Multi-wavelength View of the Type IIn Zoo: Optical to X-ray Emission Model of Interaction-Powered Supernovae

Abstract

Transients powered by interaction with the circumstellar medium (CSM) are often observed in wavelengths other than optical, and multi-wavelength modelling can be important when inferring the properties of the explosion and CSM, or for distinguishing from other powering mechanisms. We develop a model calculating time dependent emission spectrum of interaction-powered transients. We solve energy equations of electron-proton plasma in the shocked SN ejecta and CSM and a radiation transfer equation out to the outer edge of the CSM, incorporating the collisional relaxation and the comptonization of the bremsstrahlung radiation. We compare our model to observations of Type IIn supernovae covering frequency ranges from optical to X-rays. For SN 2010jl the observed optical and X-ray light curves can be consistently explained if clumpy or asymmetric structure in the CSM is assumed, in agreement with previous studies. For SN 2014C our model successfully reproduces the X-ray bremsstrahlung component and the emergence of H$\alpha$ emission at 400 days after explosion. Finally we find a parameter space where the supernova is extremely X-ray bright, reaching $10^{43}$-$10^{44}\mathrm{erg}{\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$ for up to $100$ days. Such X-ray transients are likely detectable with all-sky surveys by e.g. eROSITA.

22 pages, 12 figures. Typos fixed, conclusions unchanged. Accepted for publication in ApJ

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• Absolute-Magnitude Distributions of Supernovae
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• X-Ray and Radio Emission from the Luminous Supernova 2005kd
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• Optical to X-ray Signatures of Dense Circumstellar Interaction in Core-Collapse Supernovae
• Interacting supernovae as high-energy multimessenger transients
• CHIPS: Complete History of Interaction-Powered Supernovae
• Massive stars exploding in a He-rich circumstellar medium. XI. Diverse evolution of five Ibn SNe 2020nxt, 2020taz, 2021bbv, 2023utc and 2024aej
• Insights into the Properties of Type Ibn/Icn Supernovae and Their Progenitor Channels through X-ray Emission