Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND): Observational Phenomenology and Relativistic Extensions

Abstract

A wealth of astronomical data indicate the presence of mass discrepancies in the Universe. The motions observed in a variety of classes of extragalactic systems exceed what can be explained by the mass visible in stars and gas. Either (i) there is a vast amount of unseen mass in some novel form - dark matter - or (ii) the data indicate a breakdown of our understanding of dynamics on the relevant scales, or (iii) both. Here, we first review a few outstanding challenges for the dark matter interpretation of mass discrepancies in galaxies, purely based on observations and independently of any alternative theoretical framework. We then show that many of these puzzling observations are predicted by one single relation - Milgrom's law - involving an acceleration constant (or a characteristic surface density) of the order of the square-root of the cosmological constant in natural units. This relation can at present most easily be interpreted as the effect of a single universal force law resulting from a modification of Newtonian dynamics (MOND) on galactic scales. We exhaustively review the current observational successes and problems of this alternative paradigm at all astrophysical scales, and summarize the various theoretical attempts (TeVeS, GEA, BIMOND, and others) made to effectively embed this modification of Newtonian dynamics within a relativistic theory of gravity.

164 pages, 48 figures, 2 tables, invited review for Living Reviews in Relativity

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• Galaxy merging in MOND
• The Universal Faber-Jackson Relation
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• MOND and the mass discrepancies in tidal dwarf galaxies
• The collision velocity of the bullet cluster in conventional and modified dynamics
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• Generic features of Einstein-Aether black holes
• Strong lensing probability for testing TeVeS theory
• The shape of "dark matter" halos in disc galaxies according to the modified dynamics
• Propagation of Gravitational Waves in Generalized TeVeS
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• The fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies with modified Newtonian dynamics
• Structure of Neutron Stars in Tensor-Vector-Scalar Theory
• Kinematical and chemical vertical structure of the Galactic thick disk I. Thick disk kinematics
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• Einstein's Theory of Gravity and the Problem of Missing Mass
• Testing fundamental physics with distant star clusters: theoretical models for pressure-supported stellar systems
• The Baryonic Tully-Fisher relation revisited
• A generic problem with purely metric formulations of MOND
• The X-ray Size-Temperature Relation for Intermediate Redshift Galaxy Clusters
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• Can TeVeS avoid Dark Matter on galactic scales?
• The MOND Fundamental Plane
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• MOND rotation curves of very low mass spiral galaxies
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• Dwarf Galaxies in the Coma Cluster: II. Spectroscopic and Photometric Fundamental Planes
• Modified Kepler's Law, Escape Speed and Two-body Problem in MOND-like Theories
• MOND mass-to-light ratios for galaxy groups
• The velocity distribution of SDSS satellites in MOND
• Black holes and neutron stars in the generalized tensor-vector-scalar theory
• An analytic model for non-spherical lenses in covariant MOdified Newtonian Dynamics
• Current data on the globular cluster Palomar 14 are not inconsistent with MOND
• NGC 2419 does not challenge MOND
• A Decisive test to confirm or rule out the existence of dark matter emulators using gravitational wave observations
• Entropic gravity, minimum temperature, and modified Newtonian dynamics
• Gravitational Lenses in Generalized Einstein-Aether theory: the Bullet Cluster
• Hiding Lorentz Invariance Violation with MOND
• Inflation and accelerated expansion TeVeS cosmological solutions
• Testing quasilinear modified Newtonian dynamics in the Solar System
• Radial-orbit instability in modified Newtonian dynamics
• NGC 2419 does not challenge MOND, Part 2
• Distant star clusters of the Milky Way in MOND
• Reinterpreting MOND: coupling of Einsteinian gravity and spin of cosmic neutrinos?
• Search for a dark matter candidate produced in association with a single top quark in $p\bar{p}$ collisions at $\sqrt{s}=1.96$ TeV
• Strong lensing probability in TeVeS theory
• The Geometry Of Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Mass of Galactic Lenses in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Lopsidedness of cluster galaxies in modified gravity
• MOND and the dark baryons
• The thickness of HI in galactic discs under MOND: theory and application to the Galaxy
• TeVeS/MOND is in harmony with gravitational redshifts in galaxy clusters
• A Monte Carlo analysis of the velocity dispersion of the globular cluster Palomar 14
• The Abnormally Weighting Energy Hypothesis: the Missing Link between Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• FRW cosmology in Milgrom's bimetric theory of gravity
• N-body simulations for testing the stability of triaxial galaxies in MOND
• Do low surface brightness galaxies have dense disks?
• A useful guide for gravitational wave observers to test modified gravity models
• The Parameterised Post-Newtonian Limit of Bimetric Theories of Gravity
• Dark Matter Searches: The Nightmare Scenario
• Substructure lensing in galaxy clusters as a constraint on low-mass sterile neutrinos in tensor-vector-scalar theory: The straight arc of Abell 2390
• MOND's acceleration scale as a fundamental quantity
• Large-scale structure and matter in the universe
• Constraining TeVeS Gravity as Effective Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• Self-consistent models of triaxial galaxies in MOND gravity
• Stability and Quasinormal Modes of Black holes in Tensor-Vector-Scalar theory: Scalar Field Perturbations
• Cosmology today-A brief review
• Is Gravitational Lensing by Intercluster Filaments Always Negligible?
• Physics of galactic colliders: high speed satellites in LCDM vs MONDian cosmology
• Birkhoff's theorem fails to save MOND from non-local physics
• Causality, shocks and instabilities in vector field models of Lorentz symmetry breaking
• Hamiltonian Map to Conformal Modification of Spacetime Metric: Kaluza-Klein and TeVeS
• MOND and the Galaxies
• Post-Newtonian parameters in the tensor-vector-scalar theory
• An Uneven Vacuum Energy Fluid as $\Lambda$, Dark Matter, MOND and Lens
• Newton's second law versus modified-inertia MOND: a test using the high-latitude effect
• Cosmological Difficulties with Modified Newtonian Dynamics (or: La Fin du MOND?)
• Lunar system constraints on the modified theories of gravity
• On the separation between baryonic and dark matter: evidence for phantom dark matter?
• Gravitational Cherenkov losses in MOND theories
• Torsional oscillations in tensor-vector-scalar theory
• Separable triaxial potential-density pairs in MOND
• Baryons and Their Halos
• A Possible Late Time $\Lambda$CDM-like Background Cosmology in Relativistic MOND Theory
• A review on success and problem of MOND on globular cluster scale
• Probabilistic distributions of $M/L$ values for ultra-faint dwarf spheroidal galaxies: stochastic samplings of the IMF
• Quantum Gravity and Dark Matter
• Lambda-CDM and the WMAP power spectrum beam profile sensitivity
• An introduction to Gravitational Lensing in TeVeS gravity
• Revisiting metric perturbations in tensor-vector-scalar theory
• The wedding of modified dynamics and non-exotic dark matter in galaxy clusters
• Screening and Antiscreening of the MOND field in Perturbed Spherical Systems
• Phenomenology of the Modified Newtonian Dynamics and the Concordance Cosmological Scenario
• Outer Galactic Disks and a Quantitative Test of Gravity at Low Accelerations
• The Evolution of the Baryonic Tully-Fisher Relation over the past 6 Gyr

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• The KBC void and Hubble tension contradict $\Lambda$CDM on a Gpc scale $-$ Milgromian dynamics as a possible solution
• The last breath of the Sagittarius dSph
• Weighing the local dark matter with RAVE red clump stars
• Gas dynamics in tidal dwarf galaxies: disc formation at z=0
• Dark Matter Superfluidity and Galactic Dynamics
• A statistical investigation of the mass discrepancy-acceleration relation
• An Alternative to Particle Dark Matter
• Dark matters on the scale of galaxies
• How to break the density-anisotropy degeneracy in spherical stellar systems
• Has JWST already falsified dark-matter-driven galaxy formation?
• Combined Solar System and rotation curve constraints on MOND
• The Novel Probes Project -- Tests of Gravity on Astrophysical Scales
• The origin of the mass discrepancy-acceleration relation in $\Lambda$CDM
• Declining rotation curves of galaxies as a test of gravitational theory
• The failures of the standard model of cosmology require a new paradigm
• Gravitational Anomalies in the Solar System?
• Phantom of RAMSES (POR): A new Milgromian dynamics N-body code
• Observational signature of near-extremal Kerr-like black holes in a modified gravity theory at the Event Horizon Telescope
• Absence of a fundamental acceleration scale in galaxies
• A massive blow for $\Lambda$CDM $-$ the high redshift, mass, and collision velocity of the interacting galaxy cluster El Gordo contradicts concordance cosmology
• Imperfect Dark Matter
• HALOGAS: Extraplanar gas in NGC 3198
• Galactic rotation curves, the baryon-to-dark-halo-mass relation and space-time scale invariance
• Status, Challenges and Directions in Indirect Dark Matter Searches
• The Tully-Fisher and mass-size relations from halo abundance matching
• Predictions and Outcomes for the Dynamics of Rotating Galaxies
• A model for core formation in dark matter haloes and ultra diffuse galaxies by outflow episodes
• Tests and problems of the standard model in Cosmology
• MOND and the dynamics of NGC1052-DF2
• MOND simulation suggests the origin of some peculiarities in the Local Group
• Where the world stands still: turnaround as a strong test of ΛCDM cosmology
• Testing Gravity with wide binary stars like $\alpha$ Centauri
• Does the dwarf galaxy system of the Milky Way originate from Andromeda?
• The Radial Acceleration Relation in CLASH Galaxy Clusters
• Universal MOND relation between the baryonic and `dynamical' central surface densities of disc galaxies
• Testing the MOND Paradigm of Modified Dynamics with Galaxy-Galaxy Gravitational Lensing
• Gravitational-wave emission in shift-symmetric Horndeski theories
• Phenomenological consequences of superfluid dark matter with baryon-phonon coupling
• Star formation triggered by galaxy interactions in modified gravity
• Direct detection of dark matter: a critical review
• MOND vs. dark matter in light of historical parallels
• Breakdown of the Newton-Einstein Standard Gravity at Low Acceleration in Internal Dynamics of Wide Binary Stars
• The distribution and morphologies of Fornax Cluster dwarf galaxies suggest they lack dark matter
• Testing MOND Over a Wide Acceleration Range in X-Ray Ellipticals
• Directional detection of dark matter in universal bound states
• Testing Modified Gravity with Wide Binaries in GAIA DR2
• Dark Matter via Massive (bi-)Gravity
• Superradiance in rotating stars and pulsar-timing constraints on dark photons
• Strong constraints on the gravitational law from $Gaia$ DR3 wide binaries
• A spectroscopic study of MATLAS-2019 with MUSE: an ultra-diffuse galaxy with an excess of old globular clusters
• Perseus I and the NGC 3109 association in the context of the Local Group dwarf galaxy structures
• A new formulation of the external field effect in MOND and numerical simulations of ultra-diffuse dwarf galaxies $-$ application to NGC 1052-DF2 and NGC 1052-DF4
• Andromeda XXI -- a dwarf galaxy in a low density dark matter halo
• Testing the Strong Equivalence Principle. II. Relating the External Field Effect in Galaxy Rotation Curves to the Large-Scale Structure of the Universe
• The Surface Density Profile of the Galactic Disk from the Terminal Velocity Curve
• RAyMOND: An N-body and hydrodynamics code for MOND
• The impact of gas disc flaring on rotation curve decomposition and revisiting baryonic and dark-matter relations for nearby galaxies
• Asymptotically flat, parameterized black hole metric preserving Kerr symmetries
• Asymmetrical tidal tails of open star clusters: stars crossing their cluster's prah challenge Newtonian gravitation
• The Comparative Exploration of the Ice Giant Planets with Twin Spacecraft: Unveiling the History of our Solar System
• Modified Gravity (MOG), the speed of gravitational radiation and the event GW170817/GRB170817A
• Stellar streams as gravitational experiments II. Asymmetric tails of globular cluster streams
• From cusps to cores: a stochastic model
• MOND Prediction for the Velocity Dispersion of the `Feeble Giant' Crater II
• The gravitational field of X-COP galaxy clusters
• Cosmological simulations in MOND: the cluster scale halo mass function with light sterile neutrinos
• A historical perspective on Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Origin of the Local Group satellite planes
• Fitting rotation curve of galaxies by de Rham-Gabadadze-Tolley massive gravity
• Polar ring galaxies as tests of gravity
• Galaxies lacking dark matter in the Illustris simulation
• Black hole scalar charge from a topological horizon integral in Einstein-dilaton-Gauss-Bonnet gravity
• Chemical evolution of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies in the self-consistently calculated IGIMF theory
• Generalizing MOND to explain the missing mass in galaxy clusters
• Galaxy Clusters in the Context of Superfluid Dark Matter
• Stellar streams as gravitational experiments I. The case of Sagittarius
• The Third Law of Galactic Rotation
• MOND as a regime of quantum gravity
• Evidences against cuspy dark matter halos in large galaxies
• Galaxy Mass Models: MOND versus Dark Matter Halos
• Reconstructing the gravitational field of the local universe
• Cold gas disks in main-sequence galaxies at cosmic noon: Low turbulence, flat rotation curves, and disk-halo degeneracy
• Warm FIRE: Simulating Galaxy Formation with Resonant Sterile Neutrino Dark Matter
• A simultaneous solution to the Hubble tension and observed bulk flow within 250 $h^{-1}$ Mpc
• Dynamical effects of the scale invariance of the empty space: The fall of dark matter ?
• MOND in galaxy groups: a superior sample
• Gas dynamics in dwarf galaxies as testbeds for dark matter and galaxy evolution
• Early and late time cosmology: the $f(R)$ gravity perspective
• Emergence of the mass discrepancy-acceleration relation from dark matter-baryon interactions
• Shedding Light on Dark Matter at Colliders
• Dipolar Dark Matter with Massive Bigravity
• The maximum sizes of large scale structures in alternative theories of gravity
• Noncovariance at low accelerations as a route to MOND
• Constraining the Preferred-Frame ${\alpha }_1$, ${\alpha }_2$ parameters from Solar System planetary precessions
• Testing Modified Gravity Theories via Wide Binaries and GAIA
• Testing modified Newtonian dynamics in the Milky Way
• The radial acceleration relation in galaxy clusters
• A common Milgromian acceleration scale in nature
• The formation of exponential disk galaxies in MOND
• 3D hydrodynamic simulations for the formation of the Local Group satellite planes
• Can a non-local model of gravity reproduce Dark Matter effects in agreement with MOND?
• Predicted MOND velocity dispersions for a catalog of ultra-diffuse galaxies in group environments
• Exploring the outskirts of globular clusters: the peculiar kinematics of NGC 3201
• Probing Einstein-dilaton Gauss-Bonnet Gravity with the inspiral and ringdown of gravitational waves
• The High Fraction of Thin Disk Galaxies Continues to Challenge ΛCDM Cosmology
• Probing beyond-Kerr spacetimes with inspiral-ringdown corrections to gravitational waves
• Schrödinger-Poisson Solitons: Perturbation Theory
• Neutron stars in Scalar-Tensor-Vector Gravity
• The global stability of M33 in MOND
• Post-Newtonian constraints on Lorentz-violating gravity theories with a MOND phenomenology
• A Plane of High Velocity Galaxies Across the Local Group
• Flattened velocity dispersion profiles in Globular Clusters: Newtonian tides or modified gravity?
• Modified gravity models and the central cusp of dark matter halos in galaxies
• Dark matter-baryon scaling relations from Einasto halo fits to SPARC galaxy rotation curves
• The Equation of State of Dark Matter Superfluids
• $R_{\mathrm{e}}$. I. Understanding galaxy sizes, associated luminosity densities, and the artificial division of the early-type galaxy population
• Cosmological variation of the MOND constant: secular effects on galactic systems
• Fifth force constraints from the separation of galaxy mass components
• What is modified gravity and how to differentiate it from particle dark matter?
• Barred spiral galaxies in modified gravity theories
• Ultra-diffuse cluster galaxies as key to the MOND cluster conundrum
• Models of modified-inertia formulation of MOND
• Galactic dynamics and long-range quantum gravity
• The Escape Velocity Curve of the Milky Way in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Gravitational wave as probe of superfluid dark matter
• Nonlocal Metric Realizations of MOND
• Numerical Solutions of the External Field Effect on the Radial Acceleration in Disk Galaxies
• Constraining Relativistic Generalizations of Modified Newtonian Dynamics with Gravitational Waves
• Observational tests of the self-dual spacetime in loop quantum gravity
• Is there a fundamental acceleration scale in galaxies?
• A census of the expected properties of classical Milky Way dwarfs in Milgromian dynamics
• Mimicking dark matter in Horndeski gravity
• Wide Binaries from GAIA EDR3: preference for GR over MOND ?
• Probing the radial acceleration relation and the strong equivalence principle with the Coma cluster ultra-diffuse galaxies
• Understanding the internal dynamics of elliptical galaxies without non-baryonic dark matter
• Testing Dark Matter and Modifications to Gravity using Local Milky Way Observables
• Scalar field dark matter in clusters of galaxies
• Gravitational waves in bimetric MOND
• Superfluid Dark Matter around Black Holes
• Exploring the nature of dark matter with the extreme galaxy AGC 114905
• The properties of dwarf spheroidal galaxies in the Cen A group: Stellar populations, internal dynamics, and a heart-shaped Halpha ring
• Determining Cosmology for a Nonlocal Realization of MOND
• Emergent Dark Universe and the Swampland Criteria
• Alternative ideas in cosmology
• Stellar Accelerations and the Galactic Gravitational Field
• Testing MONDian Dark Matter with Galactic Rotation Curves
• Verlinde's emergent gravity versus MOND and the case of dwarf spheroidals
• Gravitational Lensing in Weyl Gravity
• The formation of early-type galaxies through monolithic collapse of gas clouds in Milgromian gravity
• Yet another test of Radial Acceleration Relation for galaxy clusters
• The Scale-Invariant Vacuum (SIV) Theory: A Possible Origin of Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• Gravitational lensing with $f(\chi )={\chi }^{3/2}$ gravity in accordance with astrophysical observations
• Radial Acceleration Relation between Baryons and Dark or Phantom Matter in the Super-critical Acceleration Regime of Nearly Spherical Galaxies
• The geometric challenge of testing gravity with wide binaries
• Possible smoking-gun evidence for initial mass segregation in re-virialized post-gas expulsion globular clusters
• The Milky Way's rotation curve with superfluid dark matter
• DGSAT: Dwarf Galaxy Survey with Amateur Telescopes II. A catalogue of isolated nearby edge-on disk galaxies and the discovery of new low surface brightness systems
• The Imprint of Spiral Arms on the Galactic Rotation Curve
• Distinguishing Dark Matter, Modified Gravity, and Modified Inertia with the Inner and Outer Parts of Galactic Rotation Curves
• The velocity field in MOND cosmology
• The Phantom of RAMSES user guide for galaxy simulations using Milgromian and Newtonian gravity
• Thin disk of co-rotating dwarfs: a fingerprint of dissipative (mirror) dark matter?
• The phantom dark matter halos of the Local Volume in the context of modified Newtonian dynamics
• On the tension between the Radial Acceleration Relation and Solar System quadrupole in modified gravity MOND
• General virial theorem for modified-gravity MOND
• Light on curved backgrounds
• Quantum statistical modified entropic gravity as a theoretical basis for MOND
• The prediction of rotation curves in gas-dominated dwarf galaxies with modified dynamics
• Phenomenology of Dark Matter via a Bimetric Extension of General Relativity
• Radial acceleration relation of galaxies with joint kinematic and weak-lensing data
• A first attempt to differentiate between modified gravity and modified inertia with galaxy rotation curves
• A fundamental test for MOND
• The mass discrepancy acceleration relation in early-type galaxies: extended mass profiles and the phantom menace to MOND
• Unified dark sectors in scalar-torsion theories of gravity
• N-body simulations of the Carina dSph in MOND
• Searching for New Physics in Ultradense Environment: a Review on Dark Matter Admixed Neutron Stars
• Dark Matter Superfluidity
• Strong gravitational lensing in $f\left(\chi \right)={\chi }^{3/2}$ gravity
• Probing string-inspired gravity with the inspiral-merger-ringdown consistency tests of gravitational waves
• Constraints on the star formation histories of galaxies in the Local Cosmological Volume
• The intrinsic ellipticity of dwarf spheroidal galaxies: constraints from the Andromeda system
• Challenges for Lambda-CDM and MOND
• Global Deep-MOND Parameter as a Theory Discriminant
• Methodological Reflections on the MOND/Dark Matter Debate
• Cascading dust inflation in Born-Infeld gravity
• Testing MOND gravity in the shell galaxy NGC 3923
• Bulge formation in disk galaxies with MOND
• Astrophysical Tests of Dark Matter Self-Interactions
• Emergent gravity in galaxies and in the Solar System
• On the gravitational field of a point-like body immersed in quantum vacuum
• The redshift dependence of the inferred $H_0$ in a local void solution to the Hubble tension
• Simulations of star forming main sequence galaxies in Milgromian gravity
• Newtonian Fractional-Dimension Gravity and MOND
• Does GW170817 falsify MOND?
• On the functional form of the radial acceleration relation
• The dynamical phase transitions of stellar systems and the corresponding kinetimacs
• Tripotential MOND theories
• The globular cluster system of NGC1316. III. Kinematic complexity
• A new line on the wide binary test of gravity
• Study of gravitational fields and globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies
• The cusp-core problem in gas-poor dwarf spheroidal galaxies
• Hydrodynamical structure formation in Milgromian cosmology
• Strong lensing with superfluid dark matter
• Emergent long-range interactions in Bose-Einstein Condensates
• Dynamical History of the Local Group in $\Lambda$CDM
• A universal velocity dispersion profile for pressure supported systems: evidence for MONDian gravity across 7 orders of magnitude in mass
• The number of tidal dwarf satellite galaxies in dependence of bulge index
• Effects of Scalar-Tensor-Vector Gravity on relativistic jets
• Constraints on a MOND effect for isolated aspherical systems in deep Newtonian regime from orbital motions
• A dearth of dark matter in strong gravitational lenses
• Testing long-distance modifications of gravity to 100 astronomical units
• Aether scalar tensor theory confronted with weak lensing data at small accelerations
• Testing the local void hypothesis using baryon acoustic oscillation measurements over the last twenty years
• The Redshift-Dependence of Radial Acceleration: Modified Gravity versus Particle Dark Matter
• Generalizations of Quasilinear MOND (QUMOND)
• Fractional Scalar Field Cosmology
• Dynamical system analysis of cosmological evolution in the Aether scalar tensor theory
• Newtonian Fractional-Dimension Gravity and Disk Galaxies
• Open star clusters and their asymmetrical tidal tails
• Modified Dark Matter: Relating Dark Energy, Dark Matter and Baryonic Matter
• Dark Matter Realism
• The matter-antimatter interpretation of Kerr spacetime
• Dynamical friction in Bose-Einstein condensed self-interacting dark matter at finite temperatures, and the Fornax dwarf spheroidal
• HERschel Observations of Edge-on Spirals (HEROES). II: Tilted-ring modelling of the atomic gas disks
• The road to MOND--a novel perspective
• Dark Matter Deprivation in Field Elliptical Galaxy NGC 7507
• Supercomputers against strong coupling in gravity with curvature and torsion
• Strong Hydrogen Absorption at Cosmic Dawn: the Signature of a Baryonic Universe
• Emergence of fractal cosmic space from fractional quantum gravity
• Normalized additional velocity distribution: testing the radial profile of dark matter halos and MOND
• The D-material universe
• The Relevance of Dynamical Friction for the MW/LMC/SMC Triple System
• Model Independent analysis of MeV scale dark matter: I. Cosmological constraints
• Directly testing gravity with Proxima Centauri
• Discussing the first velocity dispersion profile of an ultra-diffuse galaxy in MOND
• On the fundamentality of the radial acceleration relation for late-type galaxy dynamics
• Solar System limits on gravitational dipoles
• A Test of MONDian Gravity in $\sim$300 pressure supported elliptical galaxies from the MaNGA survey
• The Kennicutt-Schmidt law and the main sequence of galaxies in Newtonian and Milgromian dynamics
• Heat capacity of Holographic screen inspires MOND theory
• Astrodynamical Space Test of Relativity using Optical Devices I (ASTROD I) - Mission Overview
• Not All Subhaloes Are Created Equal: Modelling the Diversity of Subhalo Density Profiles in TNG50
• Dynamics of Elliptical Galaxies with Planetary Nebulae in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Relativistic Khronon Theory in agreement with Modified Newtonian Dynamics and Large-Scale Cosmology
• Dipolar Dark Matter as an Effective Field Theory
• Consequences of the external field effect for MOND disk galaxies in galaxy clusters
• Shell galaxies as laboratories for testing MOND
• Testing the tensor-vector-scalar Theory with the latest cosmological observations
• Interposing a Varying Gravitational Constant Between Modified Newtonian Dynamics and Weak Weyl Gravity
• Dynamical History Of The Local Group In $\Lambda$CDM $\mathrm{II}$ $-$ Including External Perturbers In 3D
• Baryon-Interacting Dark Matter: heating dark matter and the emergence of galaxy scaling relations
• The solar system test for the general modified gravity theories
• Stellar Structure Equations in Extended Palatini Gravity
• MOND in galaxy groups
• Dynamics of DiskMass Survey galaxies in refracted gravity
• Modeling Nearly Spherical Pure-bulge Galaxies with a Stellar Mass-to-Light Ratio Gradient under the $\Lambda$CDM and MOND Paradigms: I. Methodology, Dynamical Stellar Mass, and Fundamental Mass Plane
• Horndeski dark matter and beyond
• Origin of the fundamental plane of elliptical galaxies in the Coma Cluster without fine-tuning
• Cosmological Dynamics of Relativistic MOND
• HI in the Outskirts of Nearby Galaxies
• Dynamics of wide binary stars: A case study for testing Newtonian dynamics in the low acceleration regime
• Dressed black holes in the new tensor-vector-scalar theory
• Gravitational potential and galaxy rotation curves in multi-fractional spacetimes
• Sedna and the cloud of comets surrounding the Solar System in Milgromian dynamics
• Testing modified gravity at large distances with the HI Nearby Galaxy Survey's rotation curves
• How Close Dark Matter Halos and MOND Are to Each Other: Three-Dimensional Tests Based on Gaia DR2
• MOND as a peculiar case of the SIV theory
• Lopsidedness of self-consistent galaxies by the external field effect of clusters
• Self-gravitating Equilibria of Non-minimally Coupled Dark Matter Halos
• Time evolution of the local gravitational parameters and gravitational wave polarizations in a relativistic MOND theory
• The underlying radial acceleration relation
• Core Fragmentation in Simplest Superfluid Dark Matter Scenario
• Mass-Velocity Dispersion Relation in HIFLUGCS Galaxy Clusters
• Modified Gravity Theories in Light of the Anomalous Velocity Dispersion of NGC1052-DF2
• Cosmology of the Galileon extension of Bekenstein's theory of relativistic Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Mass Discrepancy-Acceleration Relation in Einstein Rings
• Effects of Lens Motion and Uneven Magnification on Image Spectra
• Can TeVeS be a viable theory of gravity?
• Empirical Evidence of Non-Minimally Coupled Dark Matter in the Dynamics of Local Spiral Galaxies?
• Multi-TeV dark matter density in the inner Milky Way halo: spectral and dynamical constraints
• Phenomenology of MOND and gravitational polarization
• Pseudo-Evolution of Galaxies in LCDM Cosmology
• Predictions for the sky-averaged depth of the 21cm absorption signal at high redshift in cosmologies with and without non-baryonic cold dark matter
• Probing modified gravitational-wave propagation through tidal measurements of binary neutron star mergers
• Wide Binaries as a Modified Gravity test: prospects for detecting triple-system contamination
• Dark Matter in Fractional Gravity I: Astrophysical Tests on Galactic Scales
• On the absence of backsplash analogues to NGC 3109 in the $\Lambda$CDM framework
• Galaxies with Declining Rotation Curves
• Global stability of self-gravitating disks in modified gravity
• The radial acceleration relation and dark baryons in MOND
• A test of Radial Acceleration Relation for the {\it Giles et al Chandra} cluster sample
• Evidence for Modified Newtonian Dynamics from Cavendish-type gravitational constant experiments
• Exploring the effects of primordial non-Gaussianity at galactic scales
• Galaxy Rotation Curves via Conformal Factors
• MOND prediction of a new giant shell in the elliptical galaxy NGC3923
• Deep-MOND polytropes
• Dark matter superfluid and DBI dark energy
• A test of constancy of dark matter halo surface density and radial acceleration relation in relaxed galaxy groups
• Testing Modified Dark Matter with Galaxy Clusters: Does Dark Matter know about the Cosmological Constant?
• Testing gravity with interstellar precursor missions
• Theoretical implications of the galactic radial acceleration relation of McGaugh, Lelli, and Schombert
• Logarithmic corrections to Newtonian gravity and Large Scale Structure
• A simple model for explaining Galaxy Rotation Curves
• Satellite Test of the Equivalence Principle as a Probe of Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• A relativistic description of MOND using the Palatini formalism in an extended metric theory of gravity
• Cosmology in doubly coupled massive gravity: constraints from SNIa, BAO and CMB
• A Distinct Radial Acceleration Relation across Brightest Cluster Galaxies and Galaxy Clusters
• Acausality in Superfluid Dark Matter and MOND-like Theories
• Stellar population synthesis models with a physically varying IMF
• Lunar system constraints on the modified theories of gravity
• Evolution of spiral galaxies in nonlocal gravity
• Acceleration Relations in the Milky Way as Differentiators of Modified Gravity Theories
• Model Independent analysis of MeV scale dark matter: II. Implications from $e^{-}{e}^{+}$ colliders and Direct Detection
• Alternative gravity rotation curves for the Little Things Survey
• Reconstructing a Model for Gravity at Large Distances from Dark Matter Density Profiles
• Will-Nordtvedt PPN formalism applied to renormalization group extensions of general relativity
• Enigmatic Velocity Dispersions of Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies in Light of Modified Gravity Theories and Radial Acceleration Relation
• Three problems of superfluid dark matter and their solution
• The Magellanic Clouds are very rare in the IllustrisTNG simulations
• Constraints on Self-Interacting dark matter from relaxed galaxy groups
• Modified Baryonic Dynamics: two-component cosmological simulations with light sterile neutrinos
• Emergent Dark Matter in Late Time Universe on Holographic Screen
• Disk galaxies are self-similar: the universality of the HI-to-Halo mass ratio for isolated disks
• The Radial Acceleration Relation and a Magnetostatic Analogy in Quasilinear MOND
• Covariant formulation of refracted gravity
• Testing emergent gravity with mass densities of galaxy clusters
• The phenomenology of the external field effect in cold dark matter models
• The specific frequency and the globular cluster formation efficiency in Milgromian dynamics
• A big bounce, slow-roll inflation and dark energy from conformal gravity
• Ultra faint dwarf galaxies: an arena for testing dark matter versus modified gravity
• Are Over-massive Haloes of Ultra Diffuse Galaxies Consistent with Extended MOND?
• Mass-Velocity Dispersion Relation in MaNGA Brightest Cluster Galaxies
• Testing Modified Gravity Theories with Numerical Solutions of the External Field Effect in Rotationally Supported Galaxies
• Aether scalar tensor theory: Hamiltonian Formalism
• A new estimator of the deceleration parameter from galaxy rotation curves
• Stellar Bar evolution in the absence of dark matter halo
• Galaxy rotation curve in hyperconical universes: a natural relativistic MOND
• A Cusp-Core like challenge for Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• The dynamics of three nearby E0 galaxies in refracted gravity
• What have we learned from observational cosmology ?
• Asymptotic kinematics of Globular Clusters: the emergence of a Tully-Fisher relation
• Astrophysical constraints and insights on extended relativistic gravity
• The MOND External Field Effect on the Dynamics of the Globular Clusters: General Considerations and Application to NGC 2419
• Gauss's Law and the Source for Poisson's Equation in Modified Gravity with Varying G
• The proper motion of stars in dwarf galaxies: distinguishing central density cusps from cores
• Towards an explanation of orbits in the extreme trans-Neptunian region: The effect of Milgromian dynamics
• MOND fiducial specific angular momentum of disc galaxies
• On the origin of extreme trans-Neptunian objects within Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Testing MOND on Earth
• A new scale in the quasi-static limit of Aether Scalar Tensor Theory
• Imprint of the galactic acceleration scale on globular cluster systems
• Low-acceleration dwarf galaxies as tests of quantised inertia
• The Diffuse Light of the Universe - On the microwave background before and after its discovery: open questions
• Dynamics of a higher-dimension Einstein-Scalar-Gauss-Bonnet cosmology
• Quasilocal Newtonian limit of general relativity and galactic dynamics
• MIGHTEE-HI: The radial acceleration relation with resolved stellar mass measurements
• Distribution of star formation rates during the rapid assembly of NGC 1399 as deduced from its globular cluster system
• A compactness result for non-local unregularized gradient flow lines
• Probing modified Newtonian dynamics with hypervelocity stars
• Scale-invariant dynamics in the Solar System
• The formation of compact massive relic galaxies in MOND
• Galaxy rotation curves and the deceleration parameter in weak gravity
• Motion of Particles in Solar and Galactic Systems by Using Neumann Boundary Condition
• Non-Gaussianity in the Cosmic Microwave Background Induced by Dipolar Dark Matter
• Dark Matter Fraction in Disk-Like Galaxies Over the Past 10 Gyr
• Macroscopic theory of dark sector
• Central-surface-densities correlation in general MOND theories
• Parameter-free prediction of the asymptotic acceleration scale confirmed by weak lensing
• Exact semianalytical calculation of rotation curves with Bekenstein-Milgrom nonrelativistic MOND
• Slowly rotating black holes in the Einstein-Maxwell-scalar theory
• Testing the Collisionless Nature of Dark Matter with the Radial Acceleration Relation in Galaxy Clusters
• Dipolar dark matter simulations on galaxy scales with the RAMSES code
• Clusters of galaxies in a Weyl geometric approach to gravity
• SHARP -- IX. The dense, low-mass perturbers in B1938+666 and J0946+1006: implications for cold and self-interacting dark matter
• Explaining the formation of bulges with MOND
• Broader view of bimetric MOND
• MOND implications for spectral line profiles of shell galaxies: shell formation history and mass-velocity scaling relations
• Two-body problem in theories with kinetic screening
• A Multi-messenger view of Cosmic Dawn: Conquering the Final Frontier
• On the gravitational stability of the Maclaurin disk
• A Critique of Covariant Emergent Gravity
• A test of invariance of dark matter halo surface density using multiwavelength mock galaxy catalogues
• Testing the local supervoid solution to the Hubble tension with direct distance tracers
• Type I shell galaxies as a test of gravity models
• A Modified Dynamical Model of Cosmology I. Theory
• Modified Gravity (MOG) and its test on galaxy clusters
• Gas expulsion in MOND: the possible origin of diffuse globular clusters and ultra-faint dwarf galaxies
• No need for dark matter: resolved kinematics of the ultra-diffuse galaxy AGC 114905
• Lessons from the Local Group (and beyond) on dark matter
• Scale Invariance at low accelerations (aka MOND) and the dynamical anomalies in the Universe
• Neutron stars as probes of dark matter
• Dwarf galaxies with central cores in modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) gravity
• Stealth black holes in Aether Scalar Tensor theory
• Celestial mechanics in Newtonian-like gravity with variable $G$
• Newtonian Fractional-Dimension Gravity and Galaxies without Dark Matter
• Quantum Modified Gravity at Low Energy in the Ricci Flow of Quantum Spacetime
• Dark Coincidences: Small-Scale Solutions with Refracted Gravity and MOND
• Collapse of spherical overdensities in superfluid models of dark matter
• Relativistic Localizing Processes Bespeak an Inevitable Projective Geometry of Spacetime
• Can Massive Gravity Explain the Mass Discrepancy - Acceleration Relation of Disk Galaxies?
• Constraining A String Gauge Field by Galaxy Rotation Curves and Perihelion Precession of Planets
• Saddle stresses for generic theories with a preferred acceleration scale
• Prospects for a local detection of dark matter with future missions to Uranus and Neptune
• One of Everything: The Breakthrough Listen Exotica Catalog
• On the problem of deformed spherical systems in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Asymmetry of the tidal tails of open star clusters in direct N-body integrations in Milgrom-law dynamics
• Simulations of cluster ultra-diffuse galaxies in MOND
• Buchdahl bound, photon ring, ISCO and radial acceleration in Einstein-æther theory
• The signatures of new physics, astrophysics and cosmology?
• Time delays across saddles as a test of modified gravity
• Revisiting metric perturbations in tensor-vector-scalar theory
• Parameterised free functions and saddle stresses in modified gravity
• Solar system tests and neutron stars in $f(R)$ gravity revisited
• Conformal Higgs model: Gauge fields can produce a 125GeV resonance
• Influence of selection criteria on the interpretation of rotational behaviour of wide-binary star systems
• Dynamical Symmetry Breaking and Negative Cosmological Constant
• The isolated elliptical galaxy NGC 5812 -- MOND or Dark Matter?
• Testing Cotton gravity as dark matter substitute with weak lensing
• Consistent cosmological structure formation on all scales in relativistic extensions of MOND
• Observational dynamics of low-mass stellar systems
• Globular cluster orbital decay in dwarf galaxies with MOND and CDM: Impact of supernova feedback
• Application of Kaluza-Klein Theory in Modeling Compact Stars: Exploring Extra Dimensions
• Analogy of space-time as an elastic medium, estimation creep coefficient of space from MOND theory, gravitational lensing and via time data from the GPS effect, discussion of the results for dark matter and Einstein's field equation
• Distribution of Phantom Dark Matter in Dwarf Spheroidals
• The radial acceleration relation at the EDGE of galaxy formation: testing its universality in low-mass dwarf galaxies
• Quantum Effects on Cosmic Scales as an Alternative to Dark Matter and Dark Energy
• The $\kappa$-model, a minimal model alternative to dark matter. Application to the galactic rotation problem
• MUSE observations of dwarf galaxies and a stellar stream in the M83 group
• Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) as a Modification of Newtonian Inertia
• Crossover in extended Newtonian gravity emerging from thermodynamics
• Testing Refracted Gravity with kinematics of galaxy clusters
• Low-mass disc galaxies and the issue of stability: MOND vs dark matter
• The kinematics of star clusters undergoing gas expulsion in Newtonian and Milgromian dynamics
• MUSE-DARK III: The evolution of the radial acceleration relation at intermediate redshifts
• Local Stability of Galactic Discs in Modified Dynamics
• Effect of the Solar dark matter wake on planets
• Probing the nature of gravity in the low-acceleration limit: wide binaries of extreme separations with perspective effects
• Modified Inertia as Nonconservative Newtonian Dynamics
• Three-Body Problem in Modified Dynamics
• A Preference for Cold Dark Matter over Superfluid Dark Matter in Local Milky Way Data
• Peculiar dark matter halos inferred from gravitational lensing as a manifestation of modified gravity
• PySCo: A fast Particle-Mesh $N$-body code for modified gravity simulations in Python
• Addressing the core-cusp and diversity problem of dwarf and disk galaxies using cold collisionless DARKexp theory
• Is MOND necessarily nonlinear?
• The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Test of the Gravitational Force Law on Cosmological Scales Using the Kinematic Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect
• A New Empirical Fit to Galaxy Rotation Curves
• Quantized Vortices in Superfluid Dark Matter
• A Relativistic Scalar Model for Fractional Interaction between Dark Matter and Gravity
• Formation of collisional ring galaxies in Milgromian dynamics
• NEWTON's trajectories versus MOND's trajectories
• A test of linearity of the ratio of dark matter to baryonic matter in galaxy clusters
• The intervelocity of galaxy pairs in $\Lambda$CDM -- The observed velocity peak at ~130 km/s is not unique to MOND
• Evolution of globular-cluster systems of ultra-diffuse galaxies due to dynamical friction in MOND gravity
• Dynamics of clusters of galaxies with extended $f(\chi )$ gravity
• Modified Newtonian Dynamics as an entropic force
• MONDian predictions for Newtonian M/L ratios for ultrafaint dSphs
• Renzo's rule revisited: A statistical study of galaxies' baryon - dark matter coupling
• Dynamics of Dwarf Galaxies in Scalar-Tensor-Vector-Gravity
• Tests of Modified Gravity Theories in the Solar System
• Searching for MOND in scalar-tensor theories of gravity
• Modelling Gaia photometry signals of dark halos
• Test of conformal gravity as an alternative to dark matter from the observations of elliptical galaxies
• Measuring Mass of Gas in Central Galaxies using weak lensing and satellite kinematics in MOND
• Scaling relations of early-type galaxies in MOND
• Many body gravity and the galaxy rotation curves
• On the emergence of gravity in a framework of emergent quantum mechanics
• The $\kappa$-model under test of the SPARC database
• Testing QUMOND theory with Galactic globular clusters in a weak external field
• Data Analysis Methods for Testing Alternative Theories of Gravity with LISA Pathfinder
• MUSE-DARK-II: 3D morpho-kinematic modelling of lensed galaxies. Tully-Fisher relation of $z\sim 1$ star-forming galaxies
• The galactic acceleration scale is imprinted on globular cluster systems of early-type galaxies of most masses and on red and blue globular cluster subpopulations
• MOND via Matrix Gravity
• The "Graviton Picture": a Bohr Model for Gravitation on Galactic Scales?
• Field equation of thermodynamic gravity and galactic rotational curves
• Disk galaxies and their dark halos as self-organized patterns
• Quadratic gravity potentials in de Sitter spacetime from Feynman diagrams
• Pattern dark matter and galaxy scaling relations
• GravitoMagnetic Force in Modified Newtonian Dynamics
• Cosmic backgrounds from the radio to the far-infrared: recent results and perspectives from cosmological and astrophysical surveys
• Multidimensional representation of semantic relations between physical theories, fundamental constants and units of measurement with formal concept analysis
• Refracted Gravity Solutions from Small to Large Scales
• Central MONDian spike in spherically symmetric systems
• Vector dark matter production during inflation in the gradient-expansion formalism
• Absence of gravitational polarization mechanism in the canonical bimetric theory
• Local Short-Time Acceleration induced Spectral Line Broadening and Possible Implications in Cosmology
• The Cen A galaxy group: dynamical mass and missing baryons
• Quantum Physics in Space
• Origin of the spectacular tidal shells of galaxy NGC474
• Overestimated inclinations of Milgromian disc galaxies: the case of the ultradiffuse galaxy AGC 114905
• Probing modified gravity with magnetically levitated resonators
• Milgrom's Law and Lambda's Shadow: How Massive Gravity Connects Galactic and Cosmic Dynamics
• On the Orbital Velocity of Isolated Galaxy Pairs: a test of gravity in the low acceleration regime
• Relativistic Fractional-Dimension Gravity
• Is the acceleration scale of the radial acceleration relation tracking the cosmic expansion rate?
• Is the cosmological constant an eigenvalue?
• Examining Baryonic Faber-Jackson Relation in Galaxy Groups
• Testing MOND using the dynamics of nearby stellar streams
• Point-like source solutions in modified gravity with a critical acceleration
• Galactic Scaling Rules in a Modified Dynamical Model
• Behavior of light polarization in photon-scalar interaction
• Gravitational acceleration in a class of geometric sigma models
• A bar stability criterion distinguishing between modified gravity and dark matter in galaxies
• The two-component virial theorem and the acceleration-discrepancy relation
• The MOND Depth Index and Dynamical Maturity Clock: Toward a Universal Classification of Galaxies and Star Clusters
• Merging Galaxy Clusters and the Search for New Physics of Dark Matter: A Review
• A Dynamical-Photometric Phase Space for Spiral Galaxies: Probing the Local Coupling Between Light and Gravity
• The modified Newtonian dynamics with an extra anti-dissipation term can yield the MOND model
• The tidal features of the classical Milky Way satellites: Expected in MOND but inconsistent with cold dark matter models
• Determination of the best dark matter profile for the Milky Way with Gaia DR3 using Bayesian Model Comparison
• Improved constraints on modified Newtonian gravity from Cassini radio tracking data
• Testing subhalo abundance matching with galaxy kinematics
• Anisotropic dispersion relation of ultralight Bose gases in modified Newtonian dynamics
• Bimetric MOND as a framework for variable-$G$ theories -- local systems and cosmology
• Cosmology with a Non-minimally Coupled Dark Matter Fluid I. Background Evolution
• Matter-antimatter asymmetry in a rotating universe: Dirac spinors in axisymmetric Bianchi IX cosmology
• A MOND model applied to the rotation curve of galaxies
• Distinct radial acceleration relations of galaxies and galaxy clusters supports hyperconical modified gravity
• Comparing dark matter and MOND hyphotheses from the distribution function of A, F, early-G stars in the solar neighbourhood
• A test of MOND and Emergent Gravity with SMACS J0723.3-7327 using eROSITA observations