Progress and Prospects in Two-Dimensional Magnetism of van der Waals Materials

Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetism in van der Waals (vdW) atomic crystals and moiré superlattices has emerged as a topic of tremendous interest in the fields of condensed matter physics and materials science within the past half-decade since its first experimental discovery in 2016 - 2017. It has not only served as a powerful platform for investigating phase transitions in the 2D limit and exploring new phases of matter, but also provided new opportunities for applications in microelectronics, spintronics, magnonics, optomagnetics, and so on. Despite the flourishing developments in 2D magnetism over this short period of time, further efforts are welcome in multiple forefronts of 2D magnetism research for achieving the ultimate goal of routinely implementing 2D magnets as quantum electronic components. In this review article, we will start with basic concepts and properties of 2D magnetism, followed by a brief overview of historical efforts in 2D magnetism research and then a comprehensive review of vdW material-based 2D magnetism. We will conclude with discussions on potential future research directions for this growing field of 2D vdW magnetism.

arXiv comment50 pages, 31 figures

References in corpus (215)

• Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
• Experimental Observation of Quantum Hall Effect and Berry's Phase in Graphene
• Two Dimensional Atomic Crystals
• Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils
• Magic-angle graphene superlattices: a new platform for unconventional superconductivity
• Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics
• Layer-dependent Ferromagnetism in a van der Waals Crystal down to the Monolayer Limit
• Anyons in an exactly solved model and beyond
• Discovery of intrinsic ferromagnetism in 2D van der Waals crystals
• Correlated Insulator Behaviour at Half-Filling in Magic Angle Graphene Superlattices
• Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet
• Quantum sensing
• Synthesis of Large-Area MoS2 Atomic Layers with Chemical Vapor Deposition
• Moire bands in twisted double-layer graphene
• Gate-tunable Room-temperature Ferromagnetism in Two-dimensional Fe${}_3$GeTe${}_2$
• Advances in the Physics of Magnetic Skyrmions and Perspective for Technology
• Tuning superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene
• The Chiral Magnetic Effect
• Spin Transfer Torques
• Magnetic 2D materials and heterostructures
• Emergent ferromagnetism near three-quarters filling in twisted bilayer graphene
• Magnetic-field-induced quantized anomalous Hall effect in intrinsic magnetic topological insulator MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$
• Massive Dirac fermions and Hofstadter butterfly in a van der Waals heterostructure
• Superconductors, Orbital Magnets, and Correlated States in Magic Angle Bilayer Graphene
• Graphene Spintronics
• Two-Dimensional Itinerant Ising Ferromagnetism in Atomically thin Fe3GeTe2
• Magnetism in Graphene Induced by Single-Atom Defects
• Intrinsic quantized anomalous Hall effect in a moiré heterostructure
• Electrical Control of 2D Magnetism in Bilayer CrI3
• Giant Tunneling Magnetoresistance in Spin-Filter van der Waals Heterostructures
• Correlated quantum phenomena in the strong spin-orbit regime
• High temperature fractional quantum Hall states
• Controlling magnetism in 2D CrI3 by electrostatic doping
• Fractional quantum Hall states at zero magnetic field
• Intrinsic magnetic topological insulators in van der Waals layered MnBi${}_2$Te${}_4$-family materials
• Ising-Type Magnetic Ordering in Atomically Thin FePS3
• Optical detection of Mott and generalized Wigner crystal states in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices
• Magic Angle Spectroscopy
• Probing magnetism in 2D van der Waals crystalline insulators via electron tunneling
• Exciton physics and device application of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors
• Electric-field switching of two-dimensional van der Waals magnets
• Majorana quantization and half-integer thermal quantum Hall effect in a Kitaev spin liquid
• Graphene Bilayers with a Twist
• Spin-half paramagnetism in graphene induced by point defects
• Robust axion insulator and Chern insulator phases in a two-dimensional antiferromagnetic topological insulator
• Kitaev quantum spin liquid - concept and materialization
• Induced Magnetic Ordering by Proton Irradiation in Graphite
• Room Temperature Intrinsic Ferromagnetism in Epitaxial Manganese Selenide Films in the Monolayer Limit
• Topological insulators in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide homobilayers
• Spin-Orbit Physics Giving Rise to Novel Phases in Correlated Systems: Iridates and Related Materials
• Neutron tomography of magnetic Majorana fermions in a proximate quantum spin liquid
• Tunable Correlated Chern Insulator and Ferromagnetism in Trilayer Graphene/Boron Nitride Moiré Superlattice
• Signatures of Fractional Quantum Anomalous Hall States in Twisted MoTe2 Bilayer
• Stacking-Dependent Magnetism in Bilayer CrI${}_3$
• Observation of Fractionally Quantized Anomalous Hall Effect
• Charge-Order and Broken Rotational Symmetry in Magic Angle Twisted Bilayer Graphene
• Fractional quantum Hall effect in the absence of Landau levels
• Abundance of correlated insulating states at fractional fillings of WSe${}_2$/WS${}_2$ moiré superlattices
• Models and Materials for Generalized Kitaev Magnetism
• Recent progress in the assembly of nanodevices and van der Waals heterostructures by deterministic placement of 2D materials
• Very Large Tunneling Magnetoresistance in Layered Magnetic Semiconductor CrI${}_3$
• Fractional Chern Insulator
• Ab-initio calculations of exchange interactions, spin-wave stiffness constants, and Curie temperatures of Fe, Co, and Ni
• Direct observation of van der Waals stacking dependent interlayer magnetism
• Moiré heterostructures as a condensed matter quantum simulator
• Switching 2D Magnetic States via Pressure Tuning of Layer Stacking
• Quantum anomalous Hall effect from intertwined moiré bands
• Fractional Chern insulators in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene
• Integer and fractional Chern insulators in twisted bilayer MoTe2
• Pressure-controlled interlayer magnetism in atomically thin CrI3
• Topological kagome magnets and superconductors
• Untying the insulating and superconducting orders in magic-angle graphene
• Probing magnetism in 2D materials at the nanoscale with single spin microscopy
• Progress and prospects in magnetic topological materials
• Giant and nonreciprocal second harmonic generation from layered antiferromagnetism in bilayer CrI3
• Tunneling spin valves based on Fe${}_3$GeTe${}_2$/hBN/Fe${}_3$GeTe${}_2$ van der Waals heterostructures
• Crystal and Magnetic Structures in Layered, Transition Metal Dihalides and Trihalides
• Suppression of magnetic ordering in XXZ-type antiferromagnetic monolayer NiPS3
• Strongly Correlated Chern Insulators in Magic-Angle Twisted Bilayer Graphene
• Magnetic Order and Symmetry in the 2D Semiconductor CrSBr
• Decoupling superconductivity and correlated insulators in twisted bilayer graphene
• Stacking tunable interlayer magnetism in bilayer CrI3
• Evidence for a single-layer van der Waals multiferroic
• Limits on intrinsic magnetism in graphene
• Order and quantum phase transitions in the cuprate superconductors
• A new transfer technique for high mobility graphene devices on commercially available hexagonal boron nitride
• Nematicity and Competing Orders in Superconducting Magic-Angle Graphene
• Topological Magnon Insulator in Insulating Ferromagnet
• Ligand-field helical luminescence in a 2D ferromagnetic insulator
• Evidence for a Field-induced Quantum Spin Liquid in $\alpha$-RuCl${}_3$
• Excitations in the field-induced quantum spin liquid state of alpha-RuCl3
• Interplay between Kitaev interaction and single ion anisotropy in ferromagnetic CrI${}_3$ and CrGeTe${}_3$ monolayers
• Strong coupling phases of partially filled twisted bilayer graphene narrow bands
• Layered Antiferromagnetism Induces Large Negative Magnetoresistance in the van der Waals Semiconductor CrSBr
• Evolution of interlayer and intralayer magnetism in three atomically thin chromium trihalides
• Topological spin excitations in honeycomb ferromagnet CrI${}_3$
• Layer Hall effect in a 2D topological Axion antiferromagnet
• Continuous Mott transition in semiconductor moiré superlattices
• Electrical switching of magnetic order in an orbital Chern insulator
• Correlated Insulating States at Fractional Fillings of the WS2/WSe2 Moiré Lattice
• Quantum metric nonlinear Hall effect in a topological antiferromagnetic heterostructure
• One million percent tunnel magnetoresistance in a magnetic van der Waals heterostructure
• Observation of fractional Chern insulators in a van der Waals heterostructure
• Layer-Resolved Magnetic Proximity Effect in van der Waals Heterostructures
• Skyrmions in the moiré of van der Waals 2D magnets
• A van der Waals antiferromagnetic topological insulator with weak interlayer magnetic coupling
• Exciton-Coupled Coherent Magnons in a 2D Semiconductor
• Giant enhancement of interlayer exchange in an ultrathin 2D magnet
• Intrinsic 2D-XY ferromagnetism in a van der Waals monolayer
• Phase Diagram of $\alpha$-RuCl${}_3$ in an in-plane Magnetic Field
• Quenched disorder and vestigial nematicity in the pseudo-gap regime of the cuprates
• Generic Wavefunction Description of Fractional Quantum Anomalous Hall States and Fractional Topological Insulators
• Stripe phases in WSe2/WS2 moiré superlattices
• Two dimensional magnets: Forgotten history and recent progress towards spintronic applications
• Flavour Hund's Coupling, Correlated Chern Gaps, and Diffusivity in Moiré Flat Bands
• Hofstadter subband ferromagnetism and symmetry broken Chern insulators in twisted bilayer graphene
• Intertwined vestigial order in quantum materials: nematicity and beyond
• Hidden low-temperature magnetic order revealed through magnetotransport in monolayer CrSBr
• Ferromagnetic Mott State in Twisted Graphene Bilayers at the Magic Angle
• Fundamental Spin Interactions Underlying the Magnetic Anisotropy in the Kitaev Ferromagnet CrI${}_3$
• Spin-flop transition in atomically thin MnPS${}_3$ crystals
• Symmetry broken Chern insulators and magic series of Rashba-like Landau level crossings in magic angle bilayer graphene
• Intertwined magnetism and charge density wave order in kagome FeGe
• Robustness of the thermal Hall effect close to half-quantization in a field-induced spin liquid state
• Imaging the Néel vector switching in the monolayer antiferromagnet MnPSe${}_3$ with strain-controlled Ising order
• Magnetic Excitations and Continuum of a Field-Induced Quantum Spin Liquid in $\alpha$-RuCl${}_3$
• Direct observation of 2D magnons in atomically thin CrI${}_3$
• Realization of an intrinsic, ferromagnetic topological state in MnBi8Te13
• Determining the phase diagram of atomically thin layered antiferromagnet CrCl${}_3$
• Spontaneous fractional Chern insulators in transition metal dichalcogenides Moire superlattices
• Highly Anisotropic Excitons and Multiple Phonon Bound States in a Van der Waals Antiferromagnetic Insulator
• Physical origin of giant excitonic and magneto-optical responses in two-dimensional ferromagnetic insulators
• Magnetoelectric MnPS3 thiophosphate as a new candidate for ferrotoroidicity
• Interplay between interlayer exchange and stacking in CrI${}_3$ bilayers
• Magnetic Two-Dimensional Chromium Trihalides: A Theoretical Perspective
• Possible correlated insulating states in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene under strongly competing interactions
• Spin-Induced Linear Polarization of Excitonic Emission in Antiferromagnetic van der Waals Crystals
• Competing zero-field Chern insulators in Superconducting Twisted Bilayer Graphene
• Anomalous Hall metal and fractional Chern insulator in twisted transition metal dichalcogenides
• High mobility in a van der Waals layered antiferromagnetic metal
• Tricritical behavior of two-dimensional intrinsic ferromagnetic semiconducting CrGeTe3
• Gate-tunable spin waves in antiferromagnetic atomic bilayers
• Linear magneto-electric phase in ultrathin MnPS${}_3$ probed by optical second harmonic generation
• Programming Correlated Magnetic States via Gate Controlled Moiré Geometry
• Tuning Inelastic Light Scattering via Symmetry Control in 2D Magnet CrI${}_3$
• Observation of topological flat bands in the kagome semiconductor Nb${}_3$Cl${}_8$
• A family of high-temperature ferromagnetic monolayers with locked spin-dichroism-mobility anisotropy: MnNX and CrCX (X=Cl, Br, I; C=S, Se, Te)
• Controlling the anisotropy of a van der Waals antiferromagnet with light
• Twist engineering of the two-dimensional magnetism in double bilayer chromium triiodide homostructures
• Tunable Exciton-Hybridized Magnon Interactions in a Layered Semiconductor
• Giant modulation of optical nonlinearity by Floquet engineering
• Gate-tunable heavy fermions in a moiré Kondo lattice
• Moiré skyrmions and chiral magnetic phases in twisted CrX${}_3$ (X $=$ I, Br, Cl) bilayers
• Correlation-driven topological phase transition from in-plane magnetized quantum anomalous Hall to Mott insulating phase in monolayer transition metal trichlorides
• Magnetic domains and domain wall pinning in two-dimensional ferromagnets revealed by nanoscale imaging
• Possible persistence of multiferroic order down to bilayer limit of van der Waals material NiI${}_2$
• Coexistence of Magnetic Orders in Two-Dimensional Magnet CrI${}_3$
• Deep-Learning-Enabled Fast Optical Identification and Characterization of Two-Dimensional Materials
• Intrinsic magnetism in superconducting infinite-layer nickelates
• Stacking Domain Wall Magnons in Twisted van der Waals Magnets
• Exciton-driven antiferromagnetic metal in a correlated van der Waals insulator
• Universal moiré nematic phase in twisted graphitic systems
• Distinct magneto-Raman signatures of spin-flip phase transitions in CrI3
• Magnetic field effect on topological spin excitations in CrI${}_3$
• Spin waves and magnetic exchange Hamiltonian in CrSBr
• Filming the formation and fluctuation of Skyrmion domains by cryo-Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy
• Magnetic field-induced quantum phase transitions in a van der Waals magnet
• Imaging domain reversal in an ultrathin van der Waals ferromagnet
• Evidence of Noncollinear Spin Texture in Magnetic Moiré Superlattices
• Cavity-Enhanced Linear Dichroism in a van der Waals Antiferromagnet
• Skyrmions in twisted van der Waals magnets
• Magnetic order induced polarization anomaly of Raman scattering in 2D magnet CrI${}_3$
• Magnetization textures in twisted bilayer 2D CrX${}_3$ (X=Br, I)
• Screening magnetic two-dimensional atomic crystals with nontrivial electronic topology
• Tunable Magnetic Transition to a Singlet Ground State in a 2D Van der Waals Layered Trimerized Kagomé Magnet
• Intrinsic magnetism in monolayer transition metal trihalides: a comparative study
• Tailored tunnel magnetoresistance response in three ultrathin chromium trihalides
• Observation of the polaronic character of excitons in a two-dimensional semiconducting magnet $\mathrm{Cr}{\mathrm{I}}_3$
• Evidence of charge density wave with anisotropic gap in monolayer VTe${}_2$ film
• Spectroscopic evidence of flat bands in breathing kagome semiconductor Nb3I8
• Electrically tunable moiré magnetism in twisted double bilayers of chromium triiodide
• Frustrated magnetic interactions in a Wigner-Mott insulator
• Magnetically brightened dark electron-phonon bound states in a van der Waals antiferromagnet
• Accessing new magnetic regimes by tuning the ligand spin-orbit coupling in van der Waals magnets
• Visualizing Atomically-Layered Magnetism in CrSBr
• Electronic and magnetic characterization of epitaxial CrBr${}_3$ monolayers
• Axion optical induction of antiferromagnetic order
• Imaging and control of critical spin fluctuations in two-dimensional magnets
• Multifunctional Two-dimensional van der Waals Janus Magnet Cr-based Dichalcogenide Halides
• Magnetic anisotropy reversal driven by structural symmetry-breaking in monolayer α-RuCl3
• Characterization of room-temperature in-plane magnetization in thin flakes of CrTe${}_2$ with a single spin magnetometer
• Controlled Two-Dimensional Ferromagnetism in 1T-CrTe${}_2$. The role of charge density wave and strain
• Coherent Helicity-Dependent Spin-Phonon Oscillations in the Ferromagnetic van der Waals Crystal CrI3
• Spin dynamics slowdown near the antiferromagnetic critical point in atomically thin FePS3
• Moiré magnons in twisted bilayer magnets with collinear order
• Emerging research landscape of altermagnetism
• Magnetism of Kitaev spin-liquid candidate material RuBr${}_3$
• Tunable layered-magnetism-assisted magneto-Raman effect in a two-dimensional magnet $\mathrm{Cr}{\mathrm{I}}_3$
• Observation of giant surface second harmonic generation coupled to nematic orders in the van der Waals antiferromagnet FePS${}_3$
• Magnetic skyrmion lattices in a novel two-dimensional twisted bilayer magnet
• Quantum anomalous Hall effect in two-dimensional magnetic insulator heterojunctions
• Heterobilayer moiré magnets: moiré skyrmions and the commensurate-incommensurate transition
• Revealing room temperature ferromagnetism in exfoliated Fe${}_5$GeTe${}_2$ flakes with quantum magnetic imaging
• Dynamical criticality of spin-shear coupling in van der Waals antiferromagnets
• Above-room-temperature ferromagnetism in ultrathin van der Waals magnet
• Structural Monoclinicity and Its Coupling to Layered Magnetism in Few-Layer $\mathrm{Cr}{\mathrm{I}}_3$
• Coherent detection of hidden spin-lattice coupling in a van der Waals antiferromagnet
• Microscopic parameters of the van der Waals CrSBr antiferromagnet from microwave absorption experiments
• Whirling interlayer fields as a source of stable topological order in moiré CrI3
• Anomalous Second Harmonic Generation from Atomically Thin MnBi2Te4
• Ferro-rotational domain walls revealed by electric quadrupole second harmonic generation microscopy
• Dimensionality dependent electronic structure of the exfoliated van der Waals antiferromagnet NiPS${}_3$
• Spin structure and dynamics of the topological semimetal Co${}_3$Sn${}_{2-x}$In${}_x$S${}_2$
• Diverse magnetic orders and quantum anomalous Hall effect in twisted bilayer MoTe2 and WSe2
• Magnon gap excitations and spin-entangled optical transition in van der Waals antiferromagnet NiPS3

Cited by in corpus (11)

• Magnetic Anisotropy in Two-dimensional van der Waals Magnetic Materials and Their Heterostructures: Importance, Mechanisms, and Opportunities
• Identifying band structure changes of FePS3 across the antiferromagnetic phase transition
• Dispersive dark excitons in van der Waals ferromagnet CrI3
• Surface-Dominated Quantum Metric-Induced Nonlinear Transport in the Layered Antiferromagnet CrSBr
• Nonreciprocal phonons in PT-symmetric antiferromagnet
• Twist Engineering of Anisotropic Excitonic and Optical Properties of a Two-Dimensional Magnetic Semiconductor
• Higher-order topology in twisted multilayer systems: a review
• Light-induced ultrafast magnetization dynamics in van der Waals antiferromagnetic CrSBr
• Probing the band structure of the strongly correlated antiferromagnet NiPS3 across its phase transition
• Magnetodielectric Properties in Two Dimensional Magnetic Insulators
• Impact of the honeycomb spin-lattice on topological magnons and edge states in ferromagnetic 2D skyrmion crystals