Exciton physics and device application of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors

Abstract

Two-dimensional group-VI transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors, such as MoS2, WSe2 and others, exhibit strong light-matter coupling and possess direct band gaps in the infrared and visible spectral regimes, making them potentially interesting candidates for various applications in optics and optoelectronics. Here, we review their optical and optoelectronic properties with emphasis on exciton physics and devices. As excitons are tightly bound in these materials and dominate the optical response even at room-temperature, their properties are examined in depth in the first part of this article. We discuss the remarkably versatile excitonic landscape, including bright, dark, localized and interlayer excitons. In the second part, we provide an overview on the progress in optoelectronic device applications, such as electrically driven light emitters, photovoltaic solar cells, photodetectors and opto-valleytronic devices, again bearing in mind the prominent role of excitonic effects. We conclude with a brief discussion on challenges that remain to be addressed to exploit the full potential of transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors in possible exciton-based applications.

31 pages, 8 figures

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• Two Dimensional Atomic Crystals
• Van der Waals heterostructures
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• Valley polarization in MoS2 monolayers by optical pumping
• Single-Layer MoS2 Phototransistors
• Observation of tightly bound trions in monolayer MoS2
• MoS_2 as an ideal material for valleytronics: valley-selective circular dichroism and valley Hall effect
• Exciton Binding Energy and Nonhydrogenic Rydberg Series in Monolayer WS2
• Atomically thin p-n junctions with van der Waals heterointerfaces
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• Excitons in atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides
• The Valley Hall Effect in MoS2 Transistors
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• Observation of giant bandgap renormalization and excitonic effects in a monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductor
• Electrically Tunable Excitonic Light Emitting Diodes based on Monolayer WSe2 p-n Junctions
• Observation of Long-Lived Interlayer Excitons in Monolayer MoSe2-WSe2 Heterostructures
• Light-emitting diodes by bandstructure engineering in van der Waals heterostructures
• Electrical Control of Two-Dimensional Neutral and Charged Excitons in a Monolayer Semiconductor
• Optoelectronics with electrically tunable PN diodes in a monolayer dichalcogenide
• Optical Generation of Excitonic Valley Coherence in Monolayer WSe2
• Solar-energy conversion and light emission in an atomic monolayer p-n diode
• Measurement of the optical dielectric function of transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers: MoS2, MoSe2, WS2 and WSe2
• Tightly bound excitons in monolayer WSe2
• Strong interlayer coupling in van der Waals heterostructures built from single-layer chalcogenides
• Electroluminescence and photocurrent generation from atomically sharp WSe2/MoS2 heterojunction p-n diodes
• Photovoltaic effect in an electrically tunable van der Waals heterojunction
• k.p theory for two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors
• Electroluminescence in Single Layer MoS2
• Experimental demonstration of continuous electronic structure tuning via strain in atomically thin MoS2
• Theory of Neutral and Charged Excitons in Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
• Observation of Intense Second Harmonic Generation from MoS${}_2$ Atomic Crystals
• Second harmonic microscopy of monolayer MoS2
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• Mechanisms of photoconductivity in atomically thin MoS2
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• High-temperature superfluidity with indirect excitons in van der Waals heterostructures
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• Excitonic linewidth and coherence lifetime in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
• Electron-hole transport and photovoltaic effect in gated MoS2 Schottky junctions
• Mono- and Bilayer WS2 Light-Emitting Transistors
• Magnetic brightening and control of dark excitons in monolayer WSe2
• Robust optical emission polarization in MoS2 monolayers through selective valley excitation
• Tight-binding model and direct-gap/indirect-gap transition in single-layer and multi-layer MoS${}_2$
• Light Generation and Harvesting in a Van der Waals Heterostructure
• Valley dynamics probed through charged and neutral exciton emission in monolayer WSe2
• Efficient Interlayer Relaxation and Transition of Excitons in Epitaxial and Non-epitaxial MoS2/WS2 Heterostructures
• Generation and Electric Control of Spin-Coupled Valley Current in WSe2
• Probing dark excitons in atomically thin semiconductors via near-field coupling to surface plasmon polaritons
• Van der Waals Materials for Atomically-Thin Photovoltaics: Promise and Outlook
• Interlayer Exciton Optoelectronics in a 2D Heterostructure p-n Junction
• Atomically thin quantum light emitting diodes
• Ultrafast Generation of Pseudo-magnetic Field for Valley Excitons in WSe2 Monolayers
• Exciton fine structure and spin decoherence in monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides
• Atomically thin p-n junctions based on two-dimensional materials
• Theory of optical absorption by interlayer excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide heterobilayers
• Nonanalyticity, Valley Quantum Phases, and Light-like Exciton Dispersion in Monolayer TMDs: Theory and First-Principles Calculations
• Probing the influence of dielectric environment on excitons in monolayer WSe2: Insight from high magnetic fields
• Brightening of dark excitons in monolayers of semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides
• Ultra-strong nonlinear optical processes and trigonal warping in MoS${}_2$ layers
• Optical properties of atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenides: Observations and puzzles
• Optical imaging of strain in two-dimensional crystals
• High Photovoltaic Quantum Efficiency in Ultrathin van der Waals Heterostructures
• Dark excitons in transition metal dichalcogenides
• Probing critical point energies of transition metal dichalcogenides: surprising indirect gap of single layer $SL-WS{e}_2$
• Precise and reversible band gap tuning in single-layer MoSe2 by uniaxial strain
• Double Indirect Interlayer Exciton in a MoSe2/WSe2 van der Waals Heterostructure
• Interlayer exciton dynamics in a dichalcogenide monolayer heterostructure
• Dissociation of two-dimensional excitons in monolayer WSe2
• Near Unity Absorption in Van der Waals Semiconductors for Ultrathin Optoelectronics
• Electric field induced strong enhancement of electroluminescence in multi-Layer MoS2
• Direct exciton emission from atomically thin transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures near the lifetime limit
• Enabling valley selective exciton scattering in monolayer WSe${}_2$ through upconversion
• Valley Polarization by Spin Injection in a Light-Emitting van der Waals Heterojunction
• Biexciton fine structure in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
• Probing the inter-layer exciton physics in a MoS${}_2$/MoSe${}_2$/MoS${}_2$ van der Waals heterostructure
• Two-dimensional metal-chalcogenide films in tunable optical microcavities
• Temperature Dependent Valley Relaxation Dynamics in Single Layer WS2 Measured Using Ultrafast Spectroscopy
• Device physics of van der Waals heterojunction solar cells
• Interlayer coupling and gate-tunable excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide heterostructures
• Exciton Relaxation Cascade in Two-dimensional Transition-metal dichalcogenides
• Exciton-related electroluminescence from monolayer MoS2
• Impact of strain on the excitonic linewidth in transition metal dichalcogenides
• Electron spin relaxation due to D'yakonov-Perel' and Elliot-Yafet mechanisms in monolayer MoS${}_2$: Role of intravalley and intervalley processes
• Impact of strain on the optical fingerprint of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
• Mapping of the dark exciton landscape in transition metal dichalcogenides
• Gate Tunable Photovoltaic Effect in MoS2 vertical P-N Homostructures
• Excitonic emission of monolayer semiconductors near-field coupled to high-Q microresonators
• Thermal light emission from monolayer MoS2
• Reconfigurable p-n Junction Diodes and the Photovoltaic Effect in Exfoliated MoS2 Films
• Identifying optical signatures of momentum-dark excitons in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

Cited by in corpus (195)

• Phonon-assisted Photoluminescence from Dark Excitons in Monolayers of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
• Localized inter-valley defect excitons as single-photon emitters in WSe${}_2$
• Formation of moiré interlayer excitons in space and time
• Tunable Phases of Moiré Excitons in van der Waals Heterostructures
• Enhanced light-matter interaction in an atomically thin semiconductor coupled with dielectric nano-antennas
• The ultrafast onset of exciton formation in 2D semiconductors
• Exciton-Phonon Interaction and Relaxation Times from First Principles
• Theory of Exciton-Phonon Coupling
• Intrinsic and Extrinsic Defect-related Excitons in TMDCs
• Flat-Bands-Enabled Triplet Excitonic Insulator in a Di-atomic Kagome Lattice
• Momentum-resolved observation of exciton formation dynamics in monolayer WS${}_2$
• Exciton propagation and halo formation in two-dimensional materials
• Exciton-exciton interaction in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers and van der Waals heterostructures
• Near-unity light absorption in a monolayer WS2 van der Waals heterostructure cavity
• Hybridized intervalley moiré excitons and flat bands in twisted WSe${}_2$ bilayers
• Condensation signatures of photogenerated interlayer excitons in a van der Waals heterostack
• Exciton optics, dynamics and transport in atomically thin semiconductors
• Theory of exciton dynamics in time-resolved ARPES: intra- and intervalley scattering in two-dimensional semiconductors
• Intrinsic Lifetime of Higher Excitonic States in Tungsten Diselenide Monolayers
• Roadmap for Photonics with 2D Materials
• Interface engineering of charge-transfer excitons in 2D lateral heterostructures
• Nonequilibrium Lattice Dynamics in Monolayer MoS2
• Spatiotemporally Controlled Room Temperature Exciton Transport under Dynamic Pressure
• Transition metal dichalcogenide nanospheres for high-refractive-index nanophotonics and biomedical theranostics
• Dark trions govern the temperature-dependent optical absorption and emission of doped atomically thin semiconductors
• Negative excitonic diffusion in transition metal dichalcogenides
• Measurement of Conduction and Valence Bands g-factors in a Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayer
• Opportunities in Electrically Tunable 2D Materials Beyond Graphene: Recent Progress and Future Outlook
• Valley Zeeman effect and Landau levels in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
• Observation of an excitonic Mott transition through ultrafast core-$\text{cum}$-conduction photoemission spectroscopy
• Photoluminescence imaging of single photon emitters within nanoscale strain profiles in monolayer WSe${}_2$
• Highly Confined In-plane Exciton-Polaritons in Monolayer Semiconductors
• Collective Modes in Excitonic Insulators: Effects of Electron-Phonon Coupling and Signatures in Optical Response
• Distinctive signatures of the spin- and momentum-forbidden dark exciton states in the photo-luminescences of strained WSe${}_2$ monolayers under thermalization
• Quasi-phase-matched up- and down-conversion in periodically poled layered semiconductors
• Exciton landscape in van der Waals heterostructures
• Localized Excitons in NbSe${}_2$-MoSe${}_2$ Heterostructures
• Progress and Prospects in Two-Dimensional Magnetism of van der Waals Materials
• Exciton Mott transition revisited
• Quantum Dynamics of Attractive and Repulsive Polarons in a Doped MoSe${}_2$ Monolayer
• Strain-dependent exciton diffusion in transition metal dichalcogenides
• Momentum-Resolved Exciton Coupling and Valley Polarization Dynamics in Monolayer WS${}_2$
• Dielectric nano-antennas for strain engineering in atomically thin two-dimensional semiconductors
• Second- and third-order optical susceptibilities in bidimensional semiconductors near excitons states
• A first-principles Quantum Monte Carlo study of two-dimensional (2D) GaSe
• Theory of absorption lineshape in monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides
• Brightening of spin- and momentum-dark excitons in transition metal dichalcogenides
• Phonon-assisted inter-valley scattering determines ultrafast exciton dynamics in MoSe${}_2$ bilayers
• Electrical tuning of moiré excitons in MoSe${}_2$ bilayers
• Dark exciton-exciton annihilation in monolayer WSe${}_2$
• Dark-exciton driven energy funneling into dielectric inhomogeneities in two-dimensional semiconductors
• Large Exciton Binding Energy in the Bulk van der Waals Magnet CrSBr
• Tunneling-current-induced local excitonic luminescence in p-doped WSe${}_2$ monolayers
• Temporal evolution of low-temperature phonon sidebands in WSe${}_2$ monolayers
• Quenching of Intervalley Exchange Coupling in the Presence of Momentum-Dark States in TMDCs
• Nonconventional screening of Coulomb interaction in two-dimensional semiconductors and metals: A comprehensive cRPA study of MX2 (M=Mo, W, Nb, Ta; X=S, Se, Te)
• Interaction-driven transport of dark excitons in 2D semiconductors with phonon-mediated optical readout
• Theoretical methods for excitonic physics in two-dimensional materials
• High efficiency dark-to-bright exciton conversion in carbon nanotubes
• Dark-exciton based strain sensing in transition metal dichalcogenides
• Light-matter interaction in van der Waals heterostructures
• Exciton-Driven Renormalization of Quasiparticle Band Structure in Monolayer MoS2
• Exciton-to-trion conversion as a control mechanism for valley polarization in room-temperature monolayer WS${}_{\text{2}}$
• Substrate influence on transition metal dichalcogenide monolayer exciton absorption linewidth broadening
• Time-dependent screening explains the ultrafast excitonic signal rise in 2D semiconductors
• Effects of CVD Growth Parameters on Global and Local Optical Properties of MoS${}_2$ Monolayers
• Band nesting and exciton spectrum in monolayer MoS${}_2$
• Electrically tuneable exciton-polaritons through free electron doping in monolayer WS${}_2$ microcavities
• Valley Degree of Freedom in Two-Dimensional van der Waals Materials
• In-plane anisotropy in biaxial ReS2 crystals probed by nano-optical imaging of waveguide modes
• Large photo-induced tuning of ferroelectricity in sliding ferroelectrics
• Exciton Assisted Deeply Subwavelength Nano-Photonics
• Probing correlations in the exciton landscape of a moiré heterostructure
• Ultrafast phonon-driven charge transfer in van der Waals heterostructures
• A colloquium on the variational method applied to excitons in 2D materials
• Extrinsic localized excitons in patterned 2D semiconductors
• Generalized scaling law for exciton binding energy in two-dimensional materials
• Exploration of the bright and dark exciton landscape and fine structure of MoS${}_2$ (using G${}_0$W${}_0$-BSE)
• Phyllosilicates as earth-abundant layered materials for electronics and optoelectronics: Prospects and challenges in their ultrathin limit
• Critical assessment of $G_0{W}_0$ calculations for 2D materials: the example of monolayer MoS${}_2$
• Twist angle dependent interlayer transfer of valley polarization from excitons to free charge carriers in WSe${}_2$/MoSe${}_2$ heterobilayers
• Monolayer WS${}_2$ electro- and photo-luminescence enhancement by TFSI treatment
• Analytical description of the 1s exciton linewidth temperature-dependence in transition metal dichalcogenides
• Ab initio study of electromagnatic modes in two-dimensional semiconductors: Application to doped phosphorene
• Ultrafast photocurrent and absorption microscopy of few-layer TMD devices isolate rate-limiting dynamics driving fast and efficient photoresponse
• Chemistry of a light impurity in a Bose-Einstein condensate
• Pressure dependence of intra- and interlayer excitons in 2H-MoS${}_2$ bilayers
• Trion photoluminescence and trion stability in atomically thin semiconductors
• New insights in the lattice dynamics of monolayers, bilayers, and trilayers of WSe2 and unambiguous determination of few-layer-flakes' thickness
• Microscopic modelling of exciton-polariton diffusion coefficients in atomically thin semiconductors
• Multiorbital exciton formation in an organic semiconductor
• Phonon signatures in spectra of exciton polaritons in transition metal dichalcogenides
• Phonon-assisted Exciton Dissociation in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
• Electrically tunable dipolar interactions between layer-hybridized excitons
• Theory of coherent phonons coupled to excitons
• Terahertz fingerprint of monolayer Wigner crystals
• Light-induced topological superconductivity in transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers
• Charge Density Wave Activated Excitons in TiSe${}_2$-MoSe${}_2$ Heterostructures
• Emergence of 6-particle "hexciton'' states in WS${}_2$ and MoSe${}_2$ monolayers
• High-harmonic spectroscopy of strongly bound excitons in solids
• Ultrafast nano-imaging of dark excitons
• Tunable Nanostructuring for van der Waals Materials
• Confined monolayer Ag as a large gap 2D semiconductor and its momentum resolved excited states
• Exciton diffusion in a hBN-encapsulated monolayer MoSe2
• Impact of atomic reconstruction on optical spectra of twisted TMD homobilayers
• Identifying Topological Superconductivity in 2D Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides
• Optical fingerprint of bright and dark localized excitonic states in atomically thin 2D materials
• Interface second harmonic generation enhancement in hetero-bilayer van der Waals nanoantennas
• Quadrupolar Excitons in MoSe${}_2$ Bilayers
• 2D material exciton-polariton transport on 2D photonic crystals
• Raman Scattering with infrared excitation resonant with MoSe${}_2$ indirect band gap
• Impact of substrates and quantum effects on exciton line shapes of 2D semiconductors at room temperature
• Electrophoretic deposition of WS2 flakes on nanoholes arrays. Role of the used suspension medium
• Spintronics in 2D graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures
• Second Harmonic Helicity and Faraday Rotation in Gated Single-Layer 1T${}^{\prime }$-WTe${}_2$
• Probing excitons with time-resolved momentum microscopy
• Light sources with bias tunable spectrum based on van der Waals interface transistors
• Electrically Controlled Interfacial Charge Transfer Induced Excitons in MoSe2-WSe2 Lateral Heterostructure
• Direct visualization of hybrid excitons in van der Waals heterostructures
• Signatures of dark excitons in exciton-polariton optics of transition metal dichalcogenides
• Electrically tunable layer-hybridized trions in doped WSe${}_2$ bilayers
• Engineering the strain and interlayer excitons of 2D materials via lithographically engraved hexagonal boron nitride
• Isolating the Nonlinear Optical Response of a MoS${}_2$ Monolayer under Extreme Screening of a Metal Substrate
• Interlayer exciton polaritons in homobilayers of transition metal dichalcogenides
• Microscopic theory of the polarizability of transition metal dichalcogenides excitons: Application to WSe2
• Large trion binding energy in monolayer WS${}_2$ via strain-enhanced electron-phonon coupling
• Toward improved property prediction of 2D materials using many-body quantum Monte Carlo methods
• Phonon screening of excitons in atomically thin semiconductors
• Efficacy of Boron Nitride Encapsulation against Plasma-Processing in van der Waals Heterostructures
• Electronic structure of $\mathbf{\alpha }$-RuCl${}_3$ by fixed-node and fixed-phase diffusion Monte Carlo methods
• Shaping Exciton Polarization Dynamics in 2D Semiconductors by Tailored Ultrafast Pulses
• Interlayer Coupling Induced Quasiparticles
• Polarization and charge-separation of moiré excitons in van der Waals heterostructures
• Effect of intravalley and intervalley electron-hole exchange on the nonlinear optical response of monolayer MoSe${}_2$
• Perturbation of charge density waves in 1T-TiSe${}_2$
• Nano-Raman Spectroscopy Analysis of Nanoprotuberances in MoSe2
• Controlling relaxation dynamics of excitonic states in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides WS2 through interface engineering
• Fabrication of high-quality PMMA/SiO${}_x$ spaced planar microcavities for strong coupling of light with monolayer WS${}_2$ excitons
• Excitonic Tonks-Girardeau and charge-density wave phases in monolayer semiconductors
• Review: Advanced characterization of the spatial variation of moiré heterostructures and moiré excitons
• Valley-exchange coupling probed by angle-resolved photoluminescence
• The Importance of Pure Dephasing in the Optical Response of Excitons in High-quality van der Waals Heterostructures
• Excitons in Atomically Thin TMD in Electric and Magnetic Fields
• Electron dynamics in a 2D nanobubble: A two-level system based on spatial density
• Third-order polarizability of interlayer excitons in hetero-bilayers
• Two dimensional semiconductors: optical and electronic properties
• Probing Noncentrosymmetric 2D Materials by Fourier Space Second Harmonic Imaging
• Efficient calculation of trion energies in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
• Probing the formation of dark interlayer excitons via ultrafast photocurrent
• Exciton interacting with a moiré lattice: Polarons, strings, and optical probing of spin correlations
• Doping-induced non-Markovian interference causes excitonic linewidth broadening in monolayer WSe${}_2$
• Spatiotemporal dynamics of Coulomb-correlated carriers in semiconductors
• Brightening odd-parity excitons in transition-metal dichalcogenides: Rashba spin-orbit interaction, skyrmions, and cavity polaritons
• Transport through vertical graphene contacts under intense laser fields
• Engineering Purcell factor anisotropy for dark and bright excitons in two dimensional semiconductors
• Mixed quantum-classical modeling of exciton-phonon scattering in solids: Application to optical linewidths of monolayer MoS2
• Phonon-mediated exciton capture in Mo-based transition metal dichalcogenides
• Exchange-enhanced spin-orbit splitting and its density dependence for electrons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides
• Phonon Assisted Exciton Processes in Two-Dimensional Tungsten Monocarbide
• Spin/Valley pumping of resident electrons in WSe2 and WS2 monolayers
• Detecting photoelectrons from spontaneously formed excitons
• Spintronic Quantum Phase Transition in a $Graphene/P{b}_{0.24}S{n}_{0.76}Te$ Heterostructure with Giant Rashba Spin-Orbit Coupling
• Excitonic effects in twisted bilayer graphene
• Tuning of exciton type by environmental screening
• Light-induced Nonlinear Spin Hall Current in Single-layer WTe${}_2$
• Energetic comparison of exciton gas versus electron-hole plasma in a bilayer two-dimensional electron-hole system
• Distinct terahertz third-harmonic generation of many-body excitonic states
• Selectively strong coupling MoS${}_2$ excitons to a metamaterial at room temperature
• Engineering the Radiative Dynamics of Thermalized Excitons with Metal Interfaces
• Observation of anisotropic dispersive dark exciton dynamics in CrSBr
• Cryogenic Nano-Imaging of Excitons in a Monolayer Semiconductor
• Silicon nanoantennas for tailoring the optical properties of MoS2 monolayers
• Polariton transport in 2D semiconductors: Phonon-mediated transitions between ballistic, superdiffusive and exciton-limited regimes
• Impact of an electron Wigner crystal on exciton propagation
• Exciton-spin interactions in antiferromagnetic charge-transfer insulators
• Optical response of WSe${}_2$-based vertical tunneling junction
• Multiple Parameter Dynamic Photoresponse Microscopy for data-intensive optoelectronic measurements of van der Waals heterostructures
• Brightening dark excitons and trions in systems with a Mexican-hat energy dispersion: example of InSe
• Variational and field-theoretical approach to exciton-exciton interactions and biexcitons in semiconductors
• Scalable Etch-Free Transfer of Low-Dimensional Materials from Metal Films to Diverse Substrates
• Electrically modulated light-emitting diodes driven by resonant and antiresonant tunneling between Cr${}_2$Ge${}_2$Te${}_6$ electrodes
• Trion-phonon interaction in atomically thin semiconductors
• Non-local interactions and supersolidity of moiré excitons
• Layered semiconductors integrated with polyimide thin films for high-quality valleytronic and quantum-photonic systems
• Quantum defects of Rydberg excitons in cuprous oxide: A semiclassical spherical model
• Tracking the photoinduced dynamics of a dark excitonic state in single-layer WS${}_2$ via resonant Autler-Townes splitting
• Ultrafast Charge Transfer Dynamics at the MoS${}_2$/Au Interface Observed via Optical Spectroscopy under Ambient Conditions
• Emergence of a condensate with finite-energy Cooper pairing in hybrid exciton/superconductor systems
• Valley-controlled many-body exciton interactions in monolayer WSe${}_2$ phototransistors
• Engineering strong coupling in ultra-compact photonic crystal/2D material platforms
• Low-dimensional platforms for single photon detection
• Phonon-induced Markovian and non-Markovian effects on absorption spectra of moiré excitons in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers
• Unconventional bright ground-state excitons in monolayer TiI${}_2$ from first-principles calculations
• Exchange-Correlation Functionals in 2D Materials: Applications, Challenges, and Limitations
• Gate-modulated reflectance spectroscopy for detecting excitonic species in two-dimensional semiconductors