Probing magnetism in 2D van der Waals crystalline insulators via electron tunneling

Abstract

Magnetic insulators are a key resource for next-generation spintronic and topological devices. The family of layered metal halides promises ultrathin insulating multiferroics, spin liquids, and ferromagnets, but new characterization methods are required to unlock their potential. Here, we report tunneling through the layered magnetic insulator CrI3 as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field. We electrically detect the magnetic ground state and inter-layer coupling and observe a field-induced metamagnetic transition. The metamagnetic transition results in magnetoresistances of 95%, 300%, and 550% for bilayer, trilayer, and tetralayer CrI3 barriers, respectively. We further measure inelastic tunneling spectra for our junctions, unveiling a rich spectrum of collective magnetic excitations (magnons) in CrI3. Our results establish vertical tunneling as a versatile probe of magnetism in atomically thin insulators.

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Cited by in corpus (300)

• Gate-tunable Room-temperature Ferromagnetism in Two-dimensional Fe${}_3$GeTe${}_2$
• Magnetic 2D materials and heterostructures
• Electrical Control of 2D Magnetism in Bilayer CrI3
• Robust axion insulator and Chern insulator phases in a two-dimensional antiferromagnetic topological insulator
• Stacking-Dependent Magnetism in Bilayer CrI${}_3$
• Very Large Tunneling Magnetoresistance in Layered Magnetic Semiconductor CrI${}_3$
• Electric-field control of magnetism in few-layered van der Waals magnet
• Direct observation of van der Waals stacking dependent interlayer magnetism
• Switching 2D Magnetic States via Pressure Tuning of Layer Stacking
• Pressure-controlled interlayer magnetism in atomically thin CrI3
• Probing magnetism in 2D materials at the nanoscale with single spin microscopy
• Colloquium: Spintronics in graphene and other two-dimensional materials
• Giant and nonreciprocal second harmonic generation from layered antiferromagnetism in bilayer CrI3
• Tunneling spin valves based on Fe${}_3$GeTe${}_2$/hBN/Fe${}_3$GeTe${}_2$ van der Waals heterostructures
• Magnetic Order and Symmetry in the 2D Semiconductor CrSBr
• Direct photoluminescence probing of ferromagnetism in monolayer two-dimensional CrBr3
• Stacking tunable interlayer magnetism in bilayer CrI3
• Atomically Thin CrCl3: An in-Plane Layered Antiferromagnetic Insulator
• The 2020 Skyrmionics Roadmap
• Observation of Magnetic Skyrmion Bubbles in a van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2
• Evolution of interlayer and intralayer magnetism in three atomically thin chromium trihalides
• Néel-type skyrmion in WTe2/Fe3GeTe2 van der Waals heterostructure
• Engineering symmetry breaking in two-dimensional layered materials
• Magnon-assisted tunnelling in van der Waals heterostructures based on CrBr3
• One million percent tunnel magnetoresistance in a magnetic van der Waals heterostructure
• Tailoring Magnetic Anisotropy in Cr${}_2$Ge${}_2$Te${}_6$ by Electrostatic Gating
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• Giant enhancement of interlayer exchange in an ultrathin 2D magnet
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• VI3 - a new layered ferromagnetic semiconductor
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• Hidden low-temperature magnetic order revealed through magnetotransport in monolayer CrSBr
• Fundamental Spin Interactions Underlying the Magnetic Anisotropy in the Kitaev Ferromagnet CrI${}_3$
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• Recent progress and challenges in magnetic tunnel junctions with 2D materials for spintronic applications
• Raman Spectroscopy, Photocatalytic Degradation and Stabilization of Atomically Thin Chromium Triiodide
• Strain-tunable magnetic and electronic properties of monolayer CrI3
• Spin-dependent transport in van der Waals magnetic tunnel junctions with Fe3GeTe2 electrodes
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• Imaging the Néel vector switching in the monolayer antiferromagnet MnPSe${}_3$ with strain-controlled Ising order
• Voltage Control of a van der Waals Spin-Filter Magnetic Tunnel Junction
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• Magnetic Two-Dimensional Chromium Trihalides: A Theoretical Perspective
• Proximity exchange effects in MoSe${}_2$ and WSe${}_2$ heterostructures with CrI${}_3$: twist angle, layer, and gate dependence
• Microscopic understanding of magnetic interactions in bilayer CrI${}_3$
• High mobility in a van der Waals layered antiferromagnetic metal
• Gate-tunable spin waves in antiferromagnetic atomic bilayers
• Micromagnetometry of two-dimensional ferromagnets
• Artificial Multiferroics and Enhanced Magnetoelectric Effect in van der Waals Heterostructures
• Gate-Tuned Interlayer Coupling in van der Waals Ferromagnet Fe${}_3$GeTe${}_2$ Nanoflakes
• Raman fingerprint of two terahertz spin wave branches in a two-dimensional honeycomb Ising ferromagnet
• Calculating critical temperatures for ferromagnetic order in two-dimensional materials
• Van der Waals Multiferroic Tunnel Junctions
• Observation of Magnetic Proximity Effect Using Resonant Optical Spectroscopy of an Electrically Tunable MoSe${}_2$/CrBr${}_3$ Heterostructure
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• Bulk properties of van-der-Waals hard ferromagnet VI3
• Quasi 1D electronic transport in a 2D magnetic semiconductor
• First-principles theory of proximity spin-orbit torque on a two-dimensional magnet: Current-driven antiferromagnet-to-ferromagnet reversible transition in bilayer CrI${}_3$
• Multifunctional Lateral Transition-Metal Disulfides Heterojunctions
• Magnetic domains and domain wall pinning in two-dimensional ferromagnets revealed by nanoscale imaging
• Electrically-Tunable High Curie Temperature Two-Dimensional Ferromagnetism in Van der Waals Layered Crystals
• Electron quantum metamaterials in van der Waals heterostructures
• Coexistence of Magnetic Orders in Two-Dimensional Magnet CrI${}_3$
• Gigantic current control of coercive field and magnetic memory based on nm-thin ferromagnetic van der Waals Fe3GeTe2
• Roadmap for gallium arsenide spin qubits
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• Two-Dimensional Materials for Energy-Efficient Spin-Orbit Torque Devices
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• High throughput computational screening for two-dimensional magnetic materials based on experimental databases of three-dimensional compounds
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• Stacking Domain Wall Magnons in Twisted van der Waals Magnets
• Spin filtering in CrI${}_3$ tunnel junctions
• Bethe-Slater-curve-like behavior and interlayer spin-exchange coupling mechanisms in two-dimensional magnetic bilayers
• Gate-controlled magnetic phase transition in a van der Waals magnet Fe${}_5$GeTe${}_2$
• ZrTe2/CrTe2: an epitaxial van der Waals platform for spintronics
• Interaction-stabilized topological magnon insulator in ferromagnets
• Orbitally-resolved ferromagnetism of monolayer CrI${}_3$
• Distinct magneto-Raman signatures of spin-flip phase transitions in CrI3
• Atomistic spin textures on-demand in the van der Waals layered magnet CrSBr
• Multistep magnetization switching in orthogonally twisted ferromagnetic monolayers
• Magnetic imaging of antiferromagnetic domain walls
• Probing the spin dimensionality in single-layer CrSBr van der Waals heterostructures by magneto-transport measurements
• Twistronics: A turning point in 2D quantum materials
• Single-Layer CrI3 Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy
• Magnetic proximity and nonreciprocal current switching in a monolayer WTe2 helical edge
• Magnetic field-induced quantum phase transitions in a van der Waals magnet
• Controlling magnetic exchange and anisotropy by non-magnetic ligand substitution in layered MPX3 (M = Ni, Mn; X = S, Se)
• Local Probes for Charge-Neutral Edge States in Two-Dimensional Quantum Magnets
• Magnetic order induced polarization anomaly of Raman scattering in 2D magnet CrI${}_3$
• Microscopic origin of multiferroic order in monolayer NiI${}_2$
• Skyrmions in twisted van der Waals magnets
• Magnetization textures in twisted bilayer 2D CrX${}_3$ (X=Br, I)
• Magnetic Anisotropy in Spin-3/2 with Heavy Ligand in Honeycomb Mott Insulators: Application to CrI${}_3$
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• Magneto-optical response of chromium trihalide monolayers: chemical trends
• Tunneling spectroscopy of quantum spin liquids
• Magnetic memory and spontaneous vortices in a van der Waals superconductor
• Machine Learning Study of the Magnetic Ordering in 2D Materials
• Intrinsic magnetism in monolayer transition metal trihalides: a comparative study
• Thickness-dependent magnetic order in CrI${}_3$ single crystals
• Observation of the polaronic character of excitons in a two-dimensional semiconducting magnet $\mathrm{Cr}{\mathrm{I}}_3$
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• Accessing new magnetic regimes by tuning the ligand spin-orbit coupling in van der Waals magnets
• Opportunities in Electrically Tunable 2D Materials Beyond Graphene: Recent Progress and Future Outlook
• Visualizing Atomically-Layered Magnetism in CrSBr
• Electron correlation effects on exchange interactions and spin excitations in 2D van der Waals materials
• Tunable Néel-Bloch magnetic twists in Fe3GeTe2 with van der Waals structure
• Chemical design and magnetic ordering in thin layers of 2D MOFs
• Room Temperature Magnetic Order in Air-Stable Ultra-Thin Iron Oxide
• Tremendous tunneling magnetoresistance effects based on van der Waals room-temperature ferromagnet Fe${}_3$GaTe${}_2$ with highly spin-polarized Fermi surfaces
• Observation of nonreciprocal magneto-optical scattering in nonencapsulated few-layered CrI3
• Spin Dynamics in van der Waals Magnetic Systems
• Imaging and control of critical spin fluctuations in two-dimensional magnets
• Electronic structure of above-room-temperature van der Waals ferromagnet Fe${}_3$GaTe${}_2$
• Quantum rescaling, domain metastability and hybrid domain-walls in two-dimensional CrI3 magnets
• Magnetic anisotropy reversal driven by structural symmetry-breaking in monolayer α-RuCl3
• Direct imaging of antiferromagnetic domains and anomalous layer-dependent mirror symmetry breaking in atomically thin MnPS${}_3$
• Electronic structure and magnetic properties of few-layer Cr${}_2$Ge${}_2$Te${}_6$: the key role of nonlocal electron-electron interaction effects
• Strain and electric-field control of spin-spin interactions in monolayer CrI${}_3$
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• Spin Photovoltaic Effect in Magnetic van der Waals Heterostructures
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• An electron-counting rule to determine the interlayer magnetic coupling of the van der Waals materials
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• Evaluating the exfoliation of two-dimensional materials with a Green's function surface model
• Out-of-plane transport of 1T-TaS2/graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures
• Dielectric tunability of magnetic properties in orthorhombic ferromagnetic monolayer CrSBr
• Ferroic orders in two-dimensional transition/rare-earth metal halides
• Magnetic Proximity Effect in a van der Waals Moiré Superlattice
• High-Curie-temperature ferromagnetism in bilayer CrI3 on bulk semiconducting substrates
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• Electronic Structure of Chromium Trihalides beyond Density Functional Theory
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• Multiple antiferromagnetic phases and magnetic anisotropy in exfoliated CrBr${}_3$ multilayers
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• Correlation-induced magnetism in substrate-supported 2D metal-organic frameworks
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• Two-dimensional ferromagnetic semiconductor VBr3 with tunable anisotropy
• Magnon-phonon interactions enhance the gap at the Dirac point in the spin-wave spectra of CrI${}_3$ two-dimensional magnets
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• Room temperature magnetic phase transition in an electrically-tuned van der Waals ferromagnet
• Topologically nontrivial magnonic solitons
• Programmable Magnetic Hysteresis in Orthogonally-Twisted Two-Dimensional CrSBr Magnets via Stacking Engineering
• Current-Perpendicular-to-Plane Giant Magnetoresistance Effect in van der Waals Heterostructures
• Van der Waals heterostructures with spin-orbit coupling
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• Interlayer magnetism in Fe3-xGeTe2
• Interacting topological Dirac magnons
• Magnetic frustration in a van der Waals metal CeSiI
• Magnetism and stability of all primitive stacking patterns in bilayer chromium trihalides
• Hund's physics and the magnetic ground state of CrOX (X = Cl, Br)
• Magnon-magnon interaction and magnon relaxation time in ferromagnetic Cr2Ge2Te6 monolayer
• Unusual magnetotransport and anomalous Hall effect in quasi-two-dimensional van der Waals ferromagnet Fe${}_4$GeTe${}_2$
• Probing quantum spin liquids with a quantum twisting microscope
• Tunneling current-controlled spin states in few-layer van der Waals magnets
• Current-driven magnetization switching in a van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2
• Tunable Strong Magnetic Anisotropy in Two-Dimensional van der Waals Antiferromagnets
• Magnetism-induced band-edge shift as mechanism for magnetoconductance in CrPS${}_4$ transistors
• Visualization of moiré magnons in monolayer ferromagnet
• Strong magnetic proximity effect in Van der Waals heterostructures driven by direct hybridization
• Magnonic Floquet Quantum Spin Hall Insulator in Bilayer Collinear Antiferromagnets
• Intrinsic staggered spin-orbit torque for the electrical control of antiferromagnets -- application to CrI${}_3$
• Anomalous Hall effect mechanisms in quasi-2D van der Waals ferromagnet Fe0.29TaS2
• Nitrogen-vacancy magnetometry of CrSBr by diamond membrane transfer
• Cross-sublattice Spin Pumping and Magnon Level Attraction in van der Waals Antiferromagnets
• Spin-dependent Schottky barriers and vacancy-induced spin-selective Ohmic contacts in magnetic vdW heterostructures
• Broken-symmetry magnetic phases in two-dimensional triangulene crystals
• Twisted monolayer and bilayer graphene for vertical tunneling transistors
• Pushing an Altermagnet to the Ultimate 2D Limit: Evidence of Symmetry Breaking in Monolayers of GdAlSi
• Emergent magnetic states due to stacking and strain in the van der Waals magnetic trilayer CrI3
• Understanding and tuning magnetism in layered Ising-type antiferromagnet FePSe3 for potential 2D magnet
• Moire magnetism in CrBr3 multilayers emerging from differential strain
• On-site and inter-site Hubbard corrections in magnetic monolayers: The case of FePS${}_3$ and CrI${}_3$
• Imaging current control of magnetization in Fe${}_3$GeTe${}_2$ with a widefield nitrogen-vacancy microscope
• Antiferromagnetism-induced second-order nonlinear optical responses of centrosymmetric bilayer CrI${}_3$
• Hinge Magnons from Non-collinear Magnetic Order in Honeycomb Antiferromagnet
• Magnon Interference Tunneling Spectroscopy as a Probe of 2D Magnetism
• Magnetic State Control of Non-van der Waals 2D Materials by Hydrogenation
• Probing magnetism in exfoliated VI${}_3$ layers with magnetotransport
• Half-metallic ferromagnetism in layered CdOHCl induced by hole doping
• Exchange-bias controlled correlations in magnetically encapsulated twisted van der Waals dichalcogenides
• Dynamical correlation enhanced orbital magnetization in VI${}_3$
• Interlayer magnetic interactions in $\pi /3$-twisted bilayer CrI${}_3$
• Proposal for all-electrical skyrmion detection in van der Waals tunnel junctions
• Mechanism of carrier doping induced magnetic phase transitions in two-dimensional materials
• Mott insulators in moiré transition metal dichalcogenides at fractional fillings: Slave-rotor mean-field theory
• Designing spin-textured flat bands in twisted graphene multilayers via helimagnet encapsulation
• Acousto-magnonic spin Hall effect in honeycomb antiferromagnets
• Ferroelectric valley valves with graphene/MoTe${}_2$ van der Waals heterostructures
• First-principles prediction of a new family of layered topological insulators
• Magnon dispersion in bilayers of two-dimensional ferromagnets
• Giant anisotropic magnetoresistance in Ising superconductor-magnetic insulator tunnel junctions
• Magnetotransport properties in van-der-Waals \textit{\textbf{R}}Te${}_3$ (\textit{\textbf{R}} = La, Ce, Tb)
• Superexchange and spin-orbit coupling in monolayer and bilayer chromium trihalides
• Spin filtering effect in intrinsic 2D magnetic semiconductor Cr2Ge2Te6
• Importance of electronic correlations for the magnetic properties of the two-dimensional ferromagnet CoBr${}_2$
• Spin stiffness of chromium-based van der Waals ferromagnets
• Tailoring High-Frequency Magnonics in Monolayer Chromium Trihalides
• Fingerprints of Universal Spin-Stiffness Jump in Two-Dimensional Ferromagnets
• Antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic homostructures with Dirac magnons in van der Waals magnet CrI${}_3$
• Electrical tuning of the magnetic properties of 2D magnets: the case of ${\mathrm{Cr}}_2{\mathrm{Ge}}_2{\mathrm{Te}}_6$
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• Complex magnetism of the two-dimensional antiferromagnetic Ge2F: from a Néel spin-texture to a potential antiferromagnetic skyrmion
• Anomalous Nonlinear Magnetoconductivity in van der Waals Magnet CrSBr
• Rashba-induced spin texture and spin-layer-locking effects in the antiferromagnetic CrI3 bilayer
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• Delving into the anisotropic interlayer exchange in bilayer CrI${}_3$
• Artificially creating emergent interfacial antiferromagnetism and its manipulation in a magnetic van-der-Waals heterostructure
• Resonance Raman Scattering and Anomalous Anti-Stokes Phenomena in CrSBr
• Kinetically-controlled epitaxial growth of Fe${}_3$GeTe${}_2$ van der Waals ferromagnetic films
• Electron-mediated entanglement of two distant macroscopic ferromagnets within a nonequilibrium spintronic device
• Tunable moire spinons in magnetically encapsulated twisted van der Waals quantum spin-liquids
• Magnetically Modulated Electrical Switching in an Antiferromagnetic Transistor
• Giant anisotropy of Gilbert damping in a Rashba honeycomb antiferromagnet
• Jahn-Teller distortion driven ferromagnetism in a perovskite fluoride monolayer
• Multicomponent magneto-orbital order and magneto-orbitons in monolayer VCl3
• Magnon bands in twisted bilayer honeycomb quantum magnets
• Revealing the Underlying Mechanisms of Stacking Order and Interlayer Magnetism in Bilayer CrBr${}_3$
• Roller-Coaster in a Flatland: Magnetoresistivity in Eu-intercalated Graphite
• Electronic structure and magnetism of the Hund insulator CrI3
• Giant anisotropic magnetoresistance in few-layer α-RuCl3 tunnel junctions
• Emergent Hyper-Magic Manifold in Twisted Kitaev Bilayers
• Symmetry-controlled SrRuO3/SrTiO3/SrRuO3 magnetic tunnel junctions:Spin polarization and its relevance to tunneling magnetoresistance
• Tuning bulk topological magnon properties with light-induced magnons
• Coupled spin-charge dynamics in magnetic van der Waals heterostructures
• Van der Waals Magnet based Spin-Valve Devices at Room Temperature
• Metamagnetic Transitions in Few-Layer CrOCl Controlled by Magnetic Anisotropy Flipping
• Noncollinearity-modulated electronic properties of the monolayer CrI${}_3$
• Interlayer superexchange in bilayer chromium trihalides
• Hamiltonian Learning of Triplon Excitations in an Artificial Nanoscale Molecular Quantum Magnet
• Monolayer-to-mesoscale modulation of the optical properties in 2D CrI3 mapped by hyperspectral microscopy
• Magnetization dependent tunneling conductance of ferromagnetic barriers
• Phonon-induced renormalization of exchange interactions in metallic two-dimensional magnets
• Spin transistor built on 2D van der Waals heterostructures
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• Magnetic Proximity Effect in 2D Ferromagnetic CrBr3/Graphene van der Waals Heterostructures
• Enhanced Valley Zeeman Splitting in Fe-Doped Monolayer MoS2
• The interfacial spin modulation of graphene on Fe(111)
• Spin-orbit coupling controlled two-dimensional magnetism in chromium trihalides
• Quantum tunneling devices incorporating two-dimensional magnetic semiconductors
• Strain Switching in van der Waals Heterostructures triggered by a Spin-Crossover Metal Organic Framework
• Environmental Screening and Ligand-Field Effects to Magnetism in CrI${}_3$ Monolayer
• Current-induced CrI3 surface spin-flop transition probed by proximity magnetoresistance in Pt
• Epitaxy of new layered materials: 2D chalcogenides and challenges of weak van der Waals interactions
• Two-Dimensional Magnetic Materials from Ferromagnetism to Altermagnetism: Fabrication, Symmetry, Evidence, and Device Readiness
• Van der Waals Antiferromagnets: From Early Discoveries to Future Directions in the 2D Limit
• Majorana Signatures in Planar Tunneling through a Kitaev Spin Liquid