Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time

Abstract

Star clusters stand at the intersection of much of modern astrophysics: the interstellar medium, gravitational dynamics, stellar evolution, and cosmology. Here we review observations and theoretical models for the formation, evolution, and eventual disruption of star clusters. Current literature suggests a picture of this life cycle with several phases: (1) Clusters form in hierarchically-structured, accreting molecular clouds that convert gas into stars at a low rate per dynamical time until feedback disperses the gas. (2) The densest parts of the hierarchy resist gas removal long enough to reach high star formation efficiency, becoming dynamically-relaxed and well-mixed. These remain bound after gas removal. (3) In the first $\sim 100$ Myr after gas removal, clusters disperse moderately fast, through a combination of mass loss and tidal shocks by dense molecular structures in the star-forming environment. (4) After $\sim 100$ Myr, clusters lose mass via two-body relaxation and shocks by giant molecular clouds, processes that preferentially affect low-mass clusters and cause a turnover in the cluster mass function to appear on $\sim 1-10$ Gyr timescales. (5) Even after dispersal, some clusters remain coherent and thus detectable in chemical or action space for multiple galactic orbits. In the next decade a new generation of space- and AO-assisted ground-based telescopes will enable us to test and refine this picture.

To appear in Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics; 76 pages, 15 figures; compared to previous version, this has some typo fixes, minor wording changes, and one new reference

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• Can We Trust the Dust? Evidence of Dust Segregation in Molecular Clouds
• Intracluster Age Gradients In Numerous Young Stellar Clusters
• Galaxy Genesis -- unravelling the epoch of dissipation in the early disk
• The role of galaxy mergers on the evolution of star clusters
• Mass Evaporation Rate of Globular Clusters in a Strong Tidal Field
• A high cluster formation efficiency in the Sagittarius B2 complex
• High resolution elemental abundance analysis of the Hyades Supercluster
• Stellar Proper Motions in the Orion Nebula Cluster
• On the X-ray temperature of hot gas in diffuse nebulae
• Mixing of metals during star cluster formation: statistics and implications for chemical tagging
• Radiation pressure in super star cluster formation
• A third cluster of red supergiants in the vicinity of the massive cluster RSGC3
• Deriving physical parameters of unresolved star clusters. I. Age, mass, and extinction degeneracies
• Constraints on Upper Cutoffs in the Mass Functions of Young Star Clusters
• The Chemical Signature of a Relic Star Cluster in the Sextans Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy - Implications for Near-Field Cosmology
• Massive Star Cluster Formation and Destruction in Luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS
• Feedback from Winds and Supernovae in Massive Stellar Clusters - II. X-Ray Emission
• The effect of accretion on the pre-main-sequence evolution of low-mass stars and brown dwarfs
• Big Fish in Small Ponds: Massive Stars in the Low Mass Clusters of M83
• Gas expulsion vs gas retention in young stellar clusters II: effects of cooling and mass segregation
• Some Stars are Totally Metal: A New Mechanism Driving Dust Across Star-Forming Clouds, and Consequences for Planets, Stars, and Galaxies
• Modeling GD-1 Gaps in a Milky-Way Potential
• Resolution Requirements and Resolution Problems in Simulations of Radiative Feedback in Dusty Gas
• The Size of Star Clusters Accreted by the Milky Way
• The Old, Super-Metal-Rich Open Cluster, NGC 6791 - Elemental Abundances in Turn-off Stars from Keck/HIRES Spectra
• Spectral shifting strongly constrains molecular cloud disruption by radiation pressure on dust
• The inefficiency of satellite accretion in forming extended star clusters
• Migration in the shearing sheet and estimates for young open cluster migration
• Formation of proto-cluster: a virialized structure from gravo-turbulent collapse II. A two-dimensional analytical model for rotating and accreting system
• The young Galactic star cluster [DBS2003]179
• Kinematics and Structure of Star-forming Regions: Insights from Cold Collapse Models
• Global survey of star clusters in the Milky Way VI. Age distribution and cluster formation history
• Magnetohydrodynamic simulations of mechanical stellar feedback in a sheet-like molecular cloud
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury III. Measuring Ages and Masses of Partially Resolved Stellar Clusters
• Old open clusters in the Sagittarius dSph tidal stream -- kith or kin?
• The Effects of Protostellar Jet Feedback on Turbulent Collapse
• Radiation Pressure Limits on the Star Formation Efficiency and Surface Density of Compact Stellar Systems
• A tight relation between the age distributions of stellar clusters and the properties of the interstellar medium in the host galaxy
• A High-Resolution Multiband Survey of Westerlund 2 With the Hubble Space Telescope. III. The present-day stellar mass function
• The Structural Evolution of Forming and Early Stage Star Clusters
• Segue 1 - A Compressed Star Formation History Before Reionization
• The formation and evolution of star clusters in interacting galaxies
• The Snapshot Hubble U-Band Cluster Survey (SHUCS) II. Star Cluster Population of NGC 2997
• A WISE Census of Young Stellar Objects in Perseus OB2 Association
• Pitfalls when observationally characterizing the relative formation rates of stars and stellar clusters in galaxies
• Properties of the cluster population of NGC 1566 and their implications
• The Star Cluster System in the Local Group Starburst Galaxy IC 10
• Mixing in Magnetized Turbulent Media
• The Dynamical Evolution of Accreted Star Clusters in the Milky Way
• The properties, origin and evolution of stellar clusters in galaxy simulations and observations
• Obscured clusters.IV. The most massive stars in [DBS2003]179
• The Accelerating Pace of Star Formation
• The Prevalence and Impact of Wolf-Rayet Stars in Emerging Massive Star Clusters
• On the Survival of High-Altitude Open Clusters within the Milky Way Galaxy Tides
• Compression of turbulent magnetized gas in Giant Molecular Clouds
• Star Cluster Formation and Destruction in the Merging Galaxy NGC 3256
• Disintegration of the Aged Open Cluster Berkeley 17
• Discovery of a thin stellar stream in the SLAMS survey
• The location, clustering, and propagation of massive star formation in giant molecular clouds
• Reconstructing the initial mass function of disc-bulge Galactic globular clusters from N-body simulations
• Should I Stay or Should I Go: Stellar Wind Retention and Expulsion in Massive Star Clusters
• Gas surface density, star formation rate surface density, and the maximum mass of young star clusters in a disk galaxy. I. The flocculent galaxy M33
• The Parent Populations of 6 groups identified from Chemical Tagging in the Solar neighborhood
• The Association of Molecular Gas and Natal Super Star Clusters in Henize 2-10
• SLUG IV: A Novel Forward-Modelling Method to Derive the Demographics of Star Clusters
• The star cluster mass--galactocentric radius relation: Implications for cluster formation
• Mass-Loss Timescale of Star Clusters in an External Tidal Field. II. Effect of Mass Profile of Parent Galaxy
• Evolution of the Mass and Luminosity Functions of Globular Star Clusters

Cited by in corpus (395)

• Cool Outflows in Galaxies and their Implications
• Nuclear Star Clusters
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• Improving the open cluster census. II. An all-sky cluster catalogue with Gaia DR3
• Clusters and mirages: cataloguing stellar aggregates in the Milky Way
• The lifecycle of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
• Efficient Formation of Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn by Feedback-Free Starbursts
• Ejective and preventative: the IllustrisTNG black hole feedback and its effects on the thermodynamics of the gas within and around galaxies
• Improving the open cluster census. III. Using cluster masses, radii, and dynamics to create a cleaned open cluster catalogue
• STARFORGE: Toward a comprehensive numerical model of star cluster formation and feedback
• Photodissociation and X-Ray Dominated Regions
• Unifying low and high mass star formation through density amplified hubs of filaments
• The dynamics and outcome of star formation with jets, radiation, winds, and supernovae in concert
• On the Rate of Neutron Star Binary Mergers from Globular Clusters
• Star clusters near and far; tracing star formation across cosmic time
• The PHANGS-HST Survey: Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS with the Hubble Space Telescope
• JWST/NIRCam Probes Young Star Clusters in the Reionization Era Sunrise Arc
• Structural parameters of 389 local Open Clusters
• The PHANGS-JWST Treasury Survey: Star Formation, Feedback, and Dust Physics at High Angular resolution in Nearby GalaxieS
• A Lower Bound of Star Formation Activity in Ultra-high Redshift Galaxies Detected with JWST: Implications for Stellar Populations and Radiation Sources
• The Physics of Star Cluster Formation and Evolution
• The molecular cloud lifecycle
• Impact of low-energy cosmic rays on star formation
• Extended stellar systems in the solar neighborhood -- V. Discovery of coronae of nearby star clusters
• Star formation at the smallest scales; A JWST study of the clump populations in SMACS0723
• Star Formation Efficiency and Dispersal of Giant Molecular Clouds with UV Radiation Feedback: Dependence on Gravitational Boundedness and Magnetic Fields
• The GALAH survey: tracing the Galactic disk with Open Clusters
• Transition of the initial mass function in the metal-poor environments
• Galactic seismology: the evolving "phase spiral" after the Sagittarius dwarf impact
• Stars with Photometrically Young Gaia Luminosities Around the Solar System (SPYGLASS) I: Mapping Young Stellar Structures and their Star Formation Histories
• Efficiently Cooled Stellar Wind Bubbles in Turbulent Clouds I. Fractal Theory and Application to Star-Forming Clouds
• Star Formation Laws and Efficiencies across 80 Nearby Galaxies
• The Role of Magnetic Fields in Protostellar Outflows and Star Formation
• Star formation scaling relations at ~100 pc from PHANGS: Impact of completeness and spatial scale
• Efficiently Cooled Stellar Wind Bubbles in Turbulent Clouds II. Validation of Theory with Hydrodynamic Simulations
• The Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey (S5): Chemical Abundances of Seven Stellar Streams
• Radii of Young Star Clusters in Nearby Galaxies
• A model for the formation of stellar associations and clusters from giant molecular clouds
• In the Galactic disk, stellar [Fe/H] and age predict orbits and precise [X/Fe]
• The Life Cycle of the Central Molecular Zone. I: Inflow, Star Formation, and Winds
• STARFORGE: The effects of protostellar outflows on the IMF
• Stellar clustering shapes the architectures of planetary systems
• Physical Processes in Star Formation
• Star cluster formation in the most extreme environments: Insights from the HiPEEC survey
• Effects of the environment and feedback physics on the initial mass function of stars in the STARFORGE simulations
• From diffuse gas to dense molecular cloud cores
• Measuring the mixing scale of the ISM within nearby spiral galaxies
• Preparing the next gravitational million-body simulations: Evolution of single and binary stars in Nbody6++GPU, MOCCA and McLuster
• ML-MOC: Machine Learning (kNN and GMM) based Membership Determination for Open Clusters
• Nitrogen enrichment and clustered star formation at the dawn of the Galaxy
• NGC5846-UDG1: A galaxy formed mostly by star formation in massive, extremely dense clumps of gas
• The Kennicutt-Schmidt Law and Gas Scale Height in Luminous and Ultra-Luminous Infrared Galaxies
• Observational constraints on stellar feedback in dwarf galaxies
• Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of massive star cluster formation in giant molecular clouds
• Cosmic ray production in superbubbles
• Simulating Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time: I. Initial Mass Function, Star Formation Rates and Efficiencies
• Evolution of Stellar Feedback in HII Regions
• The contribution from stars stripped in binaries to cosmic reionization of hydrogen and helium
• The first multi-dimensional view of mass loss from externally FUV irradiated protoplanetary discs
• Revisiting the mass of open clusters with \emph{Gaia} data
• PHANGS-HST: Star Cluster Spectral Energy Distribution Fitting with CIGALE
• How do bound star clusters form?
• Two young planetary systems around field stars with ages between 20-320 Myr from TESS
• Cluster Difference Imaging Photometric Survey. II. TOI 837: A Young Validated Planet in IC 2602
• Nitrogen-enriched, highly-pressurized nebular clouds surrounding a super star cluster at cosmic noon
• A precise asteroseismic age and metallicity for HD 139614: a pre-main-sequence star with a protoplanetary disc in Upper-Centaurus Lupus
• Prevalent externally-driven protoplanetary disc dispersal as a function of the galactic environment
• The Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays as Revealed by their Composition
• Deep Transfer Learning for Star Cluster Classification: I. Application to the PHANGS-HST Survey
• 3D Morphology of Open Clusters in the Solar Neighborhood with Gaia EDR3 II: Hierarchical Star Formation Revealed by Spatial and Kinematic Substructures
• Star cluster formation and cloud dispersal by radiative feedback: dependence on metallicity and compactness
• Cluster assembly and the origin of mass segregation in the STARFORGE simulations
• Introducing EMP-Pathfinder: modelling the simultaneous formation and evolution of stellar clusters in their host galaxies
• Microarcsecond Astrometry: Science Highlights from Gaia
• The impact of pre-supernova feedback and its dependence on environment
• Star Formation Regulation and Self-Pollution by Stellar Wind Feedback
• Discovery and astrophysical properties of Galactic open clusters in dense stellar fields using Gaia DR2
• The role of galactic dynamics in shaping the physical properties of giant molecular clouds in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Modeling UV Radiation Feedback from Massive Stars: III. Escape of Radiation from Star-forming Giant Molecular Clouds
• The Single-Cloud Star Formation Relation
• Massive star cluster origin for the galactic cosmic ray population at very-high energies
• Outflows Driven by Direct and Reprocessed Radiation Pressure in Massive Star Clusters
• LEGUS and Halpha-LEGUS Observations of Star Clusters in NGC 4449: Improved Ages and the Fraction of Light in Clusters as a Function of Age
• Star Cluster Classification in the PHANGS-HST Survey: Comparison between Human and Machine Learning Approaches
• PHANGS-HST: New Methods for Star Cluster Identification in Nearby Galaxies
• The Origin of the Stellar Mass Distribution and Multiplicity
• SIRIUS project. I. Star formation models for star-by-star simulations of star clusters and galaxy formation
• Rotation and Lithium Confirmation of a 500 Parsec Halo for the Open Cluster NGC 2516
• The homogeneity of the star forming environment of the Milky Way disk over time
• Fast Optical Transients from Stellar-Mass Black Hole Tidal Disruption Events in Young Star Clusters
• On the Observed Diversity of Star Formation Efficiencies in Giant Molecular Clouds
• Great Balls of FIRE I: The formation of star clusters across cosmic time in a Milky Way-mass galaxy
• The challenge of simulating the star cluster population of dwarf galaxies with resolved interstellar medium
• Slow Star Formation in the Milky Way: Theory Meets Observations
• New insights into the structure of open clusters in the Gaia era
• Young star cluster populations in the E-MOSAICS simulations
• Abundances in the Milky Way across five nucleosynthetic channels from 4 million LAMOST stars
• The effect of photoionising feedback on the shaping of hierarchically-forming stellar clusters
• Outflows from Super Star Clusters in the Central Starburst of NGC253
• The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Gas velocity dispersions in low-$z$ star-forming galaxies and the drivers of turbulence
• SIRIUS Project. III. Star-by-star simulations of star cluster formation using a direct N-body integrator with stellar feedback
• H$\alpha$ Morphologies of Star Clusters in 16 LEGUS Galaxies: Constraints on HII region evolution timescales
• Quantifying the energetics of molecular superbubbles in PHANGS galaxies
• Nonlinear quasinormal mode detectability with next-generation gravitational wave detectors
• Bursting Bubbles: Feedback from Clustered SNe and the Trade-off Between Turbulence and Outflows
• Clearing the hurdle: The mass of globular cluster systems as a function of host galaxy mass
• Sub-parsec resolution cosmological simulations of star-forming clumps at high redshift with feedback of individual stars
• Looking for obscured young star clusters in NCG 1313
• Open Cluster Chemical Homogeneity Throughout the Milky Way
• Dynamical masses and mass-to-light ratios of resolved massive star clusters -- II. Results for 26 star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds
• Can magnetized turbulence set the mass scale of stars?
• Mass Functions of Giant Molecular Clouds and Young Star Clusters in Six Nearby Galaxies
• Pre-supernova feedback sets the star cluster mass function to a power law and reduces the cluster formation efficiency
• RIGEL: Simulating dwarf galaxies at solar mass resolution with radiative transfer and feedback from individual massive stars
• Multi-scale dynamics in star-forming regions: the interplay between gravity and turbulence
• The (im)possibility of strong chemical tagging
• Implementing Primordial Binaries in Simulations of Star Cluster Formation with a Hybrid MHD and Direct N-Body Method
• Kinematic modelling of clusters with Gaia: the Death Throes of the Hyades
• Undetected Binary Stars Cause an Observed Mass Dependent Age Gradient in Upper Scorpius
• The star cluster age function in the Galactic disc with Gaia DR2: Fewer old clusters and a low cluster formation efficiency
• The mass-loss rates of star clusters with stellar-mass black holes: implications for the globular cluster mass function
• Discovery of a 21 Myr old stellar population in the Orion complex
• Massive star cluster formation I. High star formation efficiency while resolving feedback of individual stars
• The Blue Compact Dwarf Galaxy VCC848 Formed by Dwarf-Dwarf Merging
• The global structure of magnetic fields and gas in simulated Milky Way-analogue galaxies
• Linking stellar populations to HII regions across nearby galaxies: I. Constraining pre-supernova feedback from young clusters in NGC1672
• The Forgotten Quadrant Survey. ${}^{12}$CO and ${}^{13}$CO (1-0) survey of the Galactic Plane in the range 220°$<l<$240° -2.5°$<b<$0°
• Planet Engulfment Detections are Rare According to Observations and Stellar Modeling
• The resolved scaling relations in DustPedia: Zooming in on the local Universe
• The Morpho-Kinematic Architecture of Super Star Clusters in the Center of NGC253
• Osaka Feedback Model II: Modeling Supernova Feedback Based on High-Resolution Simulations
• Formation of globular clusters in dwarf galaxies of the Local Group
• Stellar-mass black holes in young massive and open stellar clusters V: comparisons with LIGO-Virgo merger rate densities
• Dynamics of binary black holes in young star clusters: the impact of cluster mass and long-term evolution
• On the turbulence driving mode of expanding HII regions
• WARPFIELD Population Synthesis: The physics of (extra-)Galactic star formation and feedback driven cloud structure and emission from sub-to-kpc scales
• Inside the core of a young massive star cluster: 3D MHD simulations
• Radiation shielding of protoplanetary discs in young star-forming regions
• Constraining the formation of NGC1052-DF2 from its unusual globular cluster population
• SPYGLASS. III. The Fornax-Horologium Association and its Traceback History within the Austral Complex
• Effects of initial density profiles on massive star cluster formation in giant molecular clouds
• 3D core kinematics of NGC 6362: central rotation in a dynamically evolved globular cluster
• The SEDIGISM survey: a search for molecular outflows
• The Simons Observatory: Galactic Science Goals and Forecasts
• A Massive Star is Born: How Feedback from Stellar Winds, Radiation Pressure, and Collimated Outflows Limits Accretion onto Massive Stars
• Massive black hole assembly in nuclear star clusters
• Structure and rotation of young massive star clusters in a simulated dwarf starburst
• Bright, Relatively Isolated Star Clusters in PHANGS-HST Galaxies: Aperture Corrections, Quantitative Morphologies, and Comparison with Synthetic Stellar Population Models
• PDFchem: A new fast method to determine ISM properties and infer environmental parameters using probability distributions
• First phase space portrait of a hierarchical stellar structure in the Milky Way
• Linking globular cluster formation at low and high redshift through the age-metallicity relation in E-MOSAICS
• Density modulated star formation efficiency: implications for the observed abundance of ultra-violet luminous galaxies at z>10
• Quantifying the effects of spatial resolution and noise on galaxy metallicity gradients
• A scaling relation for the molecular cloud lifetime in Milky Way-like galaxies
• A tale of caution: the tails of NGC 752 are much longer than claimed
• Infrared Radiation Feedback Does Not Regulate Star Cluster Formation
• GOALS-JWST: Revealing the Buried Star Clusters in the Luminous Infrared Galaxy VV 114
• A Dynamical Model for Clustered Star Formation in the Galactic Disk
• Stellar Rotation and Structure of the $\alpha$ Persei Complex: When Does Gyrochronology Start to Work?
• A model for the minimum mass of bound stellar clusters and its dependence on the galactic environment
• Characterizing dynamical states of Galactic open clusters with Gaia DR2
• The VISCACHA survey -- II. Structure of star clusters in the Magellanic Clouds periphery
• Star Cluster Formation and Survival in the First Galaxies
• The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury: Triangulum Extended Region (PHATTER). III. The Mass Function of Young Star Clusters in M33
• Binary black hole mergers from young massive clusters in the pair-instability supernova mass gap
• The bound mass of Dehnen models with centrally peaked star formation efficiency
• Multiply lensed star forming clumps in the A521-sys1 galaxy at redshift 1
• Bridging the Planet Radius Valley: Stellar Clustering as a Key Driver for Turning Sub-Neptunes into Super-Earths
• Early-Forming Massive Stars Suppress Star Formation and Hierarchical Cluster Assembly
• Blind Search of The Solar Neighborhood Galactic Disk within 5kpc: 1,179 new Star clusters found in Gaia DR3
• Chronostar. II. Kinematic age and substructure of the Scorpius-Centaurus OB2 association
• The formation of clusters and OB associations in different density spiral arm environments
• Warm millimetre dust in protoplanetary discs near massive stars
• Massive Star Cluster Formation and Destruction in Luminous Infrared Galaxies in GOALS II: An ACS/WFC3 Survey of Nearby LIRGs
• Embedded Young Massive Star Clusters in the Antennae Merger
• VETTAM: A scheme for radiation hydrodynamics with adaptive mesh refinement using the variable Eddington tensor method
• Tidal tails of open clusters
• SPYGLASS. II. The Multi-Generational and Multi-Origin Star Formation History of Cepheus Far North
• Revisiting Attenuation Curves: the Case of NGC 3351
• STEP Survey II: Structural Analysis of 170 star clusters in the SMC
• Early Evolution and 3D Structure of Embedded Star Clusters
• Low Mass Stars as Tracers of Star and Cluster Formation
• The DR21(OH) Trident -- Resolving the Massive Ridge into Three Entangled Fibers As the Initial Condition of Cluster Formation
• SIRIUS project II: a new tree-direct hybrid code for smoothed particle hydrodynamics/N-body simulations of star clusters
• Benchmarking MESA isochrones against the Hyades single star sequence
• Fraction of Stars in Clusters for the LEGUS Dwarf Galaxies
• Evolution of circumstellar discs in young star-forming regions
• The Dependence of the Hierarchical Distribution of Star Clusters on Galactic Environment
• Multi-Scale Stellar Associations across the Star Formation Hierarchy in PHANGS-HST Nearby Galaxies: Methodology and Properties
• Topological packing statistics distinguish living and non-living matter
• Ongoing hierarchical massive cluster assembly: the LISCA II structure in the Perseus complex
• The observable properties of cool winds from galaxies, AGN, and star clusters -- II. 3D models for the multiphase wind of M82
• Enlightening the dynamical evolution of Galactic open clusters: an approach using Gaia DR3 and analytical descriptions
• Chemical modeling of Orion Nebula Cluster disks: evidence for massive, compact gas disks with ISM-like gas-to-dust ratios
• Distribution and kinematics of 26Al in the Galactic disc
• On the initial mass-radius relation of stellar clusters
• SIEGE III: The formation of dense stellar clusters in sub-parsec resolution cosmological simulations with individual star feedback
• Stellar Population Astrophysics (SPA) with the TNG: Stock 2, a little-studied open cluster with an eMSTO
• Decoding the Morphological Evolution of Open Clusters
• Disentangled Representation Learning for Astronomical Chemical Tagging
• The young massive star cluster Westerlund 2 observed with MUSE. III. A cluster in motion -- the complex internal dynamics
• A Gaia astrometric view of the open clusters Pleiades, Praesepe and Blanco 1
• Dust-free starburst galaxies at redshifts $z>10$
• An ALMA Glimpse of Dense Molecular Filaments Associated with High-mass Protostellar Systems in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Bursting Bubbles: Clustered Supernova Feedback in Local and High-redshift Galaxies
• Second generation star formation in globular clusters of different masses
• Molecular gas and star formation in nearby starburst galaxy mergers
• A Panchromatic Study of Massive Stars in the Extremely Metal-Poor Local Group Dwarf Galaxy Leo A
• Tidal disruption of star clusters in galaxy formation simulations
• Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models to Predict the Density of Molecular Clouds
• Far and extreme UV radiation feedback in molecular clouds and its influence on the mass and size of star clusters
• Synthetic photometry of OB star clusters with stochastically sampled IMFs: analysis of models and HST observations
• Formation of proto-globular cluster candidates in cosmological simulations of dwarf galaxies at $z>4$
• Multiple stellar population mass loss in massive Galactic globular clusters
• Merger-induced star formation in low-metallicity dwarf galaxy NGC 4809/4810
• The Young Stellar Population of the metal-poor galaxy NGC 6822
• Accretion of sub-stellar companions as the origin of chemical abundance inhomogeneities in globular clusters
• Supersonic turbulence in Giant HII Regions: clues from 30 Doradus
• On the suppression of giant planet formation around low-mass stars in clustered environments
• Running with the Bulls: The frequency of star-disc encounters in the Taurus star forming region
• Formation and evolution of binary black holes in $N$-body simulations of star clusters with up to two million stars
• Dynamical friction in globular cluster-rich ultra-diffuse galaxies: the case of NGC5846-UDG1
• Mass and wind luminosity of young Galactic open clusters in Gaia DR2
• Pearls on a String: Numerous Stellar Clusters Strung along the Same Orbit
• The longevity of the oldest open clusters: Structural parameters of NGC 188, NGC 2420, NGC 2425, NGC 2682, NGC 6791, NGC 6819
• Determining Star Formation Thresholds from Observations
• The contribution of globular clusters to cosmic reionization
• Global properties, fractality, and mass segregation in single, paired, and grouped open clusters
• On the Reionization-Era Globular Cluster in Low-Mass Galaxy Eridanus II
• Testing the chemical homogeneity of chemically tagged dissolved birth clusters
• PHANGS-ALMA: Arcsecond CO(2-1) Imaging of Nearby Star-Forming Galaxies
• Clusters, Clouds, and Correlations: Relating Young Clusters to Giant Molecular Clouds in M33 and M31
• Towards a multi-tracer timeline of star formation in the LMC -- II. The formation and destruction of molecular clouds
• Simulating Globular Clusters in Dark Matter Sub-Halos
• X-ray emission from star cluster winds in starburst galaxies
• Linking stellar populations to HII regions across nearby galaxies. II. Infrared Reprocessed and UV Direct Radiation Pressure in HII Regions
• Factories of CO-dark gas: molecular clouds with limited star formation efficiencies by FUV feedback
• GOALS-JWST: NIRCam and MIRI Imaging of the Circumnuclear Starburst Ring in NGC 7469
• A census of the near-by Pisces-Eridanus stellar stream -- Commonalities with and disparities from the Pleiades
• Study of star clusters in the M83 galaxy with a convolutional neural network
• Quantifying kinematic substructure in star-forming regions with statistical tests of spatial autocorrelation
• The Timescales of Star Cluster Emergence: The Case of NGC 4449
• Testing the star formation scaling relations in the clumps of the North American and Pelican cloud complexes
• The sub-critical illusion: synthetic Zeeman effect observations from galactic zoom-in simulations
• Symmetry breaking in merging binary black holes from young massive clusters and isolated binaries
• Merger rate density of stellar-mass binary black holes from young massive clusters, open clusters, and isolated binaries: comparisons with LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA results
• The influence of globular cluster evolution on the specific frequency in dwarf galaxies
• Active Galactic Nucleus Feedback in an Elliptical Galaxy with the Most Updated AGN Physics: Parameter Explorations
• On the mass segregation of cores and stars
• APEX-SEPIA660 Early Science: Gas at densities above $10^7$ cm${}^{-3}$ towards OMC-1
• Arp 220: A Post-Starburst Galaxy With Little Star Formation Outside of It's Nuclear Disks
• Wide binaries from the H3 survey: the thick disk and halo have similar wide binary fractions
• The filamentary structures in the CO emission toward the Milky Way disk
• A spectroscopically confirmed Gaia-selected sample of 318 new young stars within $\sim$200 pc
• Towards Studying Hierarchical Assembly in Real Time: A Milky Way Progenitor Galaxy at z = 2.36 under the Microscope
• Pre-supernova feedback mechanisms drive the destruction of molecular clouds in nearby star-forming disc galaxies
• Spatial and Kinematic Clustering of Stars in the Galactic Disk
• Carina's Pillars of Destruction: the view from ALMA
• Core-collapse supernova inside the core of a young massive star cluster: 3D MHD simulations
• A Comparison of Star-Forming Clumps and Tidal Tails in Local Mergers and High Redshift Galaxies
• Comparing the Locations of Supernovae to CO (2-1) Emission in their Host Galaxies
• SIRIUS Project. V. Formation of off-center ionized bubbles associated with Orion Nebula Cluster
• MOCCA-SURVEY Database -- I. Tidal disruption events of white dwarfs in globular clusters and young massive clusters
• Gravity or turbulence V: Star forming regions undergoing violent relaxation
• Galactic Population Synthesis of Radioactive Nucleosynthesis Ejecta
• Dust Buried Compact Sources in the Dwarf Galaxy NGC 4449
• Ionising Feedback Effects on Star Formation in Globular Clusters with Multiple Stellar Populations
• Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Population of Isolated, Intermediate-Mass YSOs
• Signature of a massive rotating metal-poor star imprinted in the Phoenix stellar stream
• A GALAH View of the Chemical Homogeneity and Ages of Stellar Strings Identified in Gaia
• Mergers all the way down: stellar collisions and kinematics of a dense hierarchically forming massive star cluster in a dwarf starburst
• Constraining the LyC escape fraction from LEGUS star clusters with SIGNALS HII region observations: A pilot study of NGC 628
• X-ray emission from Westerlund 2 detected by SRG/ART-XC and Chandra: search for radiation of TeV leptons
• The formation of globular clusters with top-heavy initial mass functions
• The z = 9.625 Cosmic Gems Galaxy was a "Compact Blue Monster" Propelled by Massive Star Clusters
• A catalogue of open cluster radii determined from Gaia proper motions
• Feedback in Forming Star Clusters: The Mass-Radius Relation and Mass Function of Molecular Clumps in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Reconstructing three-dimensional densities from two-dimensional observations of molecular gas
• Collision-induced mass loss and mass gain on an extremely massive star. An analytical approach and a static proto-globular cluster test-case
• Exploring Galactic open clusters with Gaia I. An examination in the first kiloparsec
• Ages and Masses of Star Clusters in M33: a Multi-wavelength Study
• The physics governing the upper truncation mass of the globular cluster mass function
• On the Origin of the High Star-Formation Efficiency in Massive Galaxies at Cosmic Dawn
• The GALAH Survey: Dependence of elemental abundances on age and metallicity for stars in the Galactic disc
• Unbound stars hold the key to young star cluster history
• Star Cluster Formation and Evolution in M101: An Investigation with the Legacy Extragalactic UV Survey
• Cluster aggregates surrounding Pismis 5 in the Vela Molecular Ridge
• LISC Catalog of Open Clusters.III. 83 Newly found Galactic disk open clusters using Gaia EDR3
• The impact of HII regions on Giant Molecular Cloud properties in nearby galaxies sampled by PHANGS ALMA and MUSE
• The THESAN-ZOOM project: Star-formation efficiencies in high-redshift galaxies
• Gravitationally Bound Gas Determines Star Formation in the Galaxy
• LAMOST medium-resolution observations of the Pleiades
• The completeness of the open cluster census towards the Galactic anticentre
• The GALAH Survey: Stellar parameters and abundances for 800,000 Gaia RVS spectra using GALAH DR4 and The Cannon
• A sensitive, high-resolution, wide-field IRAM NOEMA CO(1-0) survey of the very nearby spiral galaxy IC 342
• On the limitations of H alpha luminosity as a star formation tracer in spatially resolved observations
• A misaligned protostellar disk fed by gas streamers in a barred spiral-like massive dense core
• Globular Cluster Counts around 700 Nearby Galaxies
• The Initial Properties of Young Star Clusters in M83
• Confirming the Tidal Tails of the Young Open Cluster Blanco 1 with TESS Rotation Periods
• Finding the dispersing siblings of young open clusters. Dynamical traceback simulations using Gaia DR3
• IRAS 09002-4732: A Laboratory for the Formation of Rich Stellar Clusters
• The internal line-of-sight kinematics of NGC 346: the rotation of the core region
• Unveiling the formation of NGC 2915 with MUSE: A counter-rotating stellar disk embedded in a disordered gaseous environment
• A two-phase model of galaxy formation: III. The formation of globular clusters
• Mapping the Distant and Metal-Poor Milky Way with SDSS-V
• Evolution of star clusters with initial bulk rotation via N-body simulations
• Multiple gas phases in supernova remnant IC 443: mapping shocked H${}_2$ with VLT/KMOS
• The formation and disruption of globular cluster populations in simulations of present-day $L^{\ast }$ galaxies with controlled assembly histories
• Cluster membership analysis with supervised learning and $N$-body simulations
• Sustaining Star Formation in the Galactic Star Cluster M 36?
• Bimodal Star Formation in Simulations of Strongly Magnetized Giant Molecular Clouds
• Mass Distribution of Binary Black Hole Mergers from Young and Old Dense Star Clusters
• Disc-halo gas outflows driven by stellar clusters as seen in multiwavelength tracers
• Exploration of morphological coherence in open clusters with a "core-shell'' structure
• Great Balls of FIRE IV. The contribution of massive star clusters to the astrophysical population of merging binary black holes
• The GALAH survey: Improving chemical abundances using star clusters
• Fundamental limits to orbit reconstruction due to non-conservation of stellar actions in a Milky Way-like simulation
• Unveiling the initial conditions of open star cluster formation
• Bayesian ages of local young stellar associations I. Through the expansion rate method
• Evolution of magnetized hub-filament systems: Comparing the observed properties of W3(OH), W3 Main, and S 106
• A baseline on the relation between chemical patterns and birth stellar cluster
• Shocks and Molecules in Diffuse Interstellar Cloud Pairs
• Fractal dimension of star clusters
• Two-point correlation function studies for the Milky Way: discovery of spatial clustering from disk excitations and substructure
• Gravity or turbulence? VII. The Schmidt-Kennicutt law, the star formation efficiency, and the mass density of clusters from gravitational collapse rather than turbulent support
• PAH Marks the Spot: Digging for Buried Clusters in Nearby Star-forming Galaxies
• Touching the Stars: Using High-Resolution 3D Printing to Visualize Stellar Nurseries
• Quantifying stochasticity-driven uncertainties in H II region metallicities
• Star Clusters in the Galactic tidal field, from birth to dissolution
• Clump formation in ram-pressure stripped galaxies: evidence from mass function
• The SUNBIRD survey: the K-band luminosity functions of young massive clusters in intensely star-forming galaxies
• Low-density star cluster formation: discovery of a young faint fuzzy on the outskirts of the low-mass spiral galaxy NGC 247
• Search strategies for supermassive stars in young clusters and application to nearby galaxies
• Synthetic stellar spectra to study multiple populations in globular clusters: an extended grid and the effects on the integrated light
• The Impact of $f(\mathcal{G},T)$ Gravity on the Evolution of Cavity in the Cluster of Stars
• Dynamical evolution of the open clusters with different star formation efficiencies and orbital parameters
• Spatial segregation of massive clusters in dwarf galaxies
• Lost Sisters Found: TESS and Gaia Reveal a Dissolving Pleiades Complex
• The Hierarchical Dynamical State of Molecular Gas from 3 to 300 pc in NGC 253
• Supernova remnants in super bubbles as cosmic ray accelerators
• Wind of Change: Faraday Rotation in a Simulated Large Magellanic Cloud
• Gravitational wave inference of star cluster properties from intermediate-mass black hole mergers
• Minimum gas mass accreted by spinning intermediate-mass black holes in stellar clusters
• Explanations for the two-component spectral energy distributions of gravitationally lensed stars at high redshifts
• Single-event likelihood of star cluster properties with LIGO-Virgo-Kagra binary black hole observations
• Cosmic-Ray Bath in a Past Supernova Gives Birth to Earth-Like Planets
• Stellar masses and mass ratios for Gaia open cluster members
• Toward the fabric of the Milky Way I. The density of disk streams from a local $250^3$ pc${}^3$ volume
• On the Encounter Rate of Open Star Clusters
• Cosmological Constant from Boundary Condition and Its Implications beyond the Standard Model
• The Supersonic Project: SIGOs, a Proposed Progenitor to Globular Clusters, and their Connections to Gravitational Wave Anisotropies
• Introducing a new multi-particle collision method for the evolution of dense stellar systems II. Core collapse
• Collision of Two Stellar Associations in the Nearby Gum Nebula
• The Phoenix stellar stream rose from the ashes of an ancient star cluster
• Catalog of Integrated-Light Star Cluster Light Curves in TESS
• Interstellar Medium in Extremely High Star-Formation Regions: A Prospect of Observations on the Millimetron Space Observatory
• Nuclear astrophysics
• A new moving group in the Local Arm
• FROST-CLUSTERS -- III. Metallicity-dependent intermediate mass black hole formation by runaway collisions in dense star clusters
• Hubble Space Telescope Observations of Tadpole Galaxies Kiso 3867, SBS0, SBS1, and UM461
• A machine learning framework to generate star cluster realisations
• When did the initial mass function become bottom-heavy?
• Unveiling the nature of the unidentified gamma-ray sources 4FGL J1908.6+0915e, HESS J1907+089/HOTS J1907+091, and 3HWC J1907+085 in the sky region of the magnetar SGR 1900+14
• Clusters, Clumps, Dust, & Gas (CCDG) in NGC1614: Bench-marking Cluster Demographics in Extreme Systems
• The Star Formation Factory revisited I. The impact of metallicity on collapsing star-forming clouds
• Dense clumps survive in the vicinity of R136 in 30 Doradus
• Studying the ISM at $\sim$10 pc scale in NGC 7793 with MUSE -- II. Constraints on the oxygen abundance and ionising radiation escape
• Deriving physical parameters of unresolved star clusters. VIII. Limits of aperture photometry for star cluster studies
• Imladris: a detailed and flexible model for galaxy simulations with individual stars
• Stellar associations powering HII regions $\unicode{x2013}$ II. Escape fraction of ionizing photons
• The morphological stability of open clusters: a new 2D perspective
• Kinematic Evidence for Open Cluster Origins of Galactic Binary Neutron Stars
• The Hierarchical Structure of the Open Cluster NGC 752
• Evolution of action-space coherence in a Milky Way-like simulation
• Star Cluster Populations in 38 Spiral Galaxies: Evidence for Near-Universal Mass and Age Distributions from PHANGS
• Galaxy Activity, Torus and Outflow Survey (GATOS) X: Molecular gas clumpiness under the influence of AGN
• Stellar Feedback Effects on the Mass Distribution of Clouds and Cloud Complexes
• Deriving physical parameters of unresolved star clusters. IX. Sky background effects in the aperture photometry
• Galactic astronomy and small telescopes
• Constraining the original composition of the gas forming first-generation stars in globular clusters
• Kinematics and Feedback in H II regions in the Dwarf Starburst Galaxy IC 10
• KAgoshima Galactic Object survey with Nobeyama 45-metre telescope by Mapping in Ammonia lines (KAGONMA): Star formation feedback on dense molecular gas in the W33 complex
• Can superbubbles accelerate ultra-high energy protons?
• On the scale-height of the molecular gas disc in Milky Way-like galaxies
• Effect of dust rotational disruption by radiative torques on radiation pressure feedback from massive protostars
• Research on the Interstellar Medium and Star Formation in the Galaxy: An Indian Perspective
• Study of the open cluster Alessi-Teutsch 9 (ASCC 10) using multiband photometry and Gaia EDR3
• Use of Redshifts as Evidence of Dark Energy
• Influence of protostellar jets and HII regions on the formation and evolution of stellar clusters
• Transferring Data from a Voronoi Mesh to an Adaptive Cartesian Grid in Pursuit of Self-consistent Top-down Star Formation
• Mass and Spin Growth of Very Massive Stars in Star Clusters Potentially Associated with Little Red Dots
• Investigating the young stellar populations and hierarchies in nearby galaxies with the UVIT. II. Presenting the properties of ~25,000 UV-detected star-forming clumps
• Transit Hunt for Young and Maturing Exoplanets (THYME) VIII: a Pleiades-age association harboring two transiting planetary systems from Kepler
• Why most molecular clouds are gravitationally dominated