Stellar obliquities in exoplanetary systems

Abstract

The rotation of a star and the revolutions of its planets are not necessarily aligned. This article reviews the measurement techniques, key findings, and theoretical interpretations related to the obliquities (spin-orbit angles) of planet-hosting stars. The best measurements are for stars with short-period giant planets, which have been found on prograde, polar, and retrograde orbits. It seems likely that dynamical processes such as planet-planet scattering and secular perturbations are responsible for tilting the orbits of close-in giant planets, just as those processes are implicated in exciting orbital eccentricities. The observed dependence of the obliquity on orbital separation, planet mass, and stellar structure suggests that in some cases, tidal dissipation damps a star's obliquity within its main-sequence lifetime. The situation is not as clear for stars with smaller or wider-orbiting planets. Although the earliest measurements of such systems tended to find low obliquities, some glaring exceptions are now known in which the star's rotation is misaligned with respect to the coplanar orbits of multiple planets. In addition, statistical analyses based on projected rotation velocities and photometric variability have found a broad range of obliquities for F-type stars hosting compact multiple-planet systems. The results suggest it is unsafe to assume that stars and their protoplanetary disks are aligned. Primordial misalignments might be produced by neighboring stars or more complex events that occur during the epoch of planet formation.

arXiv commentInvited Review PASP. This is the accepted version. The PASP and this version differ in that this version has a table of contents

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• Refined architecture of the WASP-8 system: a cautionary tale for traditional Rossiter-McLaughlin analysis
• Doppler tomography of transiting exoplanets: A prograde, low-inclined orbit for the hot Jupiter CoRoT-11b
• The TESS-Keck Survey I: A Warm Sub-Saturn-mass Planet and a Caution about Stray Light in TESS Cameras
• Spin orbit alignment for KELT-7b and HAT-P-56b via Doppler tomography with TRES
• Stellar Companions to TESS Objects of Interest: A Test of Planet-Companion Alignment
• The Rossiter-McLaughlin Effect of the Transiting Exoplanet XO-4b
• H-alpha and Ca II Infrared Triplet Variations During a Transit of the 23 Myr Planet V1298 Tau c
• Rossiter-McLaughlin Observations of 55 Cnc e
• Mining the Ultra-Hot Skies of HAT-P-70b: Detection of a Profusion of Neutral and Ionized Species
• Characterization of the HD 17156 planetary system
• Revisiting the Long-Period Transiting Planets from Kepler
• Chaotic quadruple secular evolution and the production of misaligned exomoons and Warm Jupiters in stellar multiples
• Orbital misalignment of the super-Earth $\pi$ Men c with the spin of its star
• TESS Delivers Five New Hot Giant Planets Orbiting Bright Stars from the Full Frame Images
• Obliquity Tides May Drive WASP-12b's Rapid Orbital Decay
• A Possible Alignment Between the Orbits of Planetary Systems and their Visual Binary Companions
• Hot Jupiters driven by high-eccentricity migration in globular clusters
• The warm Neptunes around HD 106315 have low stellar obliquities
• The Evolution of Planet-Disk Systems That Are Mildly Inclined to the Orbit of a Binary Companion
• Time variation of Kepler transits induced by stellar spots - a way to distinguish between prograde and retrograde motion. II. Application to KOIs
• High spatial resolution imaging of the star with a transiting planet WASP-33
• The Aligned Orbit of WASP-148b, the Only Known Hot Jupiter with a Nearby Warm Jupiter Companion, from NEID and HIRES
• Outer-planet scattering can gently tilt an inner planetary system
• The spin-orbit angle of the transiting hot jupiter CoRoT-1b
• KELT-21b: A Hot Jupiter Transiting the Rapidly-Rotating Metal-Poor Late-A Primary of a Likely Hierarchical Triple System
• Eccentric Companions to Kepler-448b and Kepler-693b: Clues to the Formation of Warm Jupiters
• Confirmation of a Retrograde Orbit for Exoplanet WASP-17b
• Reassessment of the Null Result of the HST Search for Planets in 47 Tucanae
• Star-disc (mis-)alignment in Rho Oph and Upper Sco: insights from spatially resolved disc systems with K2 rotation periods
• KELT-25b and KELT-26b: A Hot Jupiter and a Substellar Companion Transiting Young A-stars Observed by TESS
• The Aligned Orbit of the Eccentric Warm Jupiter K2-232b
• The gravitational interaction between planets on inclined orbits and protoplanetary disks as the origin of primordial spin--orbit misalignments
• HAT-P-24b: An inflated hot-Jupiter on a 3.36d period transiting a hot, metal-poor star
• Exo-Milankovitch Cycles I: Orbits and Rotation States
• An Aligned Orbit for the Young Planet V1298 Tau b
• K2-290: a warm Jupiter and a mini-Neptune in a triple-star system
• Hot Stars With Kepler Planets Have High Obliquities
• Tidal erasure of stellar obliquities constrains the timing of hot Jupiter formation
• Further Observations of the Tilted Planet XO-3: A New Determination of Spin-Orbit Misalignment, and Limits on Differential Rotation
• Detailed chemical compositions of the wide binary HD 80606/80607: revised stellar properties and constraints on planet formation
• WASP-166b: a bloated super-Neptune transiting a V = 9 star
• Spin-Orbit Alignment of the TrES-4 Transiting Planetary System and Possible Additional Radial Velocity Variation
• The misaligned orbit of the Earth-sized planet Kepler-408b
• TKS III: A Stellar Obliquity Measurement of TOI-1726 c
• Stellar Obliquities in Long-period Exoplanet Systems (SOLES) I: The Spin-Orbit Alignment of K2-140 b
• High-precision photometry by telescope defocussing. V. WASP-15 and WASP-16
• Transiting exoplanets from the CoRoT space mission XXI. CoRoT-19b: A low density planet orbiting an old inactive F9V-star
• Spin-Orbit Misalignments of Three Jovian Planets via Doppler Tomography
• EPIC211089792 b: an aligned and inflated hot jupiter in a young visual binary
• Revisiting the pulsational characteristics of the exoplanet host star $\beta$ Pictoris
• The Stellar Obliquity and the Long-period planet in the HAT-P-17 Exoplanetary System
• Spin-orbit measurements and refined parameters for the exoplanet systems WASP-22 and WASP-26
• Star-disk alignment in the protoplanetary disks: SPH simulation of the collapse of turbulent molecular cloud cores
• Alignment of Protostars and Circumstellar Disks During the Embedded Phase
• Spin-orbit alignment of the $\beta$ Pictoris planetary system
• A Spin-Orbit Alignment for the Hot Jupiter HATS-3b
• EPIC247098361b: a transiting warm Saturn on an eccentric $P=11.2$ days orbit around a $V=9.9$ star
• Discovery and characterization of the exoplanets WASP-148b and c. A transiting system with two interacting giant planets
• High-precision photometry by telescope defocussing. VIII. WASP-22, WASP-41, WASP-42 and WASP-55
• Statistical Trends in the Obliquity Distribution of Exoplanet Systems
• MASCARA-4 b/bRing-1b - A retrograde hot Jupiter around the bright A3V star HD 85628
• Indications for very high metallicity and absence of methane for the eccentric exo-Saturn WASP-117b
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time. XI. The Orbit and Radiation Environment of the Young M Dwarf-Hosted Planet K2-25b
• WASP-71b: a bloated hot Jupiter in a 2.9-day, prograde orbit around an evolved F8 star
• The Doppler Shadow of WASP-3b: A tomographic analysis of Rossiter-McLaughlin observations
• Long Period Jovian Tilts the Orbits of Two sub-Neptunes Relative to Stellar Spin Axis in Kepler-129
• Gravity-Darkening Analysis of Misaligned Hot Jupiter MASCARA-4 b
• Spin-Orbit Alignment For 110-Day-Period KOI368.01 From Gravity Darkening
• Analysis of Spin-Orbit Misalignment in Eclipsing Binary DI Herculis
• The spin-orbit alignment of visual binaries
• Broadband transmission spectroscopy of HD209458b with ESPRESSO: Evidence for Na, TiO, or both
• Spin-orbit alignments for Three Transiting Hot Jupiters: WASP-103b, WASP-87b, & WASP-66b
• The well-aligned orbit of WASP-84b: evidence for disc migration
• Decoupling of a giant planet from its disk in an inclined binary system
• The K2-ESPRINT Project IV: A Hot Jupiter in a Prograde Orbit with a Possible Stellar Companion
• Solar Obliquity Induced by Planet Nine: Simple Calculation
• Spin-Orbit Misalignment and Precession in the Kepler-13Ab Planetary System
• TOI-942b: A Prograde Neptune in a ~60 Myr old Multi-transiting System
• Recurring sets of recurring starspot occultations on exoplanet-host Qatar-2
• A Window on Exoplanet Dynamical Histories: Rossiter-McLaughlin Observations of WASP-13b and WASP-32b
• K2-140b and K2-180b - Characterization of a hot Jupiter and a mini-Neptune from the K2 mission
• On the formation of hot and warm Jupiters via secular high-eccentricity migration in stellar triples
• The obliquity of HIP 67522 b: a 17 Myr old transiting hot Jupiter-sized planet
• Zodiacal Exoplanets in Time (ZEIT) XIII: Planet Orbits and Atmospheres in the V1298 Tau System, a Keystone in Studies of Early Planetary Evolution
• The GAPS Programme with HARPS-N@TNG IX. The multi-planet system KELT-6: detection of the planet KELT-6 c and measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect for KELT-6 b
• How do External Companions Affect Spin-Orbit Misalignment of Hot Jupiters?
• Resolved observations of transition disks
• Planetary Spin and Obliquity from Mergers
• Stellar and planetary Cassini states
• On a Possible Solution to the Tidal Realignment Problem for Hot Jupiters
• WASP-180Ab: Doppler tomography of an hot Jupiter orbiting the primary star in a visual binary
• The consequences of a nearby supernova on the early Solar System
• Teetering Stars: Resonant Excitation of Stellar Obliquities by Hot and Warm Jupiters with External Companions
• Exterior Companions to Hot Jupiters Orbiting Cool Stars are Coplanar
• KELT-24b: A 5M${}_{\mathrm{J}}$ Planet on a 5.6 day Well-Aligned Orbit around the Young V=8.3 F-star HD 93148
• The Atmosphere and Interior Structure of HAT-P-13b from Spitzer Secondary Eclipses
• NEID Rossiter-McLaughlin Measurement of TOI-1268b: A Young Warm Saturn Aligned with Its Cool Host Star
• Stellar Obliquities & Planetary Alignments (SOPA) I. Spin-Orbit measurements of Three Transiting Hot Jupiters: WASP-72b, WASP-100b, & WASP-109b
• A Radial Velocity Study of the Planetary System of Pi Mensae: Improved Planet Parameters for PI Mensae c and a Third Planet on a 125-d Orbit
• Influence of stellar structure, evolution and rotation on the tidal damping of exoplanetary spin-orbit angles
• A much lower density for the transiting extrasolar planet WASP-7
• Primordial Obliquities of Brown Dwarfs and Super-Jupiters from Fragmenting Gravito-Turbulent Discs
• Constraining the Circumbinary Disk Tilt in the KH 15D system
• XO-2b: a Prograde Planet with a Negligible Eccentricity, and an Additional Radial Velocity Variation
• TOI-1268b: the youngest, hot, Saturn-mass transiting exoplanet
• Determining Exoplanetary Oblateness Using Transit Depth Variations
• Nodal Precession and Tidal Evolution of Two Hot-Jupiters: WASP-33 b and KELT-9 b
• The chaotic history of the retrograde multi-planet system in K2-290A driven by distant stars
• Discovery of WASP-174b: Doppler tomography of a near-grazing transit
• Non-Trivial Oblique Spin Equilibria of Super-Earths in Multi-planetary Systems
• Obliquity measurement and atmospheric characterization of the WASP-74 planetary system
• Stellar obliquities and magnetic activities of Planet-Hosting Stars and Eclipsing Binaries based on Transit Chord Correlation
• Rapid rotators revisited: absolute dimensions of KOI-13
• Bayesian hierarchical inference of asteroseismic inclination angles
• Changes in orientation and shape of protoplanetary discs moving through an ambient medium
• Probable Spin-Orbit Aligned Super-Earth Planet Candidate KOI-2138.01
• Nodal Precession of WASP-33b for Eleven Years by Doppler Tomographic and Transit Photometric Observations
• Multi-planet disc interactions in binary systems
• MASCARA-3b: A hot Jupiter transiting a bright F7 star in an aligned orbit
• EPIC 246851721 b: A Tropical Jupiter Transiting a Rapidly Rotating Star in a Well-Aligned Orbit
• Stellar winds as a mechanism to tilt the spin axes of Sun-like stars
• CaRM: Exploring the chromatic Rossiter-McLaughlin effect. The cases of HD 189733b and WASP-127b
• Moderately misaligned orbit of the warm sub-Saturn HD 332231 b
• WASP-190b: Tomographic discovery of a transiting hot Jupiter
• DI Herculis Revisited: Starspots, Gravity Darkening, and 3-D Obliquities
• Nature vs. nurture: a Bayesian framework for assessing apparent correlations between planetary orbital properties and stellar ages
• Revisiting the Architecture of the KOI-89 System
• A new concept for the combination of optical interferometers and high-resolution spectrographs
• Evidence for a Non-Dichotomous Solution to the Kepler Dichotomy: Mutual Inclinations of Kepler Planetary Systems from Transit Duration Variations
• Further Evidence for Tidal Spin-Up of Hot Jupiter Host Stars
• Obliquity Constraints on the Planetary-mass Companion HD 106906 b
• Constraints on the Obliquities of Kepler Planet-Hosting Stars
• TOI-1518b: A Misaligned Ultra-hot Jupiter with Iron in its Atmosphere

Cited by in corpus (8)

• High-Eccentricity Migration with Disk-Induced Spin-Orbit Misalignment: a Preference for Perpendicular Hot Jupiters
• Hot Exoplanet Atmospheres Resolved with Transit Spectroscopy (HEARTS) VII. Detection of sodium on the long-transiting inflated sub-Saturn KELT-11 b
• The Orbital Architecture of Qatar-6: A Fully Aligned 3-Body System?
• Measuring the Obliquities of the TRAPPIST-1 Planets with MAROON-X
• NEID Reveals that The Young Warm Neptune TOI-2076 b Has a Low Obliquity
• Rossiter-McLaughlin detection of the 9-month period transiting exoplanet HIP41378 d
• Measured Spin-Orbit Alignment of Ultra-Short Period Super-Earth 55 Cancri e
• Confirmation and characterisation of three giant planets detected by TESS from the FIES/NOT and Tull/McDonald spectrographs