Two dimensional magnets: Forgotten history and recent progress towards spintronic applications

Abstract

The recent discovery of two-dimensional magnetic order in van-der Waals materials has stimulated a renaissance in the field of atomically-thin magnets. This has led to promising demonstrations of spintronic functionality such as tunneling magnetoresistance. The frantic pace of this emerging research, however, has also led to some confusion surrounding the underlying phenomena of phase transitions in two-dimensional (2D) magnets. In fact, there is a rich history of experimental precedents beginning in the 1960s with quasi-2D bulk magnets and progressing to the 1980s using atomically-thin sheets of elemental metals. This review provides a holistic discussion of the current state of knowledge on the three distinct families of low-dimensional magnets: quasi-2D, ultra-thin films and van-der Waals crystals. It highlights the unique opportunities presented by the latest implementation in van-der Waals materials. By revisiting the fundamental insights from the field of low-dimensional magnetism, this review will highlight factors that can be used to enhance material performance. For example, the limits imposed on the critical temperature by the Mermin-Wagner theorem can be escaped in three separate ways: magnetocrystalline anisotropy, long range interactions and shape anisotropy. Several recent experimental reports of atomically-thin magnets with Curie temperatures above room temperature are highlighted.

28 pages, 7 figures

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Cited by in corpus (37)

• Observation of Magnetic Proximity Effect Using Resonant Optical Spectroscopy of an Electrically Tunable MoSe${}_2$/CrBr${}_3$ Heterostructure
• First-principles theory of proximity spin-orbit torque on a two-dimensional magnet: Current-driven antiferromagnet-to-ferromagnet reversible transition in bilayer CrI${}_3$
• Magnon-phonon hybridization in quasi-2D antiferromagnet MnPSe${}_3$
• Orbitally-resolved ferromagnetism of monolayer CrI${}_3$
• Collective Excitations in 2D Materials
• Covalent 2D Cr${}_2$Te${}_3$ ferromagnet
• Spin Dynamics in van der Waals Magnetic Systems
• Multifunctional Two-dimensional van der Waals Janus Magnet Cr-based Dichalcogenide Halides
• Magnetooptics of layered two-dimensional semiconductors and heterostructures: progress and prospects
• Critical behavior of ferromagnets CrI3, CrBr3, CrGeTe3, and anti-ferromagnet FeCl2: a detailed first-principles study
• Progress and Prospects in Two-Dimensional Magnetism of van der Waals Materials
• Scattering-induced and highly tunable by gate damping-like spin-orbit torque in graphene doubly proximitized by two-dimensional magnet Cr${}_2$Ge${}_2$Te${}_6$ and WS${}_2$
• Ferroic orders in two-dimensional transition/rare-earth metal halides
• Self-hybridization and tunable magnon-magnon coupling in van der Waals synthetic magnets
• Bilayer graphene encapsulated within monolayers of WS${}_2$ or Cr${}_2$Ge${}_2$Te${}_6$: Tunable proximity spin-orbit or exchange coupling
• Proximity spin-orbit and exchange coupling in ABA and ABC trilayer graphene van der Waals heterostructures
• Magnetic Anisotropy in Two-dimensional van der Waals Magnetic Materials and Their Heterostructures: Importance, Mechanisms, and Opportunities
• Two-dimensional binary transition metal nitride $M$N${}_4$ ($M$ = V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co) with a graphene-like structure and strong magnetic properties
• On-site and inter-site Hubbard corrections in magnetic monolayers: The case of FePS${}_3$ and CrI${}_3$
• Imaging current control of magnetization in Fe${}_3$GeTe${}_2$ with a widefield nitrogen-vacancy microscope
• Epitaxial monolayers of magnetic 2D semiconductor FeBr${}_2$ grown on Au(111)
• Computational methods for 2D materials modelling
• Anisotropic magnetic properties and tunable conductivity in two-dimensional layered NaCrX2 (X=Te,Se,S) single crystals
• Polaronic and Mott insulating phase of layered magnetic vanadium trihalide VCl3
• Reduction of Magnetic Interaction Due to Clustering in Doped Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides: A Case Study of Mn, V, Fe-Doped $\mathrm{WS}{\mathrm{e}}_2$
• Acousto-magnonic spin Hall effect in honeycomb antiferromagnets
• Intricate magnetic interactions and topological Hall effect observed in itinerant room-temperature layered ferromagnet Cr0.83Te
• Quartic asymmetric exchange for two-dimensional ferromagnets with trigonal prismatic symmetry
• Observation of intrinsic crystal phase in bare CrI3 ferromagnetism
• Giant anisotropy of Gilbert damping in a Rashba honeycomb antiferromagnet
• K${}_2$CoS${}_2$: A new two-dimensional in-plane antiferromagnetic insulator
• Electric-field induced half-metallicity in a two-dimensional ferromagnetic Janus VSSe bilayer
• Magnetic properties of van der Waals layered single crystals DyOBr and SmOCl
• Moiré spintronics: Emergent phenomena, material realization and machine learning accelerating discovery
• Multifold enhancement in magnetization of atomically thin Cobalt Telluride
• Many-body electronic structure, self-doped double-exchange, and Hund metallicity in 1T-CrTe2 bulk and monolayer
• Confirming the high pressure phase diagram of the Shastry-Sutherland model