Magnetism and stability of all primitive stacking patterns in bilayer chromium trihalides

Abstract

Chromium trihalides, CrX${}_3$ (with X = Cl, Br, I), are a family of layered magnetic materials that can be easily exfoliated to provide ferromagnetic monolayers. When two layers are stacked together to form a bilayer the interlayer exchange coupling can be either ferromagnetic or antiferromagnetic depending on the stacking sequence. Here we combine crystallographic arguments based on the close-packing condition with first-principles simulations to enumerate all possible stacking patterns in CrX${}_3$ bilayers that preserve the spatial periodicity of each layer. We recover all configurations observed in bulk crystals and disclose stacking sequences with no bulk counterpart where the two layers have opposite chirality. Stacking sequences are ranked according to their relative stability and a preferential interlayer magnetic ordering is assigned to each of them. Simulations provide a consistent picture to frame all current experimental observations on bulk and exfoliated CrX${}_3$ crystals, with interesting implications for future measurements, including synthetic bilayers with non-standard stacking patterns.

arXiv comment9+epsilon pages, 4 figures, 3 tables

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• Multiple antiferromagnetic phases and magnetic anisotropy in exfoliated CrBr${}_3$ multilayers
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• The surface degradation and its impact on the magnetic properties of bulk VI_3
• Probing magnetism in exfoliated VI${}_3$ layers with magnetotransport
• Interlayer magnetic interactions in $\pi /3$-twisted bilayer CrI${}_3$
• Activating magnetoelectric optical properties by twisting antiferromagnetic bilayers
• Superexchange and spin-orbit coupling in monolayer and bilayer chromium trihalides
• Interlayer superexchange in bilayer chromium trihalides