Testing gravity with interstellar precursor missions

Abstract

We consider how the trajectory of an interstellar precursor mission would be affected by the gravity of the Sun in Newtonian and Milgromian dynamics (MOND). The Solar gravity is $\approx 50\%$ stronger in MOND beyond a distance of $\approx 7000$ astronomical units, the MOND radius of the Sun. A spacecraft travelling at $0.01c$ reaches this distance after 11.1 years. We show that the extra gravity in MOND causes an anomalous deceleration that reduces its radial velocity by $\approx 3$ cm/s and the two-way light travel time from the inner Solar System by $\approx 0.1$ seconds after 20 years. A distinctive signature of MOND is that the gravity from the Sun is not directly towards it. This is due to the non-linear nature of MOND and the external gravitational field from the rest of the Galaxy, which we self-consistently include in our calculations. As a result, the sky position of the spacecraft would deviate by up to 0.2 mas over 20 years. This deviation is always in the plane containing the spacecraft trajectory and the direction towards the Galactic Centre. By launching spacecraft in different directions, it is possible to test the characteristic pattern of angular deviations expected in MOND. This would minimize the chance that any detected anomalies are caused by other processes like drag from the interstellar medium. Such confounding factors could also be mitigated using an onboard accelerometer to measure non-gravitational forces. We briefly discuss how the gravity theories could be conclusively distinguished using a Cavendish-style active gravitational experiment beyond the Sun's MOND radius.

9 pages, 5 figures. Published in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society in this form

References in corpus (10)

• GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
• The mass distribution and gravitational potential of the Milky Way
• One Law To Rule Them All: The Radial Acceleration Relation of Galaxies
• Galaxies as simple dynamical systems: observational data disfavor dark matter and stochastic star formation
• Support for the thermal origin of the Pioneer anomaly
• The velocity dispersion and mass profile of the Milky Way
• Stellar streams as gravitational experiments II. Asymmetric tails of globular cluster streams
• Project Icarus: A Review of Local Interstellar Medium Properties of Relevance for Space Missions to the Nearest Stars
• Do halos that form early, have high concentration, are part of a pair, or contain a central galaxy potential host more pronounced planes of satellite galaxies?
• Interferometric Measurement of Acceleration at Relativistic Speeds