Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars

Abstract

Our understanding of massive star evolution is in flux, due to recent upheavals in our view of mass loss, and observations of a high binary fraction among O-type stars. Mass-loss rates for standard metallicity-dependent winds of hot stars are now thought to be lower by a factor of 2-3 compared to rates adopted in modern stellar evolution models, due to the influence of clumping. Weaker line-driven winds shift the burden of H-envelope removal elsewhere, so that the dominant modes of mass loss are the winds, pulsations, and eruptions of evolved supergiants, as well as binary mass transfer. Studies of stripped-envelope supernovae, in particular, require binary mass transfer. Dramatic examples of eruptive mass loss are seen in Type IIn supernovae, which have massive shells ejected just a few years before core collapse. The shifting emphasis from steady winds to episodic mass loss is a major change for low-metallicity regions, since eruptions and binary mass transfer are less sensitive to metallicity. We encounter the predicament that the most important modes of mass loss are also the most uncertain, undermining the predictive power of single-star evolution models beyond core H burning. Moreover, the influence of winds and rotation in models has been evaluated by testing single-star models against observed statistics that, as it turns out, are heavily influenced by binary evolution. This alters our view about the most basic outcomes of massive-star mass loss --- are WR stars and SNe Ibc the products of single-star winds, or are they mostly the result of binary evolution and eruptive mass loss? This paradigm shift has far-reaching impact on a number of other areas of astronomy. (abridged)

46 pages, to appear in Anual Reviews of AStronomy & Astrophysics, 2014, volume 52

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• Point-source and diffuse high-energy neutrino emission from Type IIn supernovae
• SN 2015U: A Rapidly Evolving and Luminous Type Ibn Supernova
• The very young resolved stellar populations around stripped-envelope supernovae
• Did the progenitor of SN2011dh have a binary companion?
• Confronting Models of Massive Star Evolution and Explosions with Remnant Mass Measurements
• Early X-ray Flares in GRBs
• X-ray Emission from SN 2012ca: A Type Ia-CSM Supernova Explosion in a Dense Surrounding Medium
• SN2013fs and SN2013fr: Exploring the circumstellar-material diversity in Type II supernovae
• Star Formation Regulation and Self-Pollution by Stellar Wind Feedback
• Three-dimensional core-collapse supernovae with complex magnetic structures: I. Explosion dynamics
• First ALMA Light Curve Constrains Refreshed Reverse Shocks and Jet Magnetization in GRB 161219B
• Evolved Massive Stars at Low-metallicity I. A Source Catalog for the Small Magellanic Cloud
• Modelling of the Effects of Stellar Feedback during Star Cluster Formation Using a Hybrid Gas and N-Body Method
• Supernova Progenitors, Their Variability, and the Type IIP Supernova ASASSN-16fq in M66
• Are Models for Core-Collapse Supernova Progenitors Consistent with the Properties of Supernova Remnants?
• The Diverse Properties of Type Icn Supernovae Point to Multiple Progenitor Channels
• The fates of massive stars: exploring uncertainties in stellar evolution with METISSE
• A JWST Survey of the Supernova Remnant Cassiopeia A
• Evidence for past interaction with an asymmetric circumstellar shell in the young SNR Cassiopeia A
• Origins of Type Ibn SNe 2006jc/2015G in interacting binaries and implications for pre-SN eruptions
• Pre-supernova evolution and final fate of stellar mergers and accretors of binary mass transfer
• Wind-envelope interaction as the origin of the slow cyclic brightness variations of luminous blue variables
• Circumstellar interaction in supernovae in dense environments - an observational perspective
• Light Curve Model for Luminous Red Novae and Inferences about the Ejecta of Stellar Mergers
• Statistical properties of the nebular spectra of 103 stripped envelope core collapse supernovae
• The Galactic Dust-Up: Modeling Dust Evolution in FIRE
• The evolution of CNO elements in galaxies
• Impact of Winds from Intermediate-Mass Stars on Molecular Cloud Structure and Turbulence
• The Physics of Flash (Supernova) Spectroscopy
• Luminous Supernovae: Unveiling a Population Between Superluminous and Normal Core-collapse Supernovae
• Common envelope jets supernova (CEJSN) impostors resulting from a neutron star companion
• Dust in the wind: the role of recent mass loss in long gamma-ray bursts
• The peculiar mass-loss history of SN 2014C as revealed through AMI radio observations
• Formation and merging of Mass Gap Black Holes in Gravitational Wave Merger Events from Wide Hierarchical Quadruple Systems
• Observations of SN 2017ein Reveal Shock Breakout Emission and A Massive Progenitor Star for a Type Ic Supernova
• SN Hunt 248: a super-Eddington outburst from a massive cool hypergiant
• A Potential Progenitor for the Type Ic Supernova 2017ein
• Pathways for producing binary black holes with large misaligned spins in the isolated formation channel
• Two stripped envelope supernovae with circumstellar interaction -- but only one really shows it
• NGC 300 ULX1: A test case for accretion torque theory
• The Nearby Type Ibn Supernova 2015G: Signatures of Asymmetry and Progenitor Constraints
• On the Gaia DR2 distances for Galactic Luminous Blue Variables
• Progenitors of early-time interacting supernovae
• The possible detection of a binary companion to a Type Ibn supernova progenitor
• The physics of Core-Collapse Supernovae: explosion mechanism and explosive nucleosynthesis
• The Impact of Nuclear Reaction Rate Uncertainties On The Evolution of Core-Collapse Supernova Progenitors
• Millimeter Observations of the Type II SN2023ixf: Constraints on the Proximate Circumstellar Medium
• Nucleosynthesis of binary-stripped stars
• Bimodal black-hole mass distribution and chirp masses of binary black-hole mergers
• Optical and IR observations of SN 2013L, a Type IIn Supernova surrounded by asymmetric CSM
• Features of Accretion-phase Gravitational-wave Emission from Two-dimensional Rotating Core-collapse Supernovae
• A transient radio source consistent with a merger-triggered core collapse supernova
• Revisiting the explodability of single massive star progenitors of stripped-envelope supernovae
• Evolutionary models of red supergiants: Evidence for a metallicity-dependent mixing length and implications for Type IIP supernova progenitors
• An HST Survey for 100-1000 AU Companions around Young Stellar Objects in the Orion Molecular Clouds: Evidence for Environmentally Dependent Multiplicity
• Modelling Luminous-Blue-Variable Isolation
• iPTF15eqv: Multi-wavelength Exposé of a Peculiar Calcium-rich Transient
• Supernova ejecta interacting with a circumstellar disk. I. two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive stars at low metallicity. III. Terminal wind speeds of ULLYSES massive stars
• G11.2-0.3: The Young Remnant of a Stripped-Envelope Supernova
• Hydrodynamical simulations and similarity relations for eruptive mass loss from massive stars
• Probing Final Stages of Stellar Evolution with X-Ray Observations of SN 2013ej
• Oxygen and helium in stripped-envelope supernovae
• Catching a star before explosion: the luminous blue variable progenitor of SN 2015bh
• Luminous Late-time Radio Emission from Supernovae Detected by the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS)
• Revisiting the Impact of Dust Production from Carbon-Rich Wolf-Rayet Binaries
• Nuclear timescale mass transfer in models of supergiant and ultra-luminous X-ray binaries
• The Peculiar Transient AT2018cow: A Possible Origin of A Type Ibn/IIn Supernova
• X-Ray and Radio Emission from the Luminous Supernova 2005kd
• Seven years of coordinated Chandra-NuSTAR observations of SN2014C unfold the extreme mass-loss history of its stellar progenitor
• Shedding Light on the Isolation of Luminous Blue Variables
• The Carnegie Supernova Project II. The shock wave revealed through the fog: The strongly interacting Type IIn SN 2013L
• High-Cadence, Early-Time Observations of Core-Collapse Supernovae From the TESS Prime Mission
• A Systematic Study of Ia-CSM Supernovae from the ZTF Bright Transient Survey
• Type II supernovae from the Carnegie Supernova Project-I. III. Understanding SN II diversity through correlations between physical and observed properties
• Molecular Line Observations in Two Dusty Star-Forming Galaxies at z = 6.9
• Binary comb models for FRB 121102
• Super-Eddington stellar winds: unifying radiative-enthalpy vs. flux-driven models
• Constraining massive star activities in the final years through properties of supernovae and their progenitors
• SN 2009ip after a decade: The luminous blue variable progenitor is now gone
• Thermonuclear Explosions and Accretion-induced Collapses of White Dwarfs in Active Galactic Nucleus Accretion Disks
• ZTF18aalrxas: A Type IIb Supernova from a very extended low-mass progenitor
• Constraints on Type IIn Supernova Progenitor Outbursts from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search
• Massive stars dying alone: The extremely remote environment of SN 2009ip
• Circumstellar Material Ejected Violently by A Massive Star Immediately before its Death
• Stripped-envelope core-collapse supernova ${}^{56}$Ni masses: Persistently larger values than supernovae type II
• An Early-Time Optical and Ultraviolet Excess in the type-Ic SN 2020oi
• High-resolution spectroscopy of SN 2017hcc and its blueshifted line profiles from post-shock dust formation
• Supernova Interaction with a Dense Detached Shell in SN 2001em
• Supernova Precursor Emission and the Origin of Pre-Explosion Stellar Mass-Loss
• RIGEL: Simulating dwarf galaxies at solar mass resolution with radiative transfer and feedback from individual massive stars
• Jets in Hydrogen-poor Super-luminous Supernovae: Constraints from a Comprehensive Analysis of Radio Observations
• SN 2016coi (ASASSN-16fp): an energetic H-stripped core-collapse supernova from a massive stellar progenitor with large mass loss
• Massive Stellar Mergers as Precursors of Hydrogen-rich Pulsational Pair Instability Supernovae
• A Multiple Ejecta-Circumstellar Medium Interaction Model and Its Implications for Superluminous Supernovae iPTF15esb and iPTF13dcc
• Radiation hydrodynamical simulations of eruptive mass Loss from progenitors of Type Ibn/IIn supernovae
• The final months of massive star evolution from the circumstellar environment around SN Ic 2020oi
• Mass discrepancy analysis for a select sample of Type II-Plateau supernovae
• Explaining the differences in massive star models from various simulations
• A non-equipartition shockwave traveling in a dense circumstellar environment around SN2020oi
• The Persistent Eruption of UGC~2773-OT: Finally, a Decade-Long Extragalactic Eta Carinae Analog
• SN2012ab: A Peculiar Type IIn Supernova with Aspherical Circumstellar Material
• A Complete Census of Luminous Stellar Variability on Day to Decade Timescales
• The locations of features in the mass distribution of merging binary black holes are robust against uncertainties in the metallicity-dependent cosmic star formation history
• Circumstellar Medium Interaction in SN 2018lab, A Low-Luminosity II-P Supernova observed with TESS
• The isolation of Luminous Blue Variables: On subdividing the sample
• Comparison of Theoretical Starburst Photoionisation Models for Optical Diagnostics
• Critical angular velocity and anisotropic mass loss of rotating stars with radiation-driven winds
• Exceptionally fast ejecta seen in light echoes of Eta Carinae's Great Eruption
• The diversity of supernovae and impostors shortly after explosion
• Mass ejection in failed supernovae: equation of state and neutrino loss dependence
• The luminous and rapidly evolving SN 2018bcc: Clues toward the origin of Type Ibn SNe from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• A Luminous Transient Event in a Sample of WISE-Selected Variable AGN
• The photometric variability of massive stars due to gravity waves excited by core convection
• Is Betelgeuse the Outcome of a Past Merger?
• The changing-type SN 2014C may come from an 11-$M_{\odot }$ star stripped by binary interaction and violent eruption
• Discovery of an intermediate-luminosity red transient in M51 and its likely dust-obscured, infrared-variable progenitor
• Supernova 2014C: ongoing interaction with extended circumstellar material with silicate dust
• Three-Dimensional Kinematic Reconstruction of the Optically-Emitting, High-Velocity, Oxygen-Rich Ejecta of Supernova Remnant N132D
• Two Distinct-Absorption X-Ray Components from Type IIn Supernovae: Evidence for Asphericity in the Circumstellar Medium
• Shock Dynamics in Stellar Outbursts: I. Shock formation
• The dusty aftermath of SN Hunt248: merger-burst remnant?
• A Massive Star is Born: How Feedback from Stellar Winds, Radiation Pressure, and Collimated Outflows Limits Accretion onto Massive Stars
• Partial Stellar Explosions -- Ejected Mass and Minimal Energy
• SN 2012aa - a transient between Type Ibc core-collapse and superluminous supernovae
• Evolved Massive Stars at Low-metallicity III. A Source Catalog for the Large Magellanic Cloud
• A UV census of the environments of stripped-envelope supernovae
• Progenitors of Type IIb Supernovae: II. Observable Properties
• Light Echoes from Eta Carinae's Great Eruption: Spectrophotometric Evolution and the Rapid Formation of Nitrogen-rich Molecules
• Photometric and spectroscopic evolution of the interacting transient AT 2016jbu (Gaia16cfr)
• SN 2018gjx reveals that some SNe Ibn are SNe IIb exploding in dense circumstellar material
• Interaction of SN~Ib 2004dk with a Previously-Expelled Envelope
• The double-peaked radio light curve of PTF11qcj
• Discovery and Rapid Follow-up Observations of the Unusual Type II SN 2018ivc in NGC 1068
• A systematic reclassification of type IIn supernovae
• The Slow Demise of the Long-Lived SN 2005ip
• On the Red Supergiant Wind Kink. A Universal mass-loss concept for massive stars
• The impact of realistic red supergiant mass-loss on stellar evolution
• Convectively Driven Three Dimensional Turbulence in Massive Star Envelopes: I. A 1D Implementation of Diffusive Radiative Transport
• Evolved Massive Stars at Low-metallicity II. Red Supergiant Stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• How common is LBV S Dor variability at low metallicity?
• Broad-lined type Ic supernova iPTF16asu: A challenge to all popular models
• The origin of the late-time luminosity of supernova 2011dh
• SNAPSHOT: Connections between Internal and Surface Properties of Massive Stars
• On the observational behaviour of the highly polarized Type IIn supernova SN 2017hcc
• Stromlo Stellar Tracks: non-solar scaled abundances for massive stars
• Expansion of Kes 73, a Shell Supernova Remnant Containing a Magnetar
• Characterizing dynamical states of Galactic open clusters with Gaia DR2
• Core-collapse supernova progenitor constraints using the spatial distributions of massive stars in local galaxies
• Is the high-energy neutrino event IceCube-200530A associated with a hydrogen-rich superluminous supernova?
• A Generalized Semi-Analytic Model for Magnetar-Driven Supernovae
• SN 2022ann: A type Icn supernova from a dwarf galaxy that reveals helium in its circumstellar environment
• A Long-Duration Luminous Type IIn Supernova KISS15s: Strong Recombination Lines from the Inhomogeneous Ejecta-CSM Interaction Region and Hot Dust Emission from Newly Formed Dust
• Clumping and X-Rays in cooler B supergiant stars
• The Zwicky Transient Facility phase I sample of hydrogen-rich superluminous supernovae without strong narrow emission lines
• SN 2009ip: Constraining the latest explosion properties by its late-phase light curve
• A Spectroscopic Study of the Rich Supernova Remnant Population in M83
• Short Term Variability of Evolved Massive Stars with TESS
• CG X-1: an eclipsing Wolf-Rayet ULX in the Circinus galaxy
• Red Supergiants in M31: The Humphreys-Davidson limit at high metallicity
• Collective non-thermal emission from an extragalactic jet interacting with stars
• SN 2014C: VLBI Images of a Supernova Interacting with a Circumstellar Shell
• Supernova explosions interacting with aspherical circumstellar material: implications for light curves, spectral line profiles, and polarization
• Supernova 2018cuf: A Type IIP supernova with a slow fall from plateau
• The Impact of Progenitor Mass Loss on the Dynamical and Spectral Evolution of Supernova Remnants
• Interacting supernovae as high-energy multimessenger transients
• The impact of winds on the spectral appearance of Red Supergiants
• The Candidate Progenitor of the Type IIn SN 2010jl is Not an Optically Luminous Star
• Is Betelgeuse Really Rotating? Synthetic ALMA Observations of Large-scale Convection in 3D Simulations of Red Supergiants
• Extreme isolation of WN3/O3 stars and implications for their evolutionary origin as the elusive stripped binaries
• Propulsion of Spacecrafts to Relativistic Speeds Using Natural Astrophysical Sources
• The Candidate Progenitor Companion Star of the Type Ib/c SN 2013ge
• GRB 090510: a genuine short-GRB from a binary neutron star coalescing into a Kerr-Newman black hole
• The effect of mass loss in models of red supergiants in the Small Magellanic Cloud
• VETTAM: A scheme for radiation hydrodynamics with adaptive mesh refinement using the variable Eddington tensor method
• Extremely metal-poor galaxy DDO 68: the LBV, H-alpha shells and the most luminous stars
• LSQ13ddu: A rapidly-evolving stripped-envelope supernova with early circumstellar interaction signatures
• Evolving into a remnant: optical observations of SN 1978K at three decades
• Time Evolution of Gamma Rays from Supernova Remnants
• On the ultra-relativistic Prompt Emission (UPE), the Hard and Soft X-ray Flares, and the extended thermal emission (ETE) in GRB 151027A
• Inferring the parallax of Westerlund 1 from Gaia DR2
• Precursors of Supernovae from Mass Eruption: Prospects for Early Warning of Nearby Core-collapse Supernovae
• Expanding CO Shells in the Orion A Molecular Cloud
• Evidence for multiple origins of fast declining Type II supernovae from spectropolarimetry of SN 2013ej and SN 2017ahn
• Supernova PTF12glz: a possible shock breakout driven through an aspherical wind
• Early Evolution and 3D Structure of Embedded Star Clusters
• A new and unusual LBV-like outburst from a Wolf-Rayet star in the outskirts of M33
• IR nebulae around bright massive stars as indicators for binary interactions
• Updated Photometry of the Yellow Supergiant Progenitor and Late-time Observations of the Type IIb Supernova 2016gkg
• A machine-learning photometric classifier for massive stars in nearby galaxies I. The method
• Application of Convolutional Neural Networks to Identify Stellar Feedback Bubbles in CO Emission
• Revealing Efficient Dust-Formation at Low Metallicity in Extragalactic Carbon-Rich Wolf-Rayet Binaries
• Demonstration of a novel method for measuring mass-loss rates for massive stars
• Type II-P Supernova Progenitor Star Initial Masses and SN 2020jfo: Direct Detection, Light Curve Properties, Nebular Spectroscopy, and Local Environment
• The isolation of Luminous Blue Variables resembles aging B-type supergiants, not the most massive unevolved stars
• Dynamical Evolution and Radiative Processes of Supernova Remnants
• SN2020qlb: A hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova with well-characterized light curve undulations
• The Herschel view of the nebula around the luminous blue variable star AG Carinae
• A JVLA survey of the high frequency radio emission of the massive magnetic B- and O-type stars
• The Spectral Temperature of Optically Thick Outflows with Application to Light Echo Spectra from $\eta$~Carinae's Giant Eruption
• The Type IIn Supernova 2010bt: The Explosion of a Star in Outburst
• Radio Analysis of SN 2004C Reveals an Unusual CSM Density Profile as a Harbinger of Core Collapse
• Evolution of massive stars with new hydrodynamic wind models
• Radiative Acceleration of Dense Circumstellar Material in Interacting Supernovae
• The circumstellar material around the Type IIP SN 2021yja
• Late-time H/He-poor circumstellar interaction in the type-Ic supernova SN 2021ocs: an exposed oxygen-magnesium layer and extreme stripping of the progenitor
• Gap Transients Interacting with Circumstellar Medium
• The luminous Type IIN supernova SN 2017hcc: Infrared bright, X-ray and radio faint
• Detecting High-Energy Neutrino Minibursts from Local Supernovae with Multiple Neutrino Observatories
• Far-Ultraviolet Spectra of Main-Sequence O Stars at Extremely Low Metallicity
• An H-alpha survey of the host environments of 77 type IIn supernovae within z<0.02
• Shock-heated radiation-driven outflows as a solution to the weak-wind problem of late O-type stars
• Observational signature of circumstellar interaction and ${}^{56}$Ni-mixing in the Type II Supernova 2016gfy
• The Expansion of the Forward Shock of 1E 0102.2-7219 in X-rays
• Self-consistent solutions for line-driven winds of hot massive stars. The m-CAK procedure
• An extensive spectroscopic time-series of three Wolf-Rayet stars. I. The lifetime of large-scale structures in the wind of WR 134
• VLTI/AMBER spectro-interferometry of the late-type supergiants V766 Cen (=HR 5171 A), sigma Oph, BM Sco, and HD 206859
• The O- and B-Type Stellar Population in W3: Beyond the High-Density Layer
• Multiple Peaks and a Long Precursor in the Type IIn Supernova 2021qqp: An Energetic Explosion in a Complex Circumstellar Environment
• An Exceptional Dimming Event for a Massive, Cool Supergiant in M51
• Effect of scattering on the transonic solution topology and intrinsic variability of line-driven stellar winds
• A systematic study of super-Eddington layers in the envelopes of massive stars
• Searching for the expelled hydrogen envelope in Type I supernovae via late-time H-alpha emission
• Non-Universal Stellar Initial Mass Functions: Large Uncertainties in Star Formation Rates at $z\approx 2-4$ and Other Astrophysical Probes
• Centrifugally Driven Mass Loss and Outbursts of Massive Stars
• On the evolutionary state of massive stars in transition phases in M33
• A characterization of ASAS-SN core-collapse supernova environments with VLT+MUSE: I. Sample selection, analysis of local environments, and correlations with light curve properties
• On the Number of Stars in the Sun's Birth Cluster
• The effect of circumstellar matter on the double-peaked type Ic supernovae and implications for LSQ14efd, iPTF15dtg and SN 2020bvc
• Extremely energetic supernova explosions embedded in a massive circumstellar medium: the case of SN 2016aps
• The Wolf-Rayet binaries of the nitrogen sequence in the Large Magellanic Cloud: spectroscopy, orbital analysis, formation, and evolution
• A population of Type Ibc supernovae with massive progenitors; broad lightcurves not uncommon in (i)PTF
• KSP-SN-2016kf: a long-rising H-rich Type II Supernova with unusually high ${}^{56}$Ni mass discovered in the KMTNet Supernova Program
• Eruption of the Envelope of Massive Stars by Energy Injection with Finite Duration
• An XMM-Newton and NuSTAR study of IGR J18214-1318: a non-pulsating high-mass X-ray binary with a neutron star
• Identification of dusty massive stars in star-forming dwarf irregular galaxies in the Local Group with mid-IR photometry
• Uncovering the orbital dynamics of stars hidden inside their powerful winds: application to $\eta$ Carinae and RMC 140
• The possible disappearance of a massive star in the low metallicity galaxy PHL 293B
• Detection of the Red Supergiant Wind from the Progenitor of Cassiopeia A
• The IACOB project XI. No increase of mass-loss rates over the bistability region
• Evolution of Helium Star - White Dwarf Binaries Leading up to Thermonuclear Supernovae
• Probing the Innermost Ejecta Layers in SNR Kes 75: Implications for the Supernova Progenitor
• Binarity at Low Metallicity (BLOeM) -- Multiplicity properties of Oe and Be stars
• CHIPS: Complete History of Interaction-Powered Supernovae
• SPIRITS 16tn in NGC 3556: A heavily obscured and low-luminosity supernova at 8.8 Mpc
• A cosmic formation site of silicon and sulphur revealed by a new type of supernova explosion
• Toward a better understanding of supernova environments: a study of SNe 2004dg and 2012P in NGC 5806 with HST and MUSE
• Helium and Nitrogen Enrichment in Massive Main Sequence Stars: Mechanisms and Implications for the Origin of WNL Stars
• A Panchromatic Study of Massive Stars in the Extremely Metal-Poor Local Group Dwarf Galaxy Leo A
• Multiwavelength Observations of NaSt1 (WR 122): Equatorial Mass Loss and X-rays from an Interacting Wolf-Rayet Binary
• Origin and Impacts of the First Cosmic Rays
• SN 2020bio: A Double-peaked, H-poor Type IIb Supernova with Evidence of Circumstellar Interaction
• Aluminium-26 from massive binary stars III. Binary stars up to core-collapse and their impact on the early Solar System
• Induced Gravitational Collapse, Binary-Driven Hypernovae, Long Gramma-ray Bursts and Their Connection with Short Gamma-ray Bursts
• Upper Limits on Very-High-Energy Gamma-ray Emission from Core-Collapse Supernovae Observed with H.E.S.S
• Nebular Halpha emission in SN Ia 2016jae
• The Type II Superluminous SN 2008es at Late Times: Near-Infrared Excess and Circumstellar Interaction
• Exploring the influence of different velocity fields on Wolf-Rayet star spectra
• Detection of Pristine Circumstellar Material of the Cassiopeia A Supernova
• PION: Simulating bow shocks and circumstellar nebulae
• Constraints on the Progenitor System of SN 2016gkg from a Comprehensive Statistical Analysis
• Empirical mass-loss rates and clumping properties of O-type stars in the LMC
• Investigating episodic mass loss in evolved massive stars: I. Spectroscopy of dusty massive stars in ten southern galaxies
• Evolved Massive Stars at Low-metallicity IV. Using 1.6 $\mu$m "H-bump" to identify red supergiant stars: a case study of NGC 6822
• Lyman-$\alpha$ feedback prevails at Cosmic Dawn: Implications for the first galaxies, stars, and star clusters
• Systematic investigation of the effect of 56Ni mixing in the early photospheric velocity evolution of stripped-envelope supernovae
• Probing the Soft X-ray Properties and Multi-Wavelength Variability of SN2023ixf and its Progenitor
• Comparison between the first and second mass eruptions from progenitors of Type IIn supernovae
• X-Ray Luminous Supernovae: Threats to Terrestrial Biospheres
• A moderately precise dynamical age for the Homunculus of Eta Carinae based on 13 years of HST imaging
• The zenithal 4-m International Liquid Mirror Telescope: a unique facility for supernova studies
• Constraining Very High Mass Population III Stars through He II Emission in Galaxy BDF-521 at z = 7.01
• Deep optical study of the mixed-morphology supernova remnant G 132.7+1.3 (HB3)
• Unveiling the Nature of SN 2011fh: a Young and Massive Star Gives Rise to a Luminous SN 2009ip-like Event
• Physical parameters of red supergiants in dwarf irregular galaxies in the Local Group
• The Infrared Massive Stellar Content of M83
• Exploring the Energy Sources Powering the Light Curve of the Type Ibn Supernova PS15dpn and the Mass-Loss History of the SN Progenitor
• The Formation of Black Holes in Non-interacting, Isolated Binaries. Gaia Black Holes as Calibrators of Stellar Winds From Massive Stars
• Early Ultra-Violet observations of type IIn supernovae constrain the asphericity of their circumstellar material
• The Energy Sources of Double-peaked superluminous supernova PS1-12cil and luminous supernova SN 2012aa
• The landscape of binary core-collapse supernova progenitors and the late emergence of Wolf-Rayet winds
• The nebular spectra of SN 2023ixf: A lower mass, partially stripped progenitor may be the result of binary interaction
• Probing pre-supernova mass loss in double-peaked Type Ibc supernovae from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• Revisiting the progenitor of the low-luminosity type II-plateau supernova, SN 2008bk
• The radial distribution of supernovae compared to star formation tracers
• ASASSN-18am/SN 2018gk : An overluminous Type IIb supernova from a massive progenitor
• Asymmetric Ejecta of Cool Supergiants and Hypergiants in the Massive Cluster Westerlund 1
• Mixing of materials in magnetised core-collapse supernova remnants
• The Interaction of Supernova 2018evt with a Substantial Amount of Circumstellar Matter -- An SN1997cy-like Event
• A wind-blown bubble in the Central Molecular Zone cloud G0.253+0.016
• The Wolf-Rayet Stellar Response To The Iron Opacity Bump: Envelope Inflation, Winds, and Microturbulence
• SN 1961V: A Pulsational Pair-Instability Supernova
• Paving the way to simultaneous multi-wavelength astronomy
• Monitoring luminous yellow massive stars in M33: new yellow hypergiant candidates
• Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM): Enhanced multiplicity of early B-type dwarfs and giants at $Z=0.2{\mathrm{Z}}_{\odot }$
• Investigating 39 Galactic Wolf-Rayet stars with VLTI/GRAVITY: Uncovering A Long Period Binary Desert
• A Grid of Core-Collapse Supernova Remnant Models I: The Effect of Wind-Driven Mass-Loss
• Towards an understanding of long gamma-ray burst environments through circumstellar medium population synthesis predictions
• The morphology of the ejecta of SN 1987A at 31 years from 1150 to 10000 Å
• Mechanical feedback from stellar winds with an application to galaxy formation at high redshift
• Effects of Winds on the Optical Properties of Type Ib and Ic Supernova Progenitors
• Early-time gamma-ray constraints on cosmic-ray acceleration in the core-collapse SN 2023ixf with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• The Center of Expansion and Age of the Oxygen-rich Supernova Remnant 1E 0102.2-7219
• Finding $\eta$ Car Analogs in Nearby Galaxies Using Spitzer: II. Identification of An Emerging Class of Extragalactic Self-Obscured Stars
• The mass distribution of stars stripped in binaries: The effect of metallicity
• The Exceptional X-ray Evolution of SN1996cr in High Resolution
• Inferring CSM Properties of Type II SNe Using a Magnitude-Limited ZTF Sample
• Simultaneous 183 GHz H2O Maser and SiO Observations Towards Evolved Stars Using APEX SEPIA Band 5
• Asymmetries and Circumstellar Interaction in the Type II SN 2024bch
• Exploring the multifaceted circumstellar environment of the Luminous Blue Variable HR Carinae
• Tracing the evolution of short-period binaries with super-synchronous fast rotators
• New constraints on the gamma-ray and high energy neutrino fluxes from the circumstellar interaction of SN 2023ixf
• VLTI-PIONIER imaging of the red supergiant V602 Carinae
• Long-term soft and hard X-ray investigation of the colliding wind WN+O binary WR 25
• Post maximum light and late time optical imaging polarimetry of type I superluminous supernova 2020znr
• SNhunt151: an explosive event inside a dense cocoon
• A low-metallicity massive contact binary undergoing slow Case A mass transfer: A detailed spectroscopic and orbital analysis of SSN 7 in NGC 346 in the SMC
• The infrared echo of SN2010jl and its implications for shock breakout characteristics
• iPTF14hls in the circumstellar medium interaction model: A promising candidate for a pulsational pair-instability supernova
• Luminous Type II Short-Plateau SN 2023ufx: Asymmetric Explosion of a Partially-Stripped Massive Progenitor
• SN 2014C: VLBI image shows a shell structure and decelerated expansion
• Optical Rebrightening of Extragalactic Transients from the Zwicky Transient Facility
• A Flat-Spectrum Radio Transient at 122 Mpc consistent with an Emerging Pulsar Wind Nebula
• A Systematic Study Of Superluminous Supernova Lightcurve Models Using Clustering
• Stochastic Core Spin-Up in Massive Stars -- Implications of 3D Simulations of Oxygen Shell Burning
• Properties of luminous red supergiant stars in the Magellanic Clouds
• Stagnant Shells in the Vicinity of the Dusty Wolf-Rayet-OB Binary WR 112
• The metamorphosis of the Type Ib SN 2019yvr: late-time interaction
• The Maximum Black Hole Mass at Solar Metallicity
• A numerical light curve model for interaction-powered supernovae
• A multi-wavelength search for intrinsic linear polarization in Wolf-Rayet winds
• An Apparent Precessing Helical Outflow from a Massive Evolved Star: Evidence for Binary Interaction
• On the diversity of strongly-interacting Type IIn supernovae
• Dissecting a SN impostor's circumstellar medium: MUSEing about the SHAPE of eta Car's outer ejecta
• A New Luminous blue variable in the outskirt of the Andromeda Galaxy
• Herschel observations of the nebula M1-67 around the Wolf-Rayet star WR 124
• Critical Metallicity of Cool Supergiant Formation. I. Effects on Stellar Mass Loss and Feedback
• SN 2014ab: An Aspherical Type IIn Supernova with Low Polarization
• History of two mass loss processes in VY CMa. Fast outflows carving older ejecta
• Gray Radiation Hydrodynamics with the FLASH Code for Astrophysical Applications
• The Demographics of Binary Companions to Stripped-Envelope Supernovae: Confronting Observations with Population Synthesis
• Investigating episodic mass loss in evolved massive stars: II. Physical properties of red supergiants at subsolar metallicity
• Multi-wavelength View of the Type IIn Zoo: Optical to X-ray Emission Model of Interaction-Powered Supernovae
• Large Cold Dust Reservoir Revealed in Transitional SN Ib 2014C by James Webb Space Telescope Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy
• Modeling the Optical to Ultraviolet Polarimetric Variability from Thomson Scattering in Colliding Wind Binaries
• A Snapshot Survey of Nearby Supernovae with the Hubble Space Telescope
• The Extremely Metal-Poor SN 2023ufx: A Local Analog to High-Redshift Type II Supernovae
• The canonical Luminous Blue Variable AG Car and its neighbor Hen 3-519 are much closer than previously assumed
• Velocity evolution of broad-lined type-Ic supernovae with and without gamma-ray bursts
• The dense and non-homogeneous circumstellar medium revealed in radio wavelengths around the Type Ib SN 2019oys
• Inferring the progenitor mass-kinetic energy relation of stripped-envelope core-collapse supernovae from nebular spectroscopy
• One Year of SN 2023ixf: Breaking Through the Degenerate Parameter Space in Light-Curve Models with Pulsating Progenitors
• Compact Objects in close orbits as Gravitational Wave Sources: Formation Scenarios and Properties
• The Immediate, Exemplary, and Fleeting echelle spectroscopy of SN 2023ixf: Monitoring acceleration of slow progenitor circumstellar material, driven by shock interaction
• Instability, finite amplitude pulsation and mass-loss in models of massive OB-type stars
• Type IIP supernova SN 2016X in radio frequencies
• He abundance of Dense Circumstellar Clumps in the Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant
• Magnetic Archaeology of Early-Type Stellar Dynamos
• Radio evolution of a Type IIb supernova SN 2016gkg
• Shock-cooling Constraints via Early-time Observations of the Type IIb SN 2022hnt
• Probing the Circumstellar Environment of highly luminous type IIn SN ASASSN-14il
• Metallicity Estimation of Core-Collapse Supernova HII Regions in Galaxies within 30 Mpc
• The possible existence of Pop III NS-BH binary and its detectability
• Luminous Blue Variables
• Hydrodynamical interaction of mildly relativistic ejecta with an ambient medium
• Constraints on the environment and energetics of the Broad-Line Ic SN2014ad from deep radio and X-ray observations
• On the Anti-Correlation between Duration and Redshift in Gamma-ray Bursts
• Optical Synchrotron Precursors of Radio Hypernovae
• Near-infrared characterization of four massive stars in transition phases
• Investigating the observational properties of Type Ib supernova SN 2017iro
• Multiple giant eruptions and X-ray emission in the recoiling AGN/LBV candidate SDSS1133
• Ultraviolet Mg II emission from fast neutral ejecta around Eta Carinae
• Supernovae from rotating stars
• SN 2019nyk: A rapidly declining Type II supernova with early interaction signatures
• Supernova Remnants as Clues to Their Progenitors
• The enigmatic double-peaked stripped-envelope SN 2023aew
• Discovery of Five Candidate Analogs for $\eta$Carinae in Nearby Galaxies
• The IACOB project XIV. New clues on the location of the TAMS in the massive star domain
• Supernovae from stellar mergers and accretors of binary mass transfer: Implications for Type IIP, 1987A-like and interacting supernovae
• The contribution by luminous blue variable stars to the dust content of the Magellanic Clouds
• ASASSN-14ms:the Most Energetic Known Explosion of a Type Ibn Supernova and its Physical Origin
• The massive star population of the Virgo Cluster galaxy NGC 4535
• HSC16aayt: Slowly evolving interacting transient rising for more than 100 days
• A Speckle-Imaging Search for Close and Very Faint Companions to the Nearest and Brightest Wolf-Rayet Stars
• Faint but not forgotten. I. First results from a search for astrospheres around AGB stars in the far-ultraviolet
• Exploring extreme brightness variations in blue supergiant MACHO 80.7443.1718: Evidence for companion-driven enhanced mass loss
• Origin of Spectral Hardening of Secondary Cosmic-Ray Nuclei
• Survival of the Fittest: Numerical Modeling of Supernova 2014C
• The Origin and Distance of the High-Velocity Cloud MI
• On the origin of the asymmetry of the ejecta structure and explosion of G350.1$-$0.3
• Inverse Compton cooling of thermal plasma in colliding-wind binaries
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: massive stars at low metallicity: XII. The clumped winds of O-type (super)giants in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• The First Candidate Colliding-Wind Binary in M33
• A binary origin for the first isolated stellar-mass black hole detected with astrometric microlensing
• Low frequency radio observations of SN 2011dh and the evolution of its post-shock plasma properties
• Monte Carlo Radiation Transport for Astrophysical Transients Powered by Circumstellar Interaction
• Escape of cosmic rays from perpendicular shocks in the circumstellar magnetic field
• Discovering new B[e] supergiants and candidate Luminous Blue Variables in nearby galaxies
• Theoretical X-ray light curves of young SNe II: the example of SN 2013ej
• The HST Key Project galaxies NGC 1326A, NGC 1425 and NGC 4548: New variable stars and massive star population
• A long-lasting eruption heralds SN 2023ldh, a clone of SN 2009ip
• Continuum and Spectral Line Radiation from a Random Clumpy Medium
• A Population Study on the Radio Emission of Fast Blue Optical Transients
• The origins of low-luminosity supernovae: the case of SN 2016bkv
• Is FRB 191001 embedded in a supernova remnant?
• UV spectroscopy of the blue supergiant SBW1: the remarkably weak wind of a SN 1987A analog
• Massive stars, successes and challenges
• Modelling multiwavelength emission of Ultra-luminous X-ray Sources accreting above the Eddington limit
• The bright long-lived Type II SN 2021irp powered by aspherical circumstellar material interaction (I): Revealing the energy source with photometry and spectroscopy
• How to turn a Supernova into a PeVatron
• A newly-identified emission-line region around P Cygni
• SXP214, an X-ray Pulsar in the Small Magellanic Cloud, Crossing the Circumstellar Disk of the Companion
• The pre-SN activity as a possible explanation of the peculiar properties of Type IIP Supernova 2009kf
• Eruptive mass loss less than a year before the explosion of superluminous supernovae: I. The cases of SN 2020xga and SN 2022xgc
• Radio view of a broad-line Type Ic supernova ASASSN-16fp
• SOFIA/FORCAST Observations of the Luminous Blue Variable Candidates MN 90 and HD 168625
• On the nature of slowly rising interaction-powered supernovae
• The nebular phase of SN 2024ggi: a low-mass progenitor with no signs of interaction
• Enhanced Mass Loss of Very Massive Stars: Impact on the Evolution, Binary Processes, and Remnant Mass Spectrum
• The effects of Thomson scattering and chemical mixing on early-time light curves of double peaked type IIb supernovae
• The X-ray Decay of the ultraluminous supernova SN 1978K in NGC 1313
• Insights into the Properties of Type Ibn/Icn Supernovae and Their Progenitor Channels through X-ray Emission
• Possible Detection of X-Ray Emitting Circumstellar Material in the Synchrotron-Dominated Supernova Remnant RX J 1713.7-3946
• Investigating episodic mass loss in evolved massive stars: III. Spectroscopy of dusty massive stars in three northern galaxies
• Spectral Signatures of Population III and Envelope-stripped Stars in Galaxies at the Epoch of Reionization
• The bright, dusty aftermath of giant eruptions & H-rich supernovae. Late interaction of supernova shocks & dusty circumstellar shells
• The drastic impact of Eddington-limit induced mass ejections on massive star populations
• Massive stars dying alone: the remote environment of SN 2010jp and its associated late-time source
• Thermodynamics of the Condensation of Dust Grains in Wolf-Rayet Stellar Winds
• Impact of accretion-induced chemically homogeneous evolution on stellar and compact binary populations
• X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive stars at low metallicity. XIII. Putting the bi-stability jump to the test in the LMC
• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Dense Ejecta Knots in the Outer Eastern Area of the Cassiopeia A Supernova Remnant
• Period change of massive binaries from combined photometric and spectroscopic data in Cygnus OB2
• On the optical properties of Resonant Drag Instabilities: Variability of Asymptotic Giant Branch and R Coronae Borealis stars
• The structure and evolution of a high-mass stellar merger in the Hertzsprung gap
• The fast rise of the unusual Type IIL/IIb SN 2018ivc
• On variability of DDO68-V1, a unique extremely metal-poor LBV
• High Cadence TESS and ground-based data of SN 2019esa, the less energetic sibling of SN 2006gy
• SN2017ckj: A linearly declining Type IIb supernova with a relatively massive hydrogen envelope
• Chandra X-ray Measurement of Heavy Element Abundances of Wolf-Rayet Stars in the Galactic Center
• A study of the central stellar populations of galaxies in SDSS-IV MaNGA: identification of a sub-sample with unusually young and massive stars
• An Optical and Infrared Time-Domain Study of the Supergiant Fast X-ray Transient Candidate IC 10 X-2
• Emission Line Diagnostics for IMBHs in Dwarf Galaxies: Accounting for BH Seeding and ULX Excitation
• Hydrodynamic Modelling of Early Peaks in Type Ibc Supernovae with Circumstellar Interaction
• Evolutionary models for the Very Massive Stars in the R136 cluster of 30 Doradus in the Large Magellanic Cloud
• Improving 1D stellar atmosphere models with insights from multi-dimensional simulations II. 1D versus 3D hydrodynamically consistent model comparison for WR stars
• The bright long-lived Type II SN 2021irp powered by aspherical circumstellar material interaction (II): Estimating the CSM mass and geometry with polarimetry and light curve modeling
• On the Binary Nature of the Progenitor of SN2015ap: Insights from Its Light Curve and Spectral Evolution
• Thorne-Żytkow Objects
• The rotational shear in pre-collapse cores of massive stars
• Where to find over-massive brown dwarfs: new benchmark systems for binary evolution
• {\sc precision}: A fast python pipeline for high-contrast imaging -- application to SPHERE observations of the red supergiant VX Sagitariae
• Radio and Gamma-ray Evidence for the Supernova Origin of High Velocity Cloud Complex M
• A constant upper luminosity limit of cool supergiant stars down to the extremely low metallicity of I Zw 18
• Explosions of pulsating red supergiants: a natural pathway for the diversity of Type II-P/L supernovae
• Near-Eddington mass loss of hydrogen-rich Wolf-Rayet stars
• Red Supergiants in the Milky Way and Nearby Galaxies
• SN 2024iss: A Double-peaked Type IIb Supernova with Evidence of Circumstellar Interaction
• SN 2022ngb: A faint, slowly evolving Type IIb supernova with a low-mass envelope
• SN 2023ixf: interaction signatures in the spectrum at 445 days
• The hydrogen-free circumstellar interaction in the Type Ib supernova 2021efd: A clue to the mechanism of the helium-layer stripping
• Wray 15-906: a candidate luminous blue variable discovered with WISE, Herschel and SALT
• Bridging the Gap: From Massive Stars to Supernovae
• Challenges in Forming Millisecond Pulsar-Black Holes from Isolated Binaries
• The wind properties of O-type stars at sub-SMC metallicity
• Explanations for the two-component spectral energy distributions of gravitationally lensed stars at high redshifts
• A multi-frequency, multi-epoch radio continuum study of the Arches cluster with the VLA
• Jet-driven active galactic nucleus feedback in galaxy formation before black hole formation
• Discovery of an optical cocoon tail behind the runaway HD 185806
• PGIR 20eid (SN2020qmp): A Type IIP Supernova at 15.6 Mpc discovered by the Palomar Gattini-IR survey
• Sub-photospheric fluctuations in magnetized radiative envelopes: contribution from unstable magnetosonic waves
• SN 2024abvb: A Type Icn Supernova in the Outskirts of its Host Galaxy
• Discovery of a 310-day Period from the Enshrouded Massive System NaSt1 (WR 122)
• ASASSN-13dn: A Luminous and Double-Peaked Type II Supernova
• Fading Echoes of Interaction: Probing Centuries of Preexplosion Mass-Loss in Four Type IIn Supernovae
• VLBI Observations of SN 2012au Reveal a Compact Radio Source a Decade Post Explosion
• Non-stoichiometric amorphous magnesium-iron silicates in circumstellar dust shells. Dust growth in outflows from supergiants
• GRB160203A: an exploration of lumpy space
• Giant outbursts of clumpy material preceding Type II supernova 2024qiw
• Interacting supernovae and where to find them
• Eruptive mass loss less than a year before the explosion of superluminous supernovae. II. A systematic search for pre-explosion eruptions with VLT/X-shooter
• WR 63: A multiple system (O+O)+WR ?
• Massive stars: stellar models and stellar yields, impact on Galactic Archaeology
• A new candidate Luminous Blue Variable
• Weak Mass Loss from the Red Supergiant Progenitor of the Type II SN 2021yja
• The impact of ultraviolet suppression on the rates and properties of strongly lensed Type IIn supernovae detected by LSST
• The Age of the R127 & R128 Clusters: Implications for the LBV
• Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Reveals That SN 2015bh Is Much Fainter than Its Progenitor
• Progenitor and Close-In Circumstellar Medium of Type II Supernova 2020fqv from High-Cadence Photometry and Ultra-Rapid UV Spectroscopy
• The Properties of Fast Yellow Pulsating Supergiants: FYPS Point the Way to Missing Red Supergiants
• New Blue and Red Variable Stars in NGC 247
• Tale of GRB 171010A/SN 2017htp and GRB 171205A/SN 2017iuk: Magnetar origin?
• Discovering Supernovae at Epoch of Reionization with Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
• Radio Supernovae
• Accretion in massive colliding wind binaries and the effect of wind momentum ratio
• The extreme scarcity of dust-enshrouded red supergiants: consequences for producing stripped stars via winds
• Formation of black holes from He stars
• The Impact of Accretion on FRB Radiation Mechanisms in Binary Systems: Constraints and Implications
• ALMA measurements of mass loss and wind clumping in the massive stars of the Arches cluster
• Spectroscopy of AT 2016blu's recurring supernova impostor outbursts
• Comprehensive neutrino light curves and spectra: from pre-supernova evolution to early supernova phase
• An infrared echo from a circumstellar disk in the hydrogen- and helium-poor SN 2024aecx
• Nested, asymmetric H-He circumstellar shells in the Type Icn/Ibn SN 2024abvb
• Using CSST and ejecta-wind interaction in type II-P supernovae to constrain the wind-mass loss of red supergiant stars
• SNR G292.0+1.8: A Remnant of a Low-Mass Progenitor Stripped-Envelope Supernova
• SN 2021tsz: A luminous, short photospheric phase Type II supernova in a low-metallicity host
• The Bright Supernova 1996cr in the Circinus Galaxy Imaged with VLBI: Shell Structure with Complex Evolution
• Viscous and centrifugal instabilities of massive stars
• Supernovae in colliding-wind binaries: observational signatures in the first year