The possible disappearance of a massive star in the low metallicity galaxy PHL 293B

Abstract

We investigate a suspected very massive star in one of the most metal-poor dwarf galaxies, PHL~293B. Excitingly, we find the sudden disappearance of the stellar signatures from our 2019 spectra, in particular the broad H lines with P~Cygni profiles that have been associated with a massive luminous blue variable (LBV) star. Such features are absent from our spectra obtained in 2019 with the ESPRESSO and X-shooter instruments of the ESO's VLT. We compute radiative transfer models using CMFGEN that fit the observed spectrum of the LBV and are consistent with ground-based and archival Hubble Space Telescope photometry. Our models show that during 2001--2011 the LBV had a luminosity $L_{\ast }=2.5-3.5\times 10^6{L}_{\odot }$, a mass-loss rate $\dot{M}=0.005-0.020M_{\odot }$~yr${}^{-1}$, a wind velocity of 1000~km~s${}^{-1}$, and effective and stellar temperatures of $T_{\mathrm{eff}}=6000-6800$~K and $T_{\ast }=9500-15000$~K. These stellar properties indicate an eruptive state. We consider two main hypotheses for the absence of the broad emission components from the spectra obtained since 2011. One possibility is that we are seeing the end of an LBV eruption of a surviving star, with a mild drop in luminosity, a shift to hotter effective temperatures, and some dust obscuration. Alternatively, the LBV could have collapsed to a massive black hole without the production of a bright supernova.

8, pages, 7 figures, MNRAS accepted ; see also the ESO press release at: https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2010/

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