System
• Searching for gas giant planets on Solar System scales - A NACO/APP L'-band survey of A- and F-type Main Sequence stars
• The TRENDS High-Contrast Imaging Survey. II. Direct Detection of the HD 8375 Tertiary
• Coronagraphic Search for Extra-Solar Planets around epsilon Eri and Vega
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). II. A Low-Mass Companion to the Young M Dwarf GJ 3629 Separated By 0.2"
• First Light with ALES: A 2-5 Micron Adaptive Optics Integral Field Spectrograph for the LBT
• Mid-Infrared High-Contrast Imaging of HD 114174 B : An Apparent Age Discrepancy in a "Sirius-Like" Binary System
• A Deep Keck/NIRC2 Search for Thermal Emission from Planetary Companions Orbiting Fomalhaut
• High contrast imaging at the LBT: the LEECH exoplanet imaging survey
• SIM PlanetQuest Key Project Precursor Observations to Detect Gas Giant Planets Around Young Stars
• A High-contrast Imaging Algorithm: Optimized Image Rotation and Subtraction
• International Year of Astronomy Invited Review on Exoplanets
• A Search for Exozodiacal Dust and Faint Companions Near Sirius, Procyon, and Altair with the NICMOS Coronagraph
• Spectral Typing of Late Type Stellar Companions to Young Stars from Low Dispersion Near-Infrared Integral Field Unit Data
• Discovery of a stellar companion to the nearby solar-analogue HD 104304
• Orbital Constraints on the beta Pic Inner Planet Candidate with Keck Adaptive Optics
• NACO-SDI imaging of known companion host stars from the AAPS and Keck planet search surveys
• High-contrast imaging constraints on gas giant planet formation - The Herbig Ae/Be star opportunity
• The search for planetary mass companions to field brown dwarfs with HST/NICMOS
• A New Method for Characterizing Very-Low-Mass Companions with Low Resolution Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
• On the Binary Frequency of the Lowest Mass Members of the Pleiades with Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3
• Astrometric Calibration of the Gemini NICI Planet-Finding Campaign
• A direct and differential imaging search for sub-stellar companions to epsilon Indi A
• ADONIS high contrast infrared imaging of Sirius-B
• The young binary HD 102077: Orbit, spectral type, kinematics, and moving group membership
• CHARIS Science: Performance Simulations for the Subaru Telescope's Third-Generation of Exoplanet Imaging Instrumentation
• Extreme Contrast Ratio Imaging of Sirius with a Charge Injection Device
• The circumstellar environment of the YSO TMR-1 and a revisit to the candidate very low-mass object TMR-1C
• Observing Strategies for the NICI Campaign to Directly Image Extrasolar Planets
• Large Amplitude Photometric Variability of the Candidate Protoplanet TMR-1C
• A near-infrared variability campaign of TMR-1: New light on the nature of the candidate protoplanet TMR-1C

Cited by in corpus (261)

• Gaps and Rings in an ALMA Survey of Disks in the Taurus Star-forming Region
• The Gemini Planet Imager Exoplanet Survey: Giant Planet and Brown Dwarf Demographics From 10-100 AU
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• Predictions of the WFIRST Microlensing Survey I: Bound Planet Detection Rates
• The Sirius System and its Astrophysical Puzzles: Hubble Space Telescope and Ground-Based Astrometry
• Hints for a Turnover at the Snow Line in the Giant Planet Occurrence Rate
• SOAR TESS Survey. I: Sculpting of TESS planetary systems by stellar companions
• Exoplanet Statistics and Theoretical Implications
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE). III. The demographics of young giant exoplanets below 300 au with SPHERE
• The Ophiuchus DIsc Survey Employing ALMA (ODISEA) - I : project description and continuum images at 28 au resolution
• VIP: Vortex Image Processing package for high-contrast direct imaging
• Discovery of a warm, dusty giant planet around HIP65426
• Multiple Disk Gaps and Rings Generated by a Single Super-Earth
• An Excess of Jupiter Analogs in Super-Earth Systems
• Population-Level Eccentricity Distributions of Imaged Exoplanets and Brown Dwarf Companions: Dynamical Evidence for Distinct Formation Channels
• The Eccentric Cavity, Triple Rings, Two-Armed Spirals, and Double Clumps of the MWC 758 Disk
• Magellan Adaptive Optics Imaging of PDS 70: Measuring the Mass Accretion Rate of a Young Giant Planet within a Gapped Disk
• HELIOS-Retrieval: An Open-source, Nested Sampling Atmospheric Retrieval Code, Application to the HR 8799 Exoplanets and Inferred Constraints for Planet Formation
• Protoplanetary disk rings and gaps across ages and luminosities
• Resonant Drag Instabilities in protoplanetary disks: the streaming instability and new, faster-growing instabilities
• Cool Jupiters greatly outnumber their toasty siblings: Occurrence rates from the Anglo-Australian Planet Search
• The New Generation Planetary Population Synthesis (NGPPS). II. Planetary population of solar-like stars and overview of statistical results
• Observing Exoplanets with High Dispersion Coronagraphy. I. The scientific potential of current and next-generation large ground and space telescopes
• MIRACLES: atmospheric characterization of directly imaged planets and substellar companions at 4-5 $\mu$m. I. Photometric analysis of $\beta$ Pic b, HIP 65426 b, PZ Tel B and HD 206893 B
• The VLT/NaCo large program to probe the occurrence of exoplanets and brown dwarfs at wide orbits. IV. Gravitational instability rarely forms wide, giant planets
• What is the Mass of a Gap-Opening Planet?
• Beyond Equilibrium Temperature: How the Atmosphere/Interior Connection Affects the Onset of Methane, Ammonia, and Clouds in Warm Transiting Giant Planets
• Characterization of exoplanets from their formation III: The statistics of planetary luminosities
• New insights into the nature of transition disks from a complete disk survey of the Lupus star forming region
• Orbits for the Impatient: A Bayesian Rejection Sampling Method for Quickly Fitting the Orbits of Long-Period Exoplanets
• orvara: An Efficient Code to Fit Orbits using Radial Velocity, Absolute, and/or Relative Astrometry
• Atmospheric Dynamics of Hot Giant Planets and Brown Dwarfs
• Aerosols in Exoplanet Atmospheres
• TESS Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) II: A 17 Myr Old Transiting Hot Jupiter in the Sco-Cen Association
• Medium-resolution integral-field spectroscopy for high-contrast exoplanet imaging: Molecule maps of the $\beta$ Pictoris system with SINFONI
• A Volume-Limited Sample of Ultracool Dwarfs. I. Construction, Space Density, and a Gap in the L/T Transition
• Sedimentation Efficiency of Condensation Clouds in Substellar Atmospheres
• A rich population of free-floating planets in the Upper Scorpius young stellar association
• The population of long-period transiting exoplanets
• Discovery of a low-mass companion inside the debris ring surrounding the F5V star HD206893
• Observations of Disequilibrium CO Chemistry in the Coldest Brown Dwarfs
• Planetary population synthesis
• A warm Jupiter-sized planet transiting the pre-main sequence star V1298 Tau
• Spiral Arms in Disks: Planets or Gravitational Instability?
• Detection and Bulk Properties of the HR 8799 Planets with High Resolution Spectroscopy
• DARKNESS: A Microwave Kinetic Inductance Detector Integral Field Spectrograph for High-Contrast Astronomy
• Reference star differential imaging of close-in companions and circumstellar disks with the NIRC2 vortex coronagraph at W.M. Keck Observatory
• A Direct Imaging Survey of Spitzer detected debris disks: Occurrence of giant planets in dusty systems
• Evolution of Gas Giant Entropy During Formation by Runaway Accretion
• The LEECH Exoplanet Imaging Survey: Limits on Planet Occurrence Rates Under Conservative Assumptions
• A Clear View of a Cloudy Brown Dwarf Companion from High-Resolution Spectroscopy
• The Sizes and Depletions of the Dust and Gas Cavities in the Transitional Disk J160421.7-213028
• PynPoint: a modular pipeline architecture for processing and analysis of high-contrast imaging data
• How to design a planetary system for different scattering outcomes: giant impact sweet spot, maximising exocomets, scattered disks
• Deep exploration of $\epsilon$ Eridani with Keck Ms-band vortex coronagraphy and radial velocities: mass and orbital parameters of the giant exoplanet
• Characterizing the performance of the NIRC2 vortex coronagraph at W.M. Keck Observatory
• Obliquity Constraints on an Extrasolar Planetary-Mass Companion
• A survey of the linear polarization of directly imaged exoplanets and brown dwarf companions with SPHERE-IRDIS. First polarimetric detections revealing disks around DH Tau B and GSC 6214-210 B
• Rotation Periods, Inclinations, and Obliquities of Cool Stars Hosting Directly Imaged Substellar Companions: Spin-Orbit Misalignments are Common
• On the Mass Function, Multiplicity, and Origins of Wide-Orbit Giant Planets
• On the Composition of Young, Directly Imaged Giant Planets
• The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE)- I Sample definition and target characterization
• A-type Stars, the Destroyers of Worlds: The lives and deaths of Jupiters in evolving stellar binaries
• The GAPS Programme at TNG XXI -- A GIARPS case-study of known young planetary candidates: confirmation of HD 285507 b and refutation of AD Leo b
• The Planetary Accretion Shock: I. Framework for Radiation-hydrodynamical Simulations and First Results
• Separating extended disc features from the protoplanet in PDS 70 using VLT/SINFONI
• The Planetary Accretion Shock. II. Grid of Post-Shock Entropies and Radiative Shock Efficiencies for Non-Equilibrium Radiation Transport
• The MKID Exoplanet Camera for Subaru SCExAO
• V1094 Sco: a rare giant multi-ringed disk around a T Tauri star
• Orbit and Dynamical Mass of the Late-T Dwarf Gl 758 B
• Calibration of quasi-static aberrations in exoplanet direct-imaging instruments with a Zernike phase-mask sensor. III. On-sky validation in VLT/SPHERE
• Rings and gaps in protoplanetary disks: planets or snowlines?
• Limits on Millimeter Continuum Emission from Circumplanetary Material in the DSHARP Disks
• Polarized scattered light from self-luminous exoplanets. Three-dimensional scattering radiative transfer with ARTES
• Planet formation around M dwarfs via disc instability: Fragmentation conditions and protoplanet properties
• Lava Worlds: From Early Earth to Exoplanets
• A wide-orbit giant planet in the high-mass b Centauri binary system
• Planets Around Low-Mass Stars (PALMS). VI. Discovery of a Remarkably Red Planetary-Mass Companion to the AB Dor Moving Group Candidate 2MASS J22362452+4751425
• Imaging low-mass planets within the habitable zone of α Centauri
• The JWST Early Release Science Program for the Direct Imaging & Spectroscopy of Exoplanetary Systems
• Astrometry with Hubble Space Telescope Fine Guidance Sensors - A Review
• Exploring the formation by core accretion and the luminosity evolution of directly imaged planets: The case of HIP 65426 b
• BAFFLES: Bayesian Ages for Field Lower-Mass Stars
• Deep imaging search for planets forming in the TW Hya protoplanetary disk with the Keck/NIRC2 vortex coronagraph
• As the Worlds Turn: Constraining Spin Evolution in the Planetary-Mass Regime
• TOI-2076 and TOI-1807: Two young, comoving planetary systems within 50 pc identified by TESS that are ideal candidates for further follow-up
• The CORALIE survey for southern extrasolar planets XVIII. Three new massive planets and two low mass brown dwarfs at separation larger than 5 AU
• The Second Discovery from the COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS) Program: A Cold Wide-Orbit Exoplanet around a Young Field M Dwarf at 10.9 pc
• Discovery of a directly imaged planet to the young solar analog YSES 2
• COol Companions ON Ultrawide orbiTS (COCONUTS). I. A High-Gravity T4 Benchmark around an Old White Dwarf and A Re-Examination of the Surface-Gravity Dependence of the L/T Transition
• Host star metallicity of directly imaged wide-orbit planets: implications for planet formation
• True masses of the long-period companions to HD 92987 and HD 221420 from Hipparcos-Gaia astrometry
• The End of Runaway: How Gap Opening Limits the Final Masses of Gas Giants
• Survival Rates of Planets in Open Clusters: the Pleiades, Hyades, and Praesepe clusters
• The Elusive Majority of Young Moving Groups. I. Young Binaries and Lithium-Rich Stars in the Solar Neighborhood
• Accreting protoplanets: Spectral signatures and magnitude of gas and dust extinction at H alpha
• The Hawaii Infrared Parallax Program. III. 2MASS J0249-0557 c: A Wide Planetary-mass Companion to a Low-mass Binary in the beta Pic Moving Group
• The Enhanced Resolution Imager and Spectrograph for the VLT
• The Taurus Boundary of Stellar/Substellar (TBOSS) Survey II. Disk Masses from ALMA Continuum Observations
• Supervised detection of exoplanets in high-contrast imaging sequences
• ISPY -- NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars: Survey description and results from the first 2.5 years of observations
• Direct imaging of sub-Jupiter mass exoplanets with James Webb Space Telescope coronagraphy
• K2-99: a subgiant hosting a transiting warm Jupiter in an eccentric orbit and a long-period companion
• Dynamical Mass of the Young Substellar Companion HD 984 B
• Synthetic Evolution Tracks of Giant Planets
• An Eclipsing Substellar Binary in a Young Triple System discovered by SPECULOOS
• Resolved Millimeter Observations of the HR 8799 Debris Disk
• Constraints on the occurrence and distribution of 1--20 \mj\ companions to stars at separations of 5--5000\,au from a compilation of direct imaging surveys
• Discovery of a Transiting Adolescent Sub-Neptune Exoplanet with K2
• Populations of planets in multiple star systems
• Direct emission spectroscopy of exoplanets with the medium resolution imaging spectrometer on board JWST MIRI: I. Molecular mapping and sensitivity to instrumental effects
• Formation of the polar debris disc around 99 Herculis
• The Impact of Bayesian Hyperpriors on the Population-Level Eccentricity Distribution of Imaged Planets
• Herbig Stars: A Quarter Century of Progress
• A High-Contrast Search for Variability in HR 8799bc with VLT-SPHERE
• The Young Substellar Companion ROXs 12 B: Near-Infrared Spectrum, System Architecture, and Spin-Orbit Misalignment
• On the Detection of Exomoons Transiting Isolated Planetary-Mass Objects
• Inner Super-Earths, Outer Gas Giants: How Pebble Isolation and Migration Feedback Keep Jupiters Cold
• A PCA-based approach for subtracting thermal background emission in high-contrast imaging data
• An ALMA survey of $\lambda$ Orionis disks: from supernovae to planet formation
• The Planetary Luminosity Problem: "Missing Planets" and the Observational Consequences of Episodic Accretion
• Cloud Atlas: High-Contrast Time-Resolved Observations of Planetary-Mass Companions
• SPOTS: The Search for Planets Orbiting Two Stars. III. Complete Sample and Statistical Analysis
• Fly-by encounters between two planetary systems II: Exploring the interactions of diverse planetary system architectures
• Hot Start Giant Planets Form With Radiative Interiors
• Characterizing the protolunar disk of the accreting companion GQ Lupi B
• Moderate-Resolution $K$-Band Spectroscopy of Substellar Companion $\kappa$ Andromedae b
• Pebble Accretion in Turbulent Protoplanetary Disks
• The Irradiation Instability of Protoplanetary Disks
• N-body simulations of planet formation via pebble accretion II. How various giant planets form
• Calibration of the island effect: Experimental validation of closed-loop focal plane wavefront control on Subaru/SCExAO
• Kernel phase imaging with VLT/NACO: high-contrast detection of new candidate low-mass stellar companions at the diffraction limit
• Focal-plane wavefront sensing with photonic lanterns I: theoretical framework
• ALMA Observations of the Young Substellar Binary System 2M1207
• No difference in orbital parameters of RV-detected giant planets between 0.1 and 5 au in single vs multi-stellar systems
• M Dwarf Exoplanet Surface Density Distribution: A Log-Normal Fit from 0.07-400 AU
• Exploring the RCrA environment with SPHERE: Discovery of a new stellar companion
• Signature of Planetary Mergers on Stellar Spins
• Radial Velocity Discovery of an Eccentric Jovian World Orbiting at 18 au
• GRAVITY K-band spectroscopy of HD 206893 B: brown dwarf or exoplanet
• GPI Spectroscopy of the Mass, Age, and Metallicity Benchmark Brown Dwarf HD 4747 B
• Gemini Planet Imager Spectroscopy of the Dusty Substellar Companion HD 206893 B
• Occurrence Rates from Direct Imaging Surveys
• A scaled-up planetary system around a supernova progenitor
• The McDonald Accelerating Stars Survey (MASS): White Dwarf Companions Accelerating the Sun-like Stars 12 Psc and HD 159062
• Orbital and spectral characterization of the benchmark T-type brown dwarf HD 19467B
• Dynamical Mass of the Exoplanet Host Star HR 8799
• The Endgame of Gas Giant Formation: Accretion Luminosity and Contraction Post-Runaway
• Isochronal age-mass discrepancy of young stars: SCExAO/CHARIS integral field spectroscopy of the HIP 79124 triple system
• TOI-2196 b: Rare planet in the hot Neptune desert transiting a G-type star
• A Rotation Rate for the Planetary-Mass Companion DH Tau b
• Dynamical models to explain observations with SPHERE in planetary systems with double debris belts
• The REASONS Survey: Resolved Millimeter Observations of a Large Debris Disk Around the Nearby F Star HD 170773
• The McDonald Accelerating Stars Survey (MASS): Discovery of a Long-Period Substellar Companion Orbiting the Old Solar Analog HD 47127
• Influences of three-dimensional gas flow induced by protoplanets on pebble accretion --$\mathrm{I}$. shear regime
• JWST-TST High Contrast: Living on the Wedge, or, NIRCam Bar Coronagraphy Reveals CO${}_2$ in the HR 8799 and 51 Eri Exoplanets' Atmospheres
• IN-SYNC. VIII. Primordial Disk Frequencies in NGC 1333, IC 348, and the Orion A Molecular Cloud
• PSYM-WIDE: a survey for large-separation planetary-mass companions to late spectral type members of young moving groups
• A New Method for Target Selection in Direct Imaging Programs with COPAINS
• RefPlanets: Search for reflected light from extra-solar planets with SPHERE/ZIMPOL
• Biases in orbit fitting of directly-imaged exoplanets with small orbital coverage
• A Novel Survey for Young Substellar Objects with the W-band filter II. The Coolest and Lowest Mass Members of the Serpens-South Star-forming Region
• Efficiently Imaging Accreting Protoplanets from Space: Reference Star Differential Imaging of the PDS 70 Planetary System using the HST/WFC3 Archival PSF Library
• Constraining the presence of giant planets in two-belt debris disk systems with VLT/SPHERE direct imaging and dynamical arguments
• WEIRD: Wide-orbit Exoplanet search with InfraRed Direct imaging
• A Bayesian Framework for Exoplanet Direct Detection and Non-Detection
• A Mid-Infrared Study of Directly-Imaged Planetary-Mass Companions using Archival Spitzer/IRAC Images
• Large Adaptive Optics Survey for Substellar Objects (LASSO) Around Young, Nearby, Low-mass Stars with Robo-AO
• KELT-22Ab: A Massive Hot Jupiter Transiting a Near Solar Twin
• Moderate-Resolution $K$-Band Spectroscopy of the Substellar Companion VHS 1256 b
• Apodized vortex coronagraph designs for segmented aperture telescopes
• JWST-TST High Contrast: JWST/NIRCam observations of the young giant planet $\beta$ Pic b
• RSM detection map for direct exoplanet detection in ADI sequences
• Evidence for Variable Accretion onto PDS 70 c and Implications for Protoplanet Detections
• How to Characterize the Atmosphere of a Transiting Exoplanet
• Robust asteroseismic properties of the bright planet host HD 38529
• Leaning Sideways: VHS 1256-1257 b is a Super-Jupiter with a Uranus-like Obliquity
• Fresh view of the hot brown dwarf HD 984 B through high-resolution spectroscopy
• Combining Gaia and GRAVITY: Characterising five new Directly Detected Substellar Companions
• Direct imaging of exoplanets: Legacy and prospects
• Prospects for Directly Imaging Young Giant Planets at Optical Wavelengths
• One-third of Sun-like stars are born with misaligned planet-forming disks
• Restrictions on the Growth of Gas Giant Cores via Pebble Accretion
• VLTI/GRAVITY Observations and Characterization of the Brown Dwarf Companion HD 72946 B
• Measuring the variability of directly imaged exoplanets using vector Apodizing Phase Plates combined with ground-based differential spectrophotometry
• A faint companion around CrA-9: protoplanet or obscured binary?
• High signal-to-noise spectral characterization of the planetary-mass object HD 106906 b
• First Images of the Protoplanetary Disk Around PDS 201
• The Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey (GAPlanetS): Optimization Techniques for Robust Detections of Protoplanets
• Colour-magnitude diagrams of transiting Exoplanets -- III. A public code, nine strange planets, and the role of Phosphine
• Debris Disks in Multi-Planet Systems: Are Our Inferences Compromised by Unseen Planets?
• Stellar Flybys Interrupting Planet-Planet Scattering Generates Oort Planets
• Gas-Assisted Growth of Protoplanets in a Turbulent Medium
• Implementing focal-plane phase masks optimized for real telescope apertures with SLM-based digital adaptive coronagraphy
• Feasibility of detecting and characterizing embedded low-mass giant planets in gaps in the VIS/NIR wavelength range
• The Demographics of Wide-Separation Planets
• Trade-offs in high-contrast integral field spectroscopy for exoplanet detection and characterisation: Young gas giants in emission
• Observable Predictions from Perturber-coupled High-eccentricity Tidal Migration of Warm Jupiters
• Detecting Exoplanets Closer to Stars with Moderate Spectral Resolution Integral-Field Spectroscopy
• The SOPHIE search for northern extrasolar planets. XVIII: Six new cold Jupiters, including one of the most eccentric exoplanet orbits
• The COBREX archival survey: improved constraints on the occurrence rate of wide-orbit substellar companions. I. A uniform re-analysis of 400 stars from the GPIES survey
• Debris Disks: Probing Planet Formation
• Vortex fiber nulling for exoplanet observations: conceptual design, theoretical performance, and initial scientific yield predictions
• The Scorpion Planet Survey: Wide-Orbit Giant Planets Around Young A-type Stars
• Direct Imaging Discovery of a Young Brown Dwarf Companion to an A2V Star
• Connecting Planetary Composition with Formation
• The Feasibility of Directly Imaging Nearby Cold Jovian Planets with MIRI/JWST
• Combining high contrast imaging and radial velocities to constrain the planetary architecture of nearby stars
• Differentiating Formation Models with New Dynamical Masses for the PDS 70 Protoplanets
• BANYAN. X. Discovery of a wide, low-gravity L-type companion to a fast-rotating M3 dwarf
• Mid-infrared characterization of the planetary-mass companion ROXs 42B b
• A High-Resolution Spectroscopic Survey of Directly Imaged Companion Hosts: I. Determination of diagnostic stellar abundances for planet formation and composition
• A low-mass companion desert among intermediate-mass visual binaries: The scaled-up counterpart to the brown dwarf desert
• Formation of Giant Planets
• NaCo polarimetric observations of Sz 91 transitional disk: a remarkable case of dust filtering
• Pushing the Limits of Exoplanet Discovery via Direct Imaging with Deep Learning
• The infrared colors of 51 Eridani b: micrometereoid dust or chemical disequilibrium?
• ISPY - the NaCo Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars: A young companion candidate embedded in the R CrA cloud
• PDS 70b Shows Stellar-like Carbon-to-oxygen Ratio
• Giant planets population around B stars from the first part of the BEAST survey
• Gap Formation in Planetesimal Disks Via Divergently Migrating Planets
• Millimeter Dust Emission and Planetary Dynamics in the HD 106906 System
• Atmospheric Characterization and Further Orbital Modeling of $\kappa$ And b
• JWST/MIRI observations of the young TWA 27 system: hydrocarbon disk chemistry, silicate clouds, evidence for a CPD
• From exo-Earths to exo-Venuses -- Flux and Polarization Signatures of Reflected Light
• Effects of Mirror Seeing on High-Contrast Adaptive Optics Instruments
• TOI-858 B b: A hot Jupiter on a polar orbit in a loose binary
• Combining Transit and RV: A Synthesized Population Model
• A Wide Orbit Exoplanet OGLE-2012-BLG-0838Lb
• The ExoGRAVITY survey: A K-band spectral library of giant exoplanet and brown dwarf companions
• SPHERE RefPlanets: Search for epsilon Eridani b and warm dust
• On the survivability of a population of gas giant planets on wide orbits
• Dust Dynamics in Transitional Disks: Clumping and Disk Recession
• High contrast imaging with Fizeau interferometry: The case of Altair
• Detecting planetary mass companions near the water frost-line using JWST interferometry
• Searching for Wide Companions and Identifying Circum(sub)stellar Disks through PSF-Fitting of Spitzer/IRAC Archival Images
• Very-wide-orbit planets from dynamical instabilities during the stellar birth cluster phase
• VLT/SPHERE survey for exoplanets around young, early-type stars including systems with multi-belt architectures
• Kozai-Lidov oscillations triggered by a tilt instability of detached circumplanetary discs
• Model of the Search For Extraterrestrial Intelligence with Coronagraphic Imaging
• An optimised survey strategy for the ERIS/NIX imager: searching for young giant exoplanets and very low mass brown dwarfs using the K-peak custom photometric filter
• GTC/CanariCam deep mid-infrared imaging survey of northern stars within 5 pc
• Distinct Rotational Evolution of Giant Planets and Brown Dwarf Companions
• ISPY -- NaCo Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars. CenteR: the impact of centering and frame selection
• New Mid-Infrared Imaging Constraints on Companions and Protoplanetary Disks around six Young Stars
• Disk dissipation, giant planet formation and star-formation-rate fluctuations in the past three-million-year history of Gould's Belt
• Exoplanets Sciences with Nulling Interferometers and a Single-Mode Fiber-Fed Spectrograph
• 2MASS J04435686+3723033 B: A Young Companion at the Substellar Boundary with Potential Membership in the $\beta$ Pictoris Moving Group
• Lost Sisters Found: TESS and Gaia Reveal a Dissolving Pleiades Complex
• Early evidence for isotropic planetary obliquities in young super-Jupiter systems
• Active focal-plane coronagraphy with liquid-crystal spatial-light modulators: Broadband contrast performance in the visible
• Precise Masses and Orbits for Nine Radial Velocity Exoplanets
• Occurrence rates of accreting companions from a new method for computing emission-line survey sensitivity: application to the H-alpha Giant Accreting Protoplanet Survey
• Obliquity Constraints on the Planetary-mass Companion HD 106906 b
• An Alternating Minimization Algorithm with Trajectory for Direct Exoplanet Detection -- The AMAT Algorithm
• Twinkle Twinkle Little Star, Roman Sees Where You Are: Predicting Exoplanet Transit Yields in the Rosette Nebula with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• Stellar Light Scattering as a Probe for a Braneworld-Induced Baryogenesis Scenario
• Special cases : moons, rings, comets, trojans
• Keck Observations in the INfrared of Taurus and $\rho$ Oph Exoplanets And Ultracool dwarfs (KOINTREAU) II: Two Young Bound Companions to Ophiuchus Stars
• Optimising reference library selection for reference-star differential imaging of discs with SPHERE/IRDIS
• The Effects of Binary Reference Stars on JWST NIRCam Coronagraphy