The Supersonic Project: SIGOs, a Proposed Progenitor to Globular Clusters, and their Connections to Gravitational Wave Anisotropies

Abstract

Supersonically Induced Gas Objects (SIGOs), are structures with little to no dark matter component predicted to exist in regions of the Universe with large relative velocities between baryons and dark matter at the time of recombination. They have been suggested to be the progenitors of present-day globular clusters. Using simulations, SIGOs have been studied on small scales (around 2 Mpc), where these relative velocities are coherent. However, it is challenging to study SIGOs using simulations on large scales due to the varying relative velocities at scales larger than a few Mpc. Here, we study SIGO abundances semi-analytically: using perturbation theory, we predict the number density of SIGOs analytically, and compare these results to small-box numerical simulations. We use the agreement between the numerical and analytic calculations to extrapolate the large-scale variation of SIGO abundances over different stream velocities. As a result, we predict similar large-scale variations of objects with high gas densities before reionization that could possibly be observed by JWST. If indeed SIGOs are progenitors of globular clusters, then we expect a similar variation of globular cluster abundances over large scales. Significantly, we find that the expected number density of SIGOs is consistent with observed globular cluster number densities. As a proof-of-concept, and because globular clusters were proposed to be natural formation sites for gravitational wave sources from binary black hole (BBH) mergers, we show that SIGOs should imprint an anisotropy on the gravitational wave signal on the sky, consistent with SIGOs' distribution.

arXiv comment17 pages, 8 figures, Accepted to ApJ

References in corpus (111)

• Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger
• GW170817: Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Neutron Star Inspiral
• On the variation of the Initial Mass Function
• Large scale bias and the peak background split
• E pur si muove: Galiliean-invariant cosmological hydrodynamical simulations on a moving mesh
• GWTC-2: Compact Binary Coalescences Observed by LIGO and Virgo During the First Half of the Third Observing Run
• A Line of Sight Approach to Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropies
• Ellipsoidal collapse and an improved model for the number and spatial distribution of dark matter haloes
• Exploring the Sensitivity of Next Generation Gravitational Wave Detectors
• An excursion set model of hierarchical clustering: Ellipsoidal collapse and the moving barrier
• The first gravitational-wave source from the isolated evolution of two 40-100 Msun stars
• Star Clusters Across Cosmic Time
• Black hole mergers in the universe
• The Luminosity Function of Young Star Clusters In "The Antennae" Galaxies (NGC 4038/4039)
• A new route towards merging massive black holes
• Binary Black Hole Mergers from Globular Clusters: Masses, Merger Rates, and the Impact of Stellar Evolution
• Gravitational waves from scattering of stellar-mass black holes in galactic nuclei
• Simulations on a Moving Mesh: The Clustered Formation of Population III Protostars
• Relative velocity of dark matter and baryonic fluids and the formation of the first structures
• A comprehensive set of simulations studying the influence of gas expulsion on star cluster evolution
• Binary Black Hole Mergers from Globular Clusters: Implications for Advanced LIGO
• Dynamical Evolution of the Mass Function of Globular Star Clusters
• The chemically homogeneous evolutionary channel for binary black hole mergers: rates and properties of gravitational-wave events detectable by advanced LIGO
• On the Eccentricity Distribution of Coalescing Black Hole Binaries Driven by the Kozai Mechanism in Globular Clusters
• Modeling the Metallicity Distribution of Globular Clusters
• The Quenching of the Ultra-Faint Dwarf Galaxies in the Reionization Era
• Formation of globular clusters in hierarchical cosmology
• The extended tails of Palomar 5: A ten degree arc of globular cluster tidal debris
• Binary Mergers and Growth of Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters
• Globular clusters as the relics of regular star formation in 'normal' high-redshift galaxies
• A Catalog of Globular Cluster Systems: What Determines the Size of a Galaxy's Globular Cluster Population?
• Unusually Large Fluctuations in the Statistics of Galaxy Formation at High Redshift
• COSMIC Variance in Binary Population Synthesis
• Nonlinear Evolution of Cosmological Structures in Warm Dark Matter Models
• Black Hole Mergers in Galactic Nuclei Induced by the Eccentric Kozai-Lidov Effect
• Post-Newtonian Dynamics in Dense Star Clusters: Formation, Masses, and Merger Rates of Highly-Eccentric Black Hole Binaries
• Post-Newtonian Dynamics in Dense Star Clusters: Highly-Eccentric, Highly-Spinning, and Repeated Binary Black Hole Mergers
• Masses of star clusters in the nuclei of bulge-less spiral galaxies
• Globular Clusters with Tidal Tails: Deep Two-Color Star Counts
• A HST Census of Nuclear Star Clusters in Late-Type Spiral Galaxies: II. Cluster Sizes and Structural Parameter Correlations
• Stellar populations in the nuclei of late-type spiral galaxies
• Modeling Dense Star Clusters in the Milky Way and Beyond with the $\text{CMC}$ Cluster Catalog
• Black hole mergers from an evolving population of globular clusters
• Impact of the Relative Motion between the Dark Matter and Baryons on the First Stars
• The signature of the first stars in atomic hydrogen at redshift 20
• Dynamical formation signatures of black hole binaries in the first detected mergers by LIGO
• Effect of Streaming Motion of Baryons Relative to Dark Matter on the Formation of the First Stars
• Suppression and Spatial Variation of Early Galaxies and Minihalos
• Understanding Compact Object Formation and Natal Kicks I. Calculation Methods and the case of GRO J1655-40
• Supersonic Gas Streams Enhance the Formation of Massive Black Holes in the Early Universe
• Constraints on the Global Mass-to-Light Ratios and Extent of Dark Matter Halos in Globular Clusters and Dwarf Spheroidals
• Do globular clusters possess Dark Matter halos? A case study in NGC 2419
• The Formation of the First Globular Clusters in Dwarf Galaxies Before the Epoch of Reionization
• Large-scale BAO signatures of the smallest galaxies
• Repeated Bursts from Relativistic Scattering of Compact Objects in Galactic Nuclei
• Search for anisotropic gravitational-wave backgrounds using data from Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo's first three observing runs
• Binary Black Holes in Dense Star Clusters: Exploring the Theoretical Uncertainties
• Shaping the Globular Cluster Mass Function by Stellar-Dynamical Evaporation
• Growth of Linear Perturbations before the Era of the First Galaxies
• Streams and caustics: the fine-grained structure of LCDM haloes
• Simulations of Early Baryonic Structure Formation with Stream Velocity: II. The Gas Fraction
• The impact of the supersonic baryon-dark matter velocity difference on the z~20 21cm background
• Star-Forming Galaxies at z~2 and the Formation of the Metal-Rich Globular Cluster Population
• The impact of primordial supersonic flows on early structure formation, reionization and the lowest-mass dwarf galaxies
• Understanding Compact Object Formation and Natal Kicks. III. The case of Cygnus X-1
• The formation of direct collapse black holes under the influence of streaming velocities
• The Influence of Streaming Velocities on the Formation of the First Stars
• Simulations of Early Baryonic Structure Formation with Stream Velocity: I. Halo Abundance
• Disruption of giant molecular clouds and formation of bound star clusters under the influence of momentum stellar feedback
• The Fate of Binaries in the Galactic Center: The Mundane and the Exotic
• The formation of the first cosmic structures and the physics of the z~20 Universe
• The First Stars in The Universe
• Evidence Against Dark Matter Halos Surrounding the Globular Clusters MGC1 and NGC 2419
• The formation of massive black holes in z~30 dark matter haloes with large baryonic streaming velocities
• Merger rate of black hole binaries from globular clusters: theoretical error bars and comparison to gravitational wave data from GWTC-2
• A model for the formation of stellar associations and clusters from giant molecular clouds
• Million-Body Star Cluster Simulations: Comparisons between Monte Carlo and Direct $N$-body
• Globular Clusters with Dark Matter Halos. II. Evolution in Tidal Field
• The formation and gas content of high redshift galaxies and minihalos
• The relative and absolute ages of old globular clusters in the LCDM framework
• Generation of Primordial Magnetic Fields on Linear Over-density Scales
• An enhanced rate of tidal disruptions in the centrally overdense E+A galaxy NGC 3156
• On the origin of the stellar halo and multiple stellar populations in the globular cluster NGC 1851
• The Globular Cluster Mass Function as a Remnant of Violent Birth
• Modeling the broadband emission of Fermi/LAT GRB 090902B
• Self-Similar Solutions of Triaxial Dark Matter Halos
• Structure and Dynamics of the Globular Cluster Palomar 13
• The imprint of massive black-hole mergers on the correlation between nuclear clusters and their host galaxies
• Tidal disruption of dark matter halos around proto-globular clusters
• Globular Clusters and Dark Satellite Galaxies through the Stream Velocity
• Impact of baryonic streaming velocities on the formation of supermassive black holes via direct collapse
• Gravitational-Wave Signatures from Compact Object Binaries in the Galactic Center
• The Observed Rate of Binary Black Hole Mergers can be Entirely Explained by Globular Clusters
• Gas in Simulations of High Redshift Galaxies and Minihalos
• Initial Populations of Black Holes in Star Clusters
• Searching for anisotropy in the distribution of binary black hole mergers
• Low-mass suppression of the satellite luminosity function due to the supersonic baryon--cold-dark-matter relative velocity
• The effect of baryonic streaming motions on the formation of the first supermassive black holes
• Gas rich and gas poor structures through the stream velocity effect
• The Supersonic Project: Shining Light on SIGOs - a New Formation Channel for Globular Clusters
• Hybrid Cosmological Simulations with Stream Velocities
• Constraining Compact Object Formation with 2M0521
• The Supersonic Project: rotational effects of supersonic motions on the first structures in the Universe
• Understanding large-scale structure in the SSA22 protocluster region using cosmological simulations
• First Structure Formation under the Influence of Gas-Dark Matter Streaming Velocity and Density: Impact of the Baryons-trace-dark matter Approximation
• A Model-Insensitive Baryon Acoustic Oscillation Feature in the 21 cm Signal from Reionization
• The nonlinear evolution of baryonic overdensities in the early universe: Initial conditions of numerical simulations
• Effect of supersonic relative motion between baryons and dark matter on collapsed objects
• The Supersonic Project: To cool or not to cool Supersonically Induced Gas Objects (SIGOs)?
• Shape and Spin of Minihaloes. II: The Effect of Streaming Velocities
• Generation of Arbitrarily Non-Gaussian Fields with a Set Correlation Structure

Cited by in corpus (1)

• Globular Clusters and Streaming Velocities: Testing the new formation channel in high-resolution cosmological simulations