Optical Separation of Mechanical Strain from Charge Doping in Graphene

Abstract

Graphene, due to its superior stretchability, exhibits rich structural deformation behaviors and its strain-engineering has proven useful in modifying its electronic and magnetic properties. Despite the strain-sensitivity of the Raman G and 2D modes, the optical characterization of the native strain in graphene on silica substrates has been hampered by excess charges interfering with both modes. Here we show that the effects of strain and charges can be optically separated from each other by correlation analysis of the two modes, enabling simple quantification of both. Graphene with in-plane strain randomly occurring between -0.2% and 0.4% undergoes modest compression (-0.3%) and significant hole doping upon thermal treatments. This study suggests that substrate-mediated mechanical strain is a ubiquitous phenomenon in two-dimensional materials. The proposed analysis will be of great use in characterizing graphene-based materials and devices.

arXiv comment22 pages, 5 figures

References in corpus (40)

• Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
• The electronic properties of graphene
• Atomically thin MoS2: A new direct-gap semiconductor
• The Raman Fingerprint of Graphene
• 30 inch Roll-Based Production of High-Quality Graphene Films for Flexible Transparent Electrodes
• Energy Band Gap Engineering of Graphene Nanoribbons
• Anomalous Lattice Vibrations of Single and Few-Layer MoS2
• Electrochemically Top Gated Graphene: Monitoring Dopants by Raman Scattering
• Spatially Resolved Raman Spectroscopy of Single- and Few-Layer Graphene
• Uniaxial Strain in Graphene by Raman Spectroscopy: G peak splitting, Gruneisen Parameters and Sample Orientation
• Energy gaps, topological insulator state and zero-field quantum Hall effect in graphene by strain engineering
• Atomic Structure of Graphene on SiO2
• Born-Oppenheimer Breakdown in Graphene
• Ripple Texturing of Suspended Graphene Atomic Membranes
• High-accuracy first-principles determination of the structural, vibrational and thermodynamical properties of diamond, graphite, and derivatives
• Electric Field Effect Tuning of Electron-Phonon Coupling in Graphene
• Ultra-strong Adhesion of Graphene Membranes
• All-graphene integrated circuits via strain engineering
• Negative Thermal Expansion Coefficient of Graphene Measured by Raman Spectroscopy
• Graphene Oxidation: Thickness Dependent Etching and Strong Chemical Doping
• Raman Fingerprint of Charged Impurities in Graphene
• Atmospheric Oxygen Binding and Hole Doping in Deformed Graphene on a SiO2 Substrate
• High-Resolution Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Imaging of Mesoscopic Graphene Sheets on an Insulating Surface
• Non-adiabatic Kohn-anomaly in a doped graphene monolayer
• Reversible Basal Plane Hydrogenation of Graphene
• Raman spectroscopy of graphene and bilayer under biaxial strain: bubbles and balloons
• Probing the Intrinsic Properties of Exfoliated Graphene: Raman Spectroscopy of Free-Standing Monolayers
• Electron Transport in Disordered Graphene Nanoribbons
• Electron-electron interactions and doping dependence of the two-phonon Raman intensity in graphene
• Raman spectra of epitaxial graphene on SiC and of epitaxial graphene transferred to SiO2
• Intrinsic and extrinsic corrugation of monolayer graphene deposited on SiO2
• Strain-dependent Splitting of Double Resonance Raman Scattering Band in Graphene
• Evidence of structural strain in epitaxial graphene layers on 6H-SiC(0001)
• Graphene as an electronic membrane
• Phonon renormalisation in doped bilayer graphene
• Observation of Anomalous Phonon Softening in Bilayer Graphene
• Evidence for Strain-Induced Local Conductance Modulations in Single-Layer Graphene on SiO2
• Splitting of the Raman $2D$ band of graphene subjected to strain
• Electron density distribution and screening in rippled graphene sheets
• Theory of the spontaneous buckling of doped graphene

Cited by in corpus (149)

• Cleaning Interfaces in Layered Materials Heterostructures
• Raman spectroscopy as probe of nanometer-scale strain variations in graphene
• Ballistic transport exceeding 28 μm in CVD grown graphene
• Quantum imaging of current flow in graphene
• Fast and Sensitive Terahertz Detection Using an Antenna-Integrated Graphene pn Junction
• All-Optical Generation of Surface Plasmons in Graphene
• Origin of New Broad Raman D and G Peaks in Annealed Graphene
• Optical detection of strain and doping inhomogenieties in single layer MoS2
• Interaction between graphene and copper substrate: The role of lattice orientation
• Random strain fluctuations as dominant disorder source for high-quality on-substrate graphene devices
• Raman Spectroscopy of Electrochemically-Gated Graphene Transistors: Geometrical Capacitance, Electron-Phonon, Electron-Electron, and Electron-Defect Scattering
• Rotationally Commensurate Growth of MoS2 on Epitaxial Graphene
• The deformation of wrinkled graphene
• Nanosecond spin lifetimes in single- and few-layer graphene-hBN heterostructures at room temperature
• Strain superlattices and macroscale suspension of Graphene induced by corrugated substrates
• Stress Transfer Mechanisms at the Submicron Level for Graphene/Polymer Systems
• Strain, doping and electronic transport of large area monolayer MoS2 exfoliated on gold and transferred to an insulating substrate
• Wafer-scale integration of graphene-based photonic devices
• Fast Accurate Point of Care COVID-19 Pandemic Diagnosis Enabled Through Advanced Lab-on-a-Chip Optical Biosensors: Opportunities and Challenges
• Imaging of interlayer coupling in van der Waals heterostructures using a bright-field optical microscope
• Two-Dimensional Water Diffusion at a Graphene-Silica Interface
• Spectroscopic Evaluation of Charge-transfer Doping and Strain in Graphene/MoS2 Heterostructures
• Identifying suitable substrates for high-quality graphene-based heterostructures
• 30${}^{\circ }$-twisted bilayer graphene quasicrystals from chemical vapor deposition
• Intrinsic properties of suspended MoS2 on SiO2/Si pillar arrays for nanomechanics and optics
• Charge versus energy transfer in atomically-thin graphene-transition metal dichalcogenide van der Waals heterostructures
• Strain Modulation of Graphene by Nanoscale Substrate Curvatures: A Molecular View
• Hidden area and mechanical nonlinearities in freestanding graphene
• Modulation Doping via a 2d Atomic Crystalline Acceptor
• Electronic band structure of Two-Dimensional WS2/Graphene van der Waals Heterostructures
• On-Stack Two-Dimensional Conversion of MoS2 into MoO3
• Reliable postprocessing improvement of van der Waals heterostructures
• Prospects of Direct Growth Boron Nitride Films as Substrates for Graphene Electronics
• Tailoring mechanically-tunable strain fields in graphene
• All-Optical Blister Test of Suspended Graphene Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy
• Raman spectroscopy and In-situ Raman spectroelectrochemistry of isotopically engineered graphene systems
• Interplay between Raman shift and thermal expansion in graphene: temperature-dependent measurements and analysis of substrate corrections
• Molecule-Induced Conformational Change in Boron Nitride Nanosheets with Enhanced Surface Adsorption
• Optical Probing of Electronic Interaction between Graphene and Hexagonal Boron Nitride
• Graphene promotes axon elongation through local stall of Nerve Growth Factor signaling endosomes
• Oxidation-assisted graphene heteroepitaxy on copper foil
• Investigating the CVD synthesis of graphene on Ge(100): towards layer by layer growth
• In-situ strain tuning in hBN-encapsulated graphene electronic devices
• Strain Assessment in Graphene Through the Raman 2D' Mode
• Large-Area Electrodeposition of Few-Layer MoS2 on Graphene for 2D Material Heterostructures
• Direct growth of low-doped graphene on Ge/Si(001) surfaces
• Disentangling the effects of doping, strain and defects in monolayer WS2 by optical spectroscopy
• Determining the Twist Angle of Bilayer Graphene by Machine Learning Analysis of its Raman Spectrum
• Crossover between Photochemical and Photothermal Oxidations of Atomically Thin Magnetic Semiconductor CrPS4
• Subwavelength THz imaging of graphene photoconductivity
• Strain-engineering of twist-angle in graphene/hBN superlattice devices
• Graphene wrinkling induced by monodisperse nanoparticles: facile control and quantification
• Aluminum oxide nucleation in the early stages of atomic layer deposition on epitaxial graphene
• Dynamically-enhanced strain in atomically thin resonators
• Interface-Confined Doubly Anisotropic Oxidation of Two-Dimensional MoS2
• Redox-Governed Charge Doping Dictated by Interfacial Diffusion in Two-Dimensional Materials
• Imprint of transition metal d-orbitals on graphene Dirac cone
• Apparent Differences between Single Layer Molybdenum Disulfide Fabricated via Chemical Vapor Deposition and Exfoliation
• Fractional quantum Hall effect in CVD-grown graphene
• Preparing local strain patterns in graphene by atomic force microscope based indentation
• Polarized Raman Spectra and Complex Raman Tensors of Antiferromagnetic Semiconductor CrPS4
• Moiré Engineering in 2D Heterostructures with Process-Induced Strain
• Temperature and Face Dependent Copper-Graphene Interactions
• Epitaxial graphene/Ge interfaces: a minireview
• Early stage of CVD graphene synthesis on Ge(001) substrate
• Driving with temperature the synthesis of graphene films on Ge(110)
• Non-invasive Scanning Raman Spectroscopy and Tomography for Graphene Membrane Characterization
• Macroscopic yarns of FeCl${}_3$-intercalated collapsed carbon nano-tubes with high doping and stability
• Probing the nanoscale origin of strain and doping in graphene-hBN heterostructures
• Fermi velocity renormalization in graphene probed by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
• In-situ Raman study of laser-induced graphene oxidation
• Line Shape of the Raman 2D Peak of Graphene in Van Der Waals Heterostructures
• Plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of amorphous Si on graphene
• Deterministic direct growth of WS2 on CVD graphene arrays
• Controlling the nanoscale rippling of graphene with SiO2 nanoparticles
• Raman spectra of twisted bilayer graphene close to the magic angle
• Liquid metal intercalation of epitaxial graphene: large-area gallenene layer fabrication through gallium self-propagation at ambient conditions
• Putting high-index Cu on the map for high-yield, dry-transferred CVD graphene
• Anomalous Freezing of Low Dimensional Water Confined in Graphene Nanowrinkles
• Polarization dependence of double resonant Raman scattering band in bilayer graphene
• Wrinkling and crumpling in twisted few and multilayer CVD graphene: High density of edge modes influencing Raman spectra
• Unexpected Electron Transport Suppression in a Heterostructures Graphene MoS2 Multiple Field-Effect Transistor Architecture
• Effect of annealing on Raman scattering spectra of monolayer graphene samples gradually disordered by ion irradiation
• Proximity-Induced Spin-Orbit Coupling in Graphene-Bi${}_{1.5}$Sb${}_{0.5}$Te${}_{1.7}$Se${}_{1.3}$ Heterostructures
• Charge carrier density-dependent Raman spectra of graphene encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride
• Conductance oscillations in graphene/nanoclusters hybrid material: towards large area single electron devices
• Enhanced Raman Scattering on Functionalized Graphene Substrates
• Monitoring Electrostatically-Induced Deflection, Strain and Doping in Suspended Graphene using Raman Spectroscopy
• Fabrication of comb-drive actuators for straining nanostructured suspended graphene
• Data cluster analysis and machine learning for classification of twisted bilayer graphene
• Photo-induced doping and strain in exfoliated graphene
• Nanostructures in suspended mono- and bilayer epitaxial graphene
• Stretching graphene using polymeric micro-muscles
• Electron-phonon coupling in a magic-angle twisted-bilayer graphene device
• Impact of thermal annealing on graphene devices encapsulated in hexagonal boron nitride
• Graphene Transport Mediated by Micropatterned Substrates
• Stress and charge transfer in uniaxially strained CVD graphene
• Topological valley currents via ballistic edge modes in graphene superlattices near the primary Dirac point
• Varying Electronic Coupling at Graphene-Copper Interfaces Probed with Raman Spectroscopy
• Theory of resonant Raman scattering: Toward a comprehensive \textit{ab initio} description
• Direct laser ablation of 2D material films for fabricating multi-functional flexible and transparent devices
• Multidimensional Analysis of Excitonic Spectra of Monolayers of Tungsten Disulphide: Towards Computer Aided Identification of Structural and Environmental Perturbations of 2D Materials
• Ab initio calculation of the $G$ peak intensity of graphene: Combined study of the laser and Fermi energy dependence and importance of quantum interference effects
• Identifying charge density and dielectric environment of graphene using Raman spectroscopy and deep learning
• Abrupt changes in the graphene on Ge(001) system at the onset of surface melting
• Large scale chemical functionalization of graphene with nanometer resolution
• Benchmarking the integration of hexagonal boron nitride crystals and thin films into graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures
• Nanoscale structural and electrical properties of graphene grown on AlGaN by catalyst-free chemical vapor deposition
• Anisotropic Rheology and Friction of Suspended Graphene
• Direction-Controlled Chemical Doping for Reversible G-Phonon Mixing in ABC Trilayer Graphene
• Strongly Absorbing Nanoscale Infrared Domains within Graphene Bubbles
• Dry transfer of CVD graphene using MoS${}_2$-based stamps
• Reversible Sulfuric Acid Doping of Graphene Probed by in-situ Multi-Wavelength Raman Spectroscopy
• EDOT polymerization at photolithographically patterned functionalized graphene
• Resonance Raman spectroscopy of silicene and germanene
• Raman analysis of the dehydrogenation process of hydrogenated monolayer graphene
• Photochemical reaction on graphene surfaces controlled by substrate-surface modification with polar self-assembled monolayers
• Graphene under direct compression: stress effects and interlayer coupling
• Fermi resonance in the Raman spectrum of graphene
• Probing electronic lifetimes and phonon anharmonicities in high-quality chemical vapor deposited graphene by magneto-Raman spectroscopy
• Interface effects on titanium growth on graphene
• Controlled Nucleation and Growth of Carbon Nitride Films on CNT Fiber Fabric for Photoelectrochemical Applications
• Nanomechanical strain concentration on a 2D nanobridge within a large suspended bilayer graphene for molecular mass detection
• Raman spectroscopy on mechanically exfoliated pristine graphene ribbons
• Optically Facet-Resolved Reaction Anisotropy in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
• Adsorbates as a charge-carrier reservoir for electrostatic carrier doping to graphene
• Tracking interfacial changes of graphene/Ge(110) during in-vacuum annealing
• In-plane optical phonon modes of current-carrying graphene
• Single- and narrow-line photoluminescence in a boron nitride-supported MoSe${}_2$/graphene heterostructure
• Laser-controlled field effect in graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterostructures
• Ultrasonic Delamination Based Adhesion Testing for High-Throughput Assembly of van der Waals Heterostructures
• Surface structures of graphene covered Cu (103)
• Exploring the interfacial coupling between graphene and the antiferromagnetic insulator MnPSe${}_3$
• Coexistence of Van Hove Singularities and Pseudomagnetic Fields in Modulated Graphene Bilayer
• Highly anisotropic thermoelectric properties of carbon sulfide monolayers
• Dynamic strain in gold nanoparticle supported graphene induced by focused laser irradiation
• Wavelength-Resolved Control of Photovoltaic Screening and Defect-Mediated Doping in Photo-Ferroelectric/Graphene Devices
• Advantages of optical modulation in terahertz imaging for study of graphene layers
• Optical Imaging of Chemically and Geometrically Controlled Interfacial Diffusion and Redox in 2D van der Waals Space
• On the interpretation of manifold ultrafast dynamics in supported graphene
• Ultra-low doping and local charge variation in graphene measured by Raman: experiment and simulation
• Redox and Molecular Diffusion in 2D van der Waals Space
• Reversible optical doping of graphene
• Encapsulation epitaxy of air-stable monolayer superconducting films for quantum circuits and qubits
• Ubiquitous Antiparallel Domains in 2D Hexagonal Boron Nitride Uncovered by Interferometric Nonlinear Optical Imaging
• Defect-Mediated Phase Engineering of 2D Ag at the Graphene/SiC Interface
• Multidimensional imaging reveals mechanisms controlling label-free biosensing in vertical 2DM-heterostructures
• Activated Migration of Localized Ligand-Field Excitons in Atomically Thin CrCl3
• Wafer-Scale Single-Crystalline Monolayer Graphene