Early hard X-rays from the nearby core-collapse supernova SN2023ixf

Abstract

We present NuSTAR observations of the nearby SN 2023ixf in M101 (d=6.9 Mpc) which provide the earliest hard X-ray detection of a non-relativistic stellar explosion to date at $\delta t\approx$4-d and $\delta t\approx$11-d. The spectra are well described by a hot thermal bremsstrahlung continuum with $T>25\mathrm{keV}$ shining through a thick neutral medium with a neutral hydrogen column that decreases with time (initial $N_{\mathrm{Hint}}=2.6\times 10^{23}\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-2}$). A prominent neutral Fe K$\alpha$ emission line is clearly detected, similar to other strongly interacting SNe such as SN2020jl. The rapidly decreasing intrinsic absorption with time suggests the presence of a dense but confined circumstellar medium (CSM). The absorbed broadband X-ray luminosity (0.3--79 keV) is $L_X\approx 2.5\times 10^{40}$ erg s${}^{-1}$ during both epochs, with the increase in overall X-ray flux related to the decrease in the absorbing column. Interpreting these observations in the context of thermal bremsstrahlung radiation originating from the interaction of the SN shock with a dense medium we infer large particle densities in excess of $n_{\mathrm{CSM}}\approx 4\times 10^8\mathrm{c}{\mathrm{m}}^{-3}$ at $r<10^{15}\mathrm{cm}$, corresponding to an enhanced progenitor mass-loss rate of $\dot{M}\approx 3\times 10^{-4}$ M${}_{\odot }$ yr${}^{-1}$ for an assumed wind velocity of $v_w=50$ km s${}^{-1}$.

arXiv comment8 pages, 2 figures. Submitted

References in corpus (42)

• Astropy: A Community Python Package for Astronomy
• emcee: The MCMC Hammer
• The Astropy Project: Building an inclusive, open-science project and status of the v2.0 core package
• The Astropy Project: Sustaining and Growing a Community-oriented Open-source Project and the Latest Major Release (v5.0) of the Core Package
• A Comprehensive Measurement of the Local Value of the Hubble Constant with 1 km/s/Mpc Uncertainty from the Hubble Space Telescope and the SH0ES Team
• The Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) Mission
• Methods and results of an automatic analysis of a complete sample of Swift-XRT observations of GRBs
• Mass Loss: Its Effect on the Evolution and Fate of High-Mass Stars
• An online repository of Swift/XRT light curves of GRBs
• The Chandra Source Catalog
• A giant outburst two years before the core-collapse of a massive star
• Confined Dense Circumstellar Material Surrounding a Regular Type II Supernova: The Unique Flash-Spectroscopy Event of SN 2013fs
• Wave-Driven Mass Loss in the Last Year of Stellar Evolution: Setting the Stage for the Most Luminous Core-Collapse Supernovae
• A Wolf-Rayet-like progenitor of supernova SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a wind
• Circumstellar Emission from Type Ib and Ic Supernovae
• An XMM-Newton spectral survey of 12 micron selected galaxies. I. X-ray data
• Interacting Supernovae and Supernova Impostors. SN 2009ip, is this the end?
• An embedded X-ray source shines through the aspherical AT2018cow: revealing the inner workings of the most luminous fast-evolving optical transients
• Preparing for an Explosion: Hydrodynamic Instabilities and Turbulence in Presupernovae
• A panchromatic view of the restless SN2009ip reveals the explosive ejection of a massive star envelope
• Precursors prior to Type IIn supernova explosions are common: precursor rates, properties, and correlations
• The mass-loss rates of red supergiants and the de Jager prescription
• Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium. I. Type Ibn (SN 2006jc-like) events
• Ejection of the massive Hydrogen-rich envelope timed with the collapse of the stripped SN2014C
• A new mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants
• Measuring the Progenitor Masses and Dense Circumstellar Material of Type II Supernovae
• The Radio and X-ray Luminous SN 2003bg and the Circumstellar Density Variations Around Radio Supernovae
• Final Moments I: Precursor Emission, Envelope Inflation, and Enhanced Mass loss Preceding the Luminous Type II Supernova 2020tlf
• Bright, months-long stellar outbursts announce the explosion of interaction-powered supernovae
• X-ray and radio emission from Type IIn supernova SN 2010jl
• The Type Icn SN 2021csp: Implications for the Origins of the Fastest Supernovae and the Fates of Wolf-Rayet Stars
• Supernovae 2016bdu and 2005gl, and their link with SN 2009ip-like transients: another piece of the puzzle
• Modeling the signatures of interaction in Type II supernovae: UV emission, high-velocity features, broad-boxy profiles
• The Early Phases of Supernova 2020pni: Shock-Ionization of the Nitrogen-Enriched Circumstellar Material
• Strong Evolution of X-Ray Absorption in the Type IIn Supernova SN 2010jl
• Bursting SN 1996cr's Bubble: Hydrodynamic and X-ray Modeling of its Circumstellar Medium
• The influence of late-stage nuclear burning on red supergiant supernova light curves
• Electron scattering wings on lines in interacting supernovae
• Signatures of Circumstellar Interaction in the Type IIL Supernova ASASSN-15oz
• Luminous Late-time Radio Emission from Supernovae Detected by the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array Sky Survey (VLASS)
• The Time-Averaged Mass-Loss Rates of Red Supergiants As Revealed by their Luminosity Functions in M31 and M33
• Seven Years of SN 2014C: a Multi-Wavelength Synthesis of an Extraordinary Supernova

Cited by in corpus (18)

• From Discovery to the First Month of the Type II Supernova 2023ixf: High and Variable Mass Loss in the Final Year before Explosion
• A Luminous Red Supergiant and Dusty Long-period Variable Progenitor for SN 2023ixf
• Shock Cooling and Possible Precursor Emission in the Early Light Curve of the Type II SN 2023ixf
• Circumstellar Material Ejected Violently by A Massive Star Immediately before its Death
• Progenitor mass and ejecta asymmetry of SN 2023ixf from nebular spectroscopy
• Constraining MeV-scale axion-like particles with Fermi-LAT observations of SN 2023ixf
• Interacting supernovae as high-energy multimessenger transients
• Detecting High-Energy Neutrino Minibursts from Local Supernovae with Multiple Neutrino Observatories
• SN 2023ixf -- an average-energy explosion with circumstellar medium and a precursor
• Search for gravitational waves emitted from SN 2023ixf
• Early-time gamma-ray constraints on cosmic-ray acceleration in the core-collapse SN 2023ixf with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
• New constraints on the gamma-ray and high energy neutrino fluxes from the circumstellar interaction of SN 2023ixf
• The Immediate, Exemplary, and Fleeting echelle spectroscopy of SN 2023ixf: Monitoring acceleration of slow progenitor circumstellar material, driven by shock interaction
• One Year of SN 2023ixf: Breaking Through the Degenerate Parameter Space in Light-Curve Models with Pulsating Progenitors
• Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Detection of Carbon Monoxide in the Type II Supernova SN 2023ixf
• Pre-supernova outbursts by core magnetic activity
• SN 2023ixf: interaction signatures in the spectrum at 445 days
• XSNAP: An X-ray Supernova Analysis Pipeline with Application to the Type II Supernova 2024ggi