Clearing the hurdle: The mass of globular cluster systems as a function of host galaxy mass

Abstract

Current observational evidence suggests that all large galaxies contain globular clusters (GCs), while the smallest galaxies do not. Over what galaxy mass range does the transition from GCs to no GCs occur? We investigate this question using galaxies in the Local Group, nearby dwarf galaxies, and galaxies in the Virgo Cluster Survey. We consider four types of statistical models: (1) logistic regression to model the probability that a galaxy of stellar mass $M_{\star }$ has any number of GCs; (2) Poisson regression to model the number of GCs versus $M_{\star }$, (3) linear regression to model the relation between GC system mass ($\log M_{gcs}$) and host galaxy mass ($\log M_{\star }$), and (4) a Bayesian lognormal hurdle model of the GC system mass as a function of galaxy stellar mass for the entire data sample. From the logistic regression, we find that the 50% probability point for a galaxy to contain GCs is $M_{\star }=10^{6.8}{M}_{\odot }$. From post-fit diagnostics, we find that Poisson regression is an inappropriate description of the data. Ultimately, we find that the Bayesian lognormal hurdle model, which is able to describe how the mass of the GC system varies with $M_{\star }$ even in the presence of many galaxies with no GCs, is the most appropriate model over the range of our data. In an Appendix, we also present photometry for the little-known GC in the Local Group dwarf Ursa Major II.

accepted to ApJ; 25 pages, 12 figures, 6 tables

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