The evolution of massive and very massive stars in clusters

Abstract

The present paper reviews massive star (initial mass smaller than 120 M0) and very massive star (initial mass larger than 120 M0) evolution. I will focus on evolutionary facts and questions that may critically affect predictions of population and spectral synthesis of starburst regions. We discuss the ever-lasting factor 2 or more uncertainty in the stellar wind mass loss rates. We may ask ourselves if stellar rotation is one of the keys to understand the universe, why so many massive stars are binary components and why binaries are ignored or are considered as the poor cousins by some people? And finally, do ultra luminous X-ray sources harbor an intermediate mass black hole with a mass of the order of 1000 M0?

16 pages, 7 figures, Review talk presented at the conference From Taurus to the Antennae, Sheffield 4-8th August 2008

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• Binary Black Hole Population Properties Inferred from the First and Second Observing Runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo
• Astrophysical Implications of the Binary Black-Hole Merger GW150914
• Orbital eccentricities in primordial black holes binaries
• Science with the TianQin observatory: Preliminary results on stellar-mass binary black holes
• Dynamics of stellar black holes in young star clusters with different metallicities - I. Implications for X-ray binaries
• The multiplicity of massive stars
• Massive stars reveal variations of the stellar initial mass function in the Milky Way stellar clusters
• Detection of astrophysical gravitational wave sources by TianQin and LISA
• Blue supergiant progenitor models of Type II supernovae
• On the Gravitational Wave Background from Black Hole Binaries after the First LIGO Detections
• Nuclear astrophysics